[CN]CHAPTER 9



CHAPTER 9

Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers

Preparation and Resources Needed

Materials: Examples of supplements and performance enhancers that are readily available to show students what is currently on the market and what these products claim to accomplish.

Equipment: None.

Personnel: Athletes willing to talk about their use of supplements.

Recommended Time to Complete: Six days (based on two class periods per day, 170 school days per year). More activities are available through the textbook, workbook, and instructor’s manual than can be fit into the recommended time. The instructor should select activities that best suit his or her own teaching situation and training program duration.

Key Terms

anabolic steroids Substances that are used to enhance metabolism and thus act to build up the body tissues.

anabolic-androgenic steroids Manmade substances related to male sex hormones that are used to build muscle and enhance masculine characteristics.

androstenedione A steroid produced naturally in both men and women that can change or enhance the growth and development of masculine or feminine traits.

athletic code of ethics A tool to clarify and distinguish proper practices from those that can be detrimental and harmful.

caffeine An alkaloid present in coffee, many soft drinks, and chocolate that acts as a stimulant and is believed to enhance endurance and improve reaction times.

chondroitin A naturally occurring substance, found in human and animal cartilage, that is often used as a supplement to treat osteoarthritis.

creatine monohydrate An amino acid, found naturally in skeletal muscle, which is stored for quick energy and as a supplement to increase skeletal muscle.

dietary supplement A product, other than tobacco, intended to enhance the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, and/or other botanicals.

doping The unnatural use of any substance or means to gain an unfair edge over the competition.

ephedra A substance derived from a shrublike plant; used as a stimulant to boost energy and weight loss.

ergogenic aid Any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production and efficiency.

glucosamine A substance produced naturally in the body; often used as a supplement to maintain cartilage in the joints.

growth hormone An ergogenic aid; a supplement of a substance produced naturally by the pituitary gland that works to increase conversion of amino acids into protein.

medicinal herbs Plant matter, used in the form of powders, extracts, teas, and/or tablets, believed to have therapeutic benefits.

Lecture Outline

I. Popular Nutritional Supplements

a. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act defines a dietary supplement as a

b. Product intended to enhance the diet that contains one or more of the following:

i. Vitamins

ii. Minerals

iii. Amino acids

iv. Herbs, and/or other botanical substances

c. Vitamins

i. Organic (carbon-containing) compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes

ii. Enable the body to use energy provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins

d. Vitamin supplements

i. Vitamins taken in addition to those received through the diet

ii. Available in concentrated form in tablets, capsules, and drops

. According to the FDA, the body cannot distinguish between a vitamin of plant or animal origin (natural) and one manufactured in a laboratory (synthetic)

e. Minerals

i. Inorganic (non-carbon-containing) element

ii. Necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in body functions

iii. Contribute energy production

iv. Found in water and natural foods

f. Herbal supplements

i. Some of the world's oldest medicines

ii. FDA considers them dietary supplements

. Not regulated

. New regulations will give the FDA authority to oversee manufacturing

Key Concept

Dietary supplements are products that are believed to enhance the diet. They come in a variety of forms. Their effects on the body vary based on the supplement used and the amount used. Megadoses of dietary supplements can be harmful and lead to toxicity.

g. Glucosamine

i. Used to maintain joint cartilage

. Glucosamine sulfate

. Glucosamine hydrochloride

. N-acetyl-glucosamine

h. Chondroitin

i. Proven abilities to treat osteoarthritis

. Also used to treat psoriasis and cancers

Key Concept

A vast array of dietary supplements crowds the market today. They consist of vitamins (for example, vitamin E, vitamin B-complex, and vitamin C); minerals (for example, zinc, iron, and sodium); herbs (for example, St. John’s Wort, ginko biloba, and ginseng); and other naturally occurring substances (for example, glucosamine and chondroitin).

II. Performance Enhancers

a. Ergogenic aid

ii. Any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production and efficiency

i. Anabolic-androgenic steroids

i. Manmade substances related to male sex hormones

ii. Available legally by prescription

. Adverse effects include liver tumors, cancer, jaundice, fluid retention, and high blood pressure

j. Growth hormones

i. Produced by the pituