EddY's brain



Russian Revolution

All about Russia:

Eastern Orthodox;

Peter the Great- modernize, build and move the capital to St.Petersburg

Change the concept from Asians to Europeans

Catherine the Great- imperialist (great expansion of territories); frees the serfs

Nicolas II- Tsar/Czar, absolute monarch

1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War; changes the course of the railway:

West→ weapon& soldiers resources← East

Jan 1905

Father Gapon went to the Czar and hope for reformation, but the problem was that people in the government made no action in helping him and eventually they shot Gapon. →

Revolution of 1905

- spontaneous (they immediately thought of this and made this happen, without previous planning)

- workers’ strikes

- peasant unrest

- terrorism

- mutiny (rebellions of military)

→→ Nicolas II issued the October Manifesto.

- changes Russia from a monarchy to a constitutional monarchy

- monarch=czar/tsar

- legislature/constitution=Duma

Three political parties in Russia

1. Constitutional Democratic Party= nobles and industrialists (upper class) (conservative)

2. Socialist Revolutionary Party= peasants (moderate) hoping to redistribute the land

3. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party= workers(liberals)

→→Mensheviks- peaceful, gradual, democratic revolution

→→Bolsheviks- violent revolution, non-democratic→ Lenin (exiled to Switzerland later)

In 1907, Nicolas II took over the government, kicked Dumas out and cancelled October Manifesto.

1914- The Great War

- Nicolas wanted to avoid war because Russia has lost once with the battle with Japanese and almost lost the government (Revolution of 1905) which he later took back. However, his officials convinced him to go to war for the following reasons:

1. Last time the war with the Japanese was fought on the Eastern front of Russia, which was the weakest part of Russia. It was not surprising that they lost. This time however, the Germans are active on the Western side, which was their strongest and most developed side, with a bunch of railroads.

2. To gain the respect back through this war.

3. 1904-1914, a great change was made during these 10 years. They lost it, but that was 10 years ago. They should forget their failure and start all over again. During these 10 years, Russia has developed a lot. So the chance of winning this time was greater. **

4. They believed that this was going to be a short war (a few months).

**Germany felt that Russia was definitely progressing, and they had to start the war soon with Russia and France → Schlieffen Plan.

Feb 1917

Spontaneous revolution{}

→abdication of Czar; because of

- poor performance in war (1)

- lack of fuel (2)

- lack of food (3)

- unemployment and underemployment (4)

- crowding (5)

- disease (6)

- inflation/profiteering (7)

- debt (8)

(1): get out of the war; dissatisfied with the progress of the war→ blame the generals→ blame the czar.

Reasons of (3):

- transportation due to mismanagement;

- The Ottomans are in the war, Dardanelles are no longer accessible. No export of grain.

→ too much grain for home use, so they kept some back

Supply ↑ + demand remains the same = price ↓

No importation → no money → no investment in the economy & no exchange of goods

Economy ↑, 11 million people’s cottage industries↓ especially in Russia.

When a country is in war:

- change in factories

- buy from France, Britain, USA: gold export/debt→ print money→ The value of money changes everyday. People don't want to sell goods because keeping them until the last moment when price is at the highest is most profitable for them. People started to trade goods by themselves without using the money. Money became less useful.

Spontaneous revolution{}

→Provisional government →→ making decisions consulting→→Soviets(worker’s councils)/people

↓ ↓

Conservative Liberals(they deny the decisions because the will become popular)

- try to solve problem (2), by controlling the farms, make landowners unhappy

- try to solve problem (3), by reorganizing the transportation

- stay in the course of the war

- stop printing money

- keep the debt, keep borrowing money

- tax the people and burn them to solve (7)

Alexander Kerensky was the leader of the Provisional Government

Lenin in Switzerland, wanted to overthrow the Russian government. → become friends with Germany. Germany sent Lenin back to Russia.

Timeline

|Between the Wars: Asia |Between the Wars: Europe |

|1931 Mukden Incident |1923 March on Rome |

|Japanese blew up own railroad (military did it without approval from Japanese|1929 Stock Market Crash |

|government) |1933 Reichstag Fire |

|1936 The Long March; Xi’an Incident |1936-1939 Spanish Civil War |

| |1937-1938 Great Purge |

| |1938 Night of Broken Glass |

| |1938 Anschluss |

| |1938 Munich Conference |

|WW2 Asia |WW2 Europe |

|1937 Marco Polo Bridge Incident |1939 Germany invades Poland. |

|Rape of Nanking |1940 Battle of Britain |

|1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor |Dunkirk |

|1942 Battle of Midway |1943 The Battle of Stalingrad begins. |

|Japan takes Singapore |1944 Normandy Invasion(D-Day) |

|1945 Atomic bomb on Hiroshima |Battle of Bulge |

|Atomic bomb on Nagasaki | |

Between the Wars(Italy)

Benito Mussolini-Il Duce

• Mussolini, an ex-soldier and socialist writer, began to believe the socialism was not the answer to Italy’s problems, but rather part of the problem.

• The answer lay in ultra-nationalism(Fascism).

• Class war was a cancer that had to be removed. All the people of Italy, the workers, the industrialists and the middle class needed to join together.

• In 1921 he created the National Fascist Party

Fascism

• This fit with the philosophy of Fascists in that nothing was as important as the nation and the national identity.

• They:

– Were anti-communist

– Were nationalist

– Believed that unions and industrialists should cooperate for the good of Italy

– Wanted to restore the glory of Rome

– Believed that there should be a minimum wage

– Wanted standardization of the railroads

– Supported voting rights for women

The March on Rome and Mussolini

• October 24, 1922, Mussolini made a speech in Naples, addressing the will to rule Italy

• At the head of 25,000 “blackshirts” Mussolini marched on Rome.

• Fearing a civil war, the King made Mussolini Prime Minister.

• After becoming Prime Minister, Mussolini had himself declared dictator.

• By 1925, almost all opposition had been silenced by the blackshirts or fear of their displeasure.

• By 1928, all other political parties had been outlawed.

Foreign Policy: Intervention and Imperialism

• 1931 helped end the revolt in Italian North Africa.

• 1935-1936 Invaded and conquered Ethiopia.

• Brutally suppressed revolts by the Ethiopians and used mustard gas against native troops and guerilla fighters.

Causes of Great Depression

Stock Market Crash of October 1929

• The rich people were afraid that the stock market might become too dominant of the economy. So they pulled their money out. Other people began to do so too. Black Monday and Black Tuesday, great fall of share prices.

• Falling share prices caused a collapse in confidence and consumer wealth. Spending fell and the decline in confidence precipitated a desire for savers to withdraw money from their banks.

Bank Failures

Because of the banking crisis, Banks reduced lending, there was a fall in investment. People lost savings and so reduced consumer spending. The impact on economic confidence was disastrous.

Deflation

• It increased the difficulty of paying off debts taken out during 1920s

• Falling prices, encouraged people to hoard cash rather than spend

• Increased real wage unemployment (workers reluctant to accept nominal wage cuts, caused real wages to rise creating additional unemployment)

Unemployment and Negative Multiplier Effect.

As banks went bankrupt, consumer spending and investment fell dramatically. Output fell, unemployment rose causing a negative multiplier effect. In the 1930s, the unemployment received little relief beyond the soup kitchen. Therefore, the unemployed dramatically reduced their spending.

Reduction in Purchasing Across the Board

With the stock market crash and the fears of further economic woes, individuals from all classes stopped purchasing items. This then led to a reduction in the number of items produced and thus a reduction in the workforce. As people lost their jobs, they were unable to keep up with paying for items they had bought through installment plans and their items were repossessed.

Global Downturn.

As businesses began failing, and to get the loans in Europe, the government created the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930 to help protect American companies. This charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation.

Monetarism- an economic theory holding that variations in unemployment and the rate of inflation are usually caused by changes in the supply of money

Keynesian View(John Maynard Keynes)

• Keynes said the problem was lack of aggregate demand. Keynes argued passionately that governments should intervene in the economy to stimulate demand through public works scheme - higher spending and borrowing.

• Keynes heavily criticised the UK government's decision to try balance the budget in 1930 through higher taxes and lower benefits. He said this only worsened the situation.

Marxist View

The Marxist View saw the Great Depression as heralding the imminent collapse of global capitalism. Furthermore, they pointed to the Soviet Union as a country which was able to overcome the great depression through state sponsored economic planning.

Between the Wars(Germany and Nazi Germany)

Dawes Plan- (1924) Arrangement for Germany's payment of reparations to the Allies after World War I, produced by a committee of experts presided over by Charles Dawes. The total amount of reparations was not determined, but payments were to begin at 1 billion gold marks in the first year and rise to 2.5 billion by 1928.

The Reichstag Fire

(Feb. 27, 1933) Burning of the German parliament building (Reichstag) in Berlin. Allegedly set by a Dutch communist, the fire was used by Adolf Hitler to turn public opinion against his opponents, especially the communists. He enacted a decree suspending constitutional protection of personal rights, which effectively began the Nazi Party dictatorship. The fire was widely believed to have been set by the Nazis themselves, while others have argued there was no proof of Nazi complicity; it remains the subject of debate and research.

Night of Broken Glass

Night of violence against Jews, carried out by members of the German Nazi Party on Nov. 9 – 10, 1938, so called because of the broken glass left in its aftermath. The violence, instigated by Joseph Goebbels, left 91 Jews dead and hundreds seriously injured. About 7,500 Jewish businesses were gutted and some 1,000 synagogues burned or damaged. The Gestapo arrested 30,000 Jewish males, offering to release them only if they emigrated and surrendered their wealth. The incident marked a major escalation in the Nazi program of Jewish persecution

Expansion of Territory:

1938- Austria became under Nazi’s control. Anschluss- Austria became part of Germany through plebiscite

Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia full of Germans, agreed by leaders of GB, Italy, France and Germany, to be annexed by Germany through Munich Conference.

Molotov-Ribentrop Pact- non-Agreesion Pact between Germany and USSR, split Poland. Germany got west, USSR got east, also allowed USSR to invade Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania without Germany’s intervention.

Pact of Steel

An agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany signed on May 22, 1939.

The Pact consisted of two parts: the first section was an open declaration of continuing trust and cooperation between Germany and Italy while the second encouraged a union of policies concerning the military and economy.

Nazi- a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the country, suppressing all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Führer, aggressive anti-Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people, and the establishment of Germany by superior force as a dominant world power.

Fascism- A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism.

Gulag- the concentration camps in Russia, forced labor

Neville Chamberlain

• Known for his “appeasement foreign policy” which eventually led to foreign secretary Anthony Eden’s resignation

– To prevent more wars

• Had not intervened in the Spanish Civil War- Francisco Franco became the Fascist leader of Spain

• Had not intervened when Italy took over Ethiopia

Causes of WW2

|Ideologies, doctrines, and philosophies |Interrelations and economics |Specific events |

|Anti-communism |Problems with the Treaty of Versailles |Franco-Prussian War |

|Expansionism (Imperialism/Colonialism) |Issues after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary |Weimar Republic |

|Fascism |Competition for resources |The Great Depression |

|Militarism |Problems with the League of Nations |Rise of Fascism in Italy |

|Nationalism |European Civil War |Nazi dictatorship |

|Racism | |Italian invasion of Ethiopia |

| | |Spanish Civil War |

| | |Second Sino-Japanese War |

| | |Anschluss |

| | |Munich Agreement |

| | |Italian invasion of Albania |

| | |Soviet-Japanese Border War |

| | |Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact |

| | |Invasion of Poland |

| | |Final diplomatic strategy |

| | |Invasion of the Soviet Union |

| | |Attack on Pearl Harbor |

War Aims

|Chiang Kai-shek|After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang became the leader of the Kuomintang army and seized control of the government. Still engaged in a civil |

| |war with the Communists, Generalissimo Chiang also led the army against Japanese invaders in Manchuria (1937). During World War II Chiang had |

| |the support of the Allied powers and was the supreme commander of the China theater for the length of the war, the acknowledged leader of a |

| |war-torn and impoverished China |

|FDR |New Deal: the set of programs and policies designed to promote economic recovery and social reform |

| |In 1941 he met with Winston Churchill to draft the Atlantic Charter. He declared war on Japan when Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor. |

|Churchill |When war broke out, he was appointed to his old post as head of the Admiralty. After Neville Chamberlain resigned, Churchill headed a coalition |

| |government as prime minister (1940 – 45). He committed himself and the nation to an all-out war until victory was achieved, and his great |

| |eloquence, energy, and indomitable fortitude made him an inspiration to his countrymen, especially in the Battle of Britain. With Franklin |

| |Roosevelt, he shaped Allied strategy through the Atlantic Charter |

|Atlantic |Joint declaration issued on Aug. 14, 1941, during World War II, by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Among the statements made in |

|Charter |this propaganda manifesto, signed when the U.S. had not yet entered the war, were that neither the U.S. nor Britain sought aggrandizement and |

| |that both advocated the restoration of self-government to peoples forcibly deprived of it. |

|Josef Stalin |Joseph Stalin and The Great Purge |

| |Stalin carried out a purge of the Red Army as well as a purge of the communist party in the 1930's. Stalin sent police throughout Russia to |

| |requisition food and put areas back under control. The police were extremely violent, executing thousands in a couple of days. Victim: Leon |

| |Trotsky, a key figure of the creation of USSR |

| |New Economic Policy |

| |Economic policy of the Soviet Union (1921 – 28). A temporary retreat from the failed War Communism policy of extreme centralization and |

| |doctrinaire socialism, the new measures included the return of most agriculture, retail trade, and light industry to private ownership (though |

| |the state retained control of heavy industry, banking, transport, and foreign trade) and the reintroduction of money into the economy. The |

| |policy allowed the economy to recover from years of war. In 1928 chronic grain shortages prompted Joseph Stalin to begin to eliminate private |

| |ownership of farmland and to collectivize agriculture under state control, effectively ending the NEP. By 1931 state control was reimposed over |

| |all industry and commerce. |

| |In World War II he signed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939), attacked Finland, and annexed parts of eastern Europe to strengthen his |

| |western frontiers. When Germany invaded Russia (1941), Stalin took control of military operations. He allied Russia with Britain and the U.S. He|

| |wanted some buffer states in East Europe. |

War Strategy

|Heinz Guderian |The German blitzkrieg coordinated land and air attacks — using tanks, dive-bombers, and motorized artillery — to paralyze the enemy |

| |principally by disabling its communications and coordination capacities; a swift, sudden military offensive |

|Charles DeGaulle |DeGaulle escaped to Britain, where he made a famous broadcast calling on the French people to resist. |

| |DeGaulle formed the Free French forces and led the provisional government that ruled France after it was retaken from Germany. |

|Georgy Zhukov |During World War II he was instrumental in the defense of Leningrad and Stalingrad, then commanded the Russian army in the offensive against |

| |German forces. |

|Dwight Eisenhower |He was overall commander for the North African landings in November of that year, and in February 1943, took command of Allied forces in |

| |North Africa. On December 24, 1943, after the successful invasion of Sicily in July and Italy in September, he was appointed supreme |

| |commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces. |

|Mao Zedong |Guerrilla warfare tactics, appeals to the local population's nationalist sentiments, and Mao's agrarian policies gained the party military |

| |advantages against their Nationalist and Japanese enemies and broad support among the peasantry. |

|Isoroku Yamamoto |When it was decided to go to war with the U.S., Yamamoto asserted that the only chance for a Japanese victory lay in a surprise attack that |

| |would cripple U.S. naval forces in the Pacific and conceived of the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. He then sought to destroy the remnants |

| |of the U.S. fleet, principally its aircraft carriers, but the Japanese lost the resulting Battle of Midway in June 1942. His campaign in the |

| |Solomon Islands was also unsuccessful. |

War Technology

|Rockets |The Soviet Union used the six-foot-long Katyashu barrage rocket. It had a three-mile range and was launched from a mobile launcher that held |

| |from 30 to 48 of the rockets. |

| |Bazooka was an American weapon designed for the infantry to destroy tanks and fortifications. |

| |The German rocket V1 was first launched against Britain in June 1944, just one week after D-Day. |

| |The V2 was the first of the true rockets - part of Hitler's revenge (Vergeltungswaffen) weapons - the secret weapons he had promised his |

| |generals would win the war. |

|Trucks |Mainly used to deliver soldiers and supplies to the frontline |

|AC |An “island” for aircrafts to take off and land on sea, main objective of destruction during WWII, especially the Japanese’s attack on Pearl |

| |Harbor |

|Airplanes |Used for aerial bombing during WWII, became more and more popular with the aircraft carriers, which allow them to land and take off on sea. |

|Tanks |Known for its mobility and maneuverability. The size of it and the strength of its armor became more and more crucial in WWII, as the weapons |

| |are more advanced. |

|A Bomb |First dropped experimentally in New Mexico, first used militarily in aerial bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, creating side effects caused by |

| |radiation, mass destruction, high temperature and flame balls. The dropping and the development of it are still controversial nowadays. |

Resistance & anti-imperialism

|Kim Il Sung |When he joined the Korean resistance he adopted the name of a legendary Korean guerilla fighter who had also fought against the Japanese. |

| |Trained in the Soviet Union, Kim led a unit of North Koreans as a major in the Soviet Red Army during World War II |

|Josip Tito |In World War II, Tito proved an effective leader of Yugoslav Partisans. As marshal from 1943, he strengthened communist control of |

| |Yugoslavia. |

|French Maquis |the bands of Resistance fighters in rural areas during the German Occupation of France in WWII. |

|Fumimaro Konoe |Japanese political leader who as prime minister oversaw Japan's military expansion, sought to avoid American intervention in the |

| |Sino-Japanese War, and formed an alliance with Germany and Italy |

|Puyi |The last emperor of Qing, the emperor of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo, or Manchuria. |

|Aung San |Nationalist leader of Burma. He accepted Japanese aid in raising a military force in Burma that helped the Japanese in their 1942 |

| |invasion. However, he came to doubt that the Japanese would ever allow Burma to become independent and grew displeased with their |

| |treatment of Burmese forces, and in 1945 he switched to the Allied cause. |

|Chandra Bose |With the outbreak of the Second World War, which he saw as an opportunity to take advantage of British weakness. At the outset of the war,|

| |he went away from India and travelled to the Soviet Union, Germany and Japan, seeking an alliance with the aim of attacking the British in|

| |India. With Japanese assistance, he re-organised and later led the Indian National Army, formed from Indian prisoners-of-war and |

| |plantation workers from British Malaya, Singapore, and other parts of Southeast Asia, against British forces. With Japanese monetary, |

| |political, diplomatic and military assistance, he formed the Azad Hind Government in exile and regrouped and led the Indian National Army |

| |in battle against the allies at Imphal and in Burma. |

|Greater East Asia |establish a new international order seeking shared peace and prosperity for Asian countries (China, Manchukuo, East Indies, Indochina |

|Co-Prosperity Sphere |etc.) (external) |

| |set up puppet governments that manipulated local population and economy for the benefit of Imperial Japan (ie. Invade china to gain |

| |advantage over Chinese markets)( gain control of all of Far East China (internal) |

Important events

|Dunkirk |During World War II, more than 300,000 Allied troops who were cut off from retreat on land by the German breakthrough to the French Channel |

| |ports were evacuated (May 26-June 4, 1940) from Dunkirk. The retreat was carried out by all kinds of available British craft, some manned by |

| |civilian volunteers, and was protected by the Royal Air Force. It is considered one of the epic actions of naval history. |

|Battle of Britain |After the fall of France, Hitler’s next goal was the invasion of Britain |

| |To do so he needed to defeat the British air force (RAF) |

| |Beginning in July of 1940 Germans began bombing campaign of Britain and all Allied ships in the English Channel |

| |German bombing killed more than 43,000 civilians |

| |Britain eventually wins due to superior radar and fewer pilot losses (shot down British pilots live to fly again) |

| |Beginning in 1940, Britain responded by bombing German cities |

|Pearl Harbor |US place an oil embargo on Japan because the US and Japan were supporting opposing sides. |

| |On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked the base, and the United States entered World War II the following day. |

|Battle of |The attack on Pearl Harbor had destroyed most of the US Battleships but had missed the aircraft carriers. |

|Midway |In June of 1942 the Japanese fleet and the remainder of the American fleet met at Midway Island. |

| |The Americans had broke the Japanese code and knew the battle plan. |

| |US wins the battle sinking 4 Japanese carriers and destroying 300 aircraft. |

| |It is the first major Allied victory of the war. |

|Battle of |Hitler and Stalin both refused to allow their armies to retreat and poured as many resources as possible |

|Stalingrad |Battle of attrition which Stalin won |

| |Germans lost 841,000 men |

| |Soviets lost 1.1 million |

| |It was the first major battle the Germans lost in World War II |

|D-day& Normandy |Commanded by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower |

| |June 6, 1944 |

| |US, British, and Canadian forces landed on the beaches of Normandy in France |

| |Had the Allies failed the war might have turned out differently |

| |By August the Allies were approaching Paris |

|Battle of |German final last gasp |

|Bulge |Attempt to break Allied lines and recapture the Low Countries and make a treaty with the Allies |

| |Germans expected to be able to join the Allies to fight the Soviets |

| |Lack of fuel and airpower leads to German defeat |

|Warsaw Uprising |August 1944: Allies ask Polish Resistance to stage an uprising in Warsaw to help the advancing Soviet army |

| |Soviet army stops its advance and allows Germans to deal with Polish Uprising |

| |This allows Soviets to put in place a pro-Communist government since all the other resistance fighters had been dealt with by the Germans |

Atrocities and Home Front

|Home Front |Though the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and |

| |Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies, as the war largely settled into |

| |one of attrition. While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural |

| |resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force, Allied strategic bombing, and Germany's|

| |late shift to a war economy contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and were |

| |not equipped to do so. To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers; Germany used about 12 million people,|

| |mostly from Eastern Europe, while Japan pressed more than 18 million people in Far East Asia. |

|Vichy France |French regime in World War II after the German defeat of France. The Franco-German armistice (June 1940) divided France into two zones: one |

| |under German military occupation and one under nominal French control (the southeastern two-fifths of the country). |

|The Final Solution|A term applied by Nazis to the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Before instituting the Final Solution, the Nazi government had |

| |abolished the Jews' rights, destroyed and confiscated their property, and confined Jews in concentration camps. |

|SS camp |aka Jewish concentration camps, killed Jews by poison gas, crematorium, specifically desribed in the book Night. Auschwitz is the largest and|

| |the most horrible camp of all. More than a million Jews died here. |

|Death Railway |The railway between Thailand and Burma, built by the Empire of Japan during World War II, to support its forces in the Burma campaign. Forced|

| |labour was used in its construction. About 180,000 Asian labourers and 60,000 Allied POWs worked on the railway. Of these, around 90,000 |

| |Asian labourers and 16,000 Allied POWs died as a direct result of the project. |

|Katyn Massacre |Mass killing of Polish military officers by the Soviet Union in World War II. After the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939) and Germany's|

| |defeat of Poland, Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland and interned thousands of Polish military personnel. After the German invasion of the|

| |Soviet Union (1941), the Polish government-in-exile agreed to cooperate with the Soviets against Germany, and the Polish general forming the |

| |new army asked to have the Polish prisoners placed under his command, but the Soviet government informed him in December 1941 that most of |

| |those prisoners had escaped to Manchuria and could not be located. |

|Rape of Nanjing |The killing, robbing and raping of 300,000 Chinese people in Nanjing, capital of China, in 1937. |

|Comfort women |A woman forced to serve as a prostitute for Japanese servicemen during World War II. |

Phony War

no land operations were undertaken by the Allies or the Germans after the German conquest of Poland in September 1939.

Maginot Line

An ultramodern defensive fortification along the French-German frontier. Made of thick concrete and supplied with heavy guns, it had living quarters, supply storehouses, and underground rail lines. However, it ended at the French-Belgian frontier, which German forces crossed in May 1940.

Battle of Okinawa

The battle fought between the Americans and the Japanese on the island of Okinawa, where both Americans and Japanese suffered great losses. This battle made Americans feel frightened about the invasion of mainland Japan.

Spanish Civil War

| |

(1936 – 39) Military revolt against the government of Spain. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The ruling Republican government, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists.

Flying Tigers

• During 1941-1942 China discovered that it needed a modern air force. It hired one in the form of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) also known as The Flying Tigers

• The Flying Tigers defended Chinese bases, cities, and airstrips against the Japanese.

• The Flying Tigers shot down between 115 and 229 Japanese planes, a better kill ratio than any other air unit in the war in Asia.

• Only 14 Flying Tigers were shot down.

Reasons why they lost WWII

|Germany |Italy |Japan |

|The loss of the Battle of the Atlantic. |poor leadership |Fails to destroy American aircraft carriers at |

|The loss of the Battle of Britain. |poor performance in North Africa and Eastern Europe |Pearl Harbor |

|The loss of the Battles of Kursk, Leningrad and |loss of Sicily |secret code was broken by the American. |

|Stalingrad. |splitting of Italy- Axis and Allies (early surrender of|industrial output cannot match the American. |

|The loss of the Battle of El Alamein. |Italy weakened Nazi Germany as well.) |Navy is losing ships faster than they can replace|

|The failure to adequately defend the beaches at |made the wrong allie with Germany, promised no war in |them. |

|Normandy. |three years, however Germany invaded Poland, Italy |Army are stretch thin by the large area they |

|The failure of the Battle of the Bulge. |getting into the war weakened itself heavily |occupied. |

|The failure to adequately defend the sky above Germany.| |Air force are losing a lot of good pilots and |

| | |they cannot be replace easily. |

|the blame belongs to Hitler's interference. | |leader do not have a good strategy to maintain |

| | |their position. |

| | |The dropping of A bomb |

Rasons why they deserved credits for the victory of WWII

|USA/UK |USSR |

|Lend-lease program, weapons, and supplies |more casualties |

|Raw materials: rubber |bring Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria Romania out of WWII |

|D-day |Battle of Stalingrad, turning point of WWII in Europe |

|Battle of Midway, turning point of WWII in Asia |Weather: winter |

|Dropping of A bombs | |

|Atlantic Charter | |

|Took half of Italy out of the war | |

Reasons to drop/not drop the A bomb on Japan

|Atom bombs: Yes |Atom bombs: No |

|Preferable to invasion |Fundamentally immoral |

|Speedy end of war saved lives |The bombings as war crimes |

|Part of "total war" |State terrorism |

|Japan's leaders refused to surrender |Militarily unnecessary |

| |Japanese nuclear weapons program undeveloped |

| |Nagasaki bombing unnecessary |

| |Racism and dehumanization |

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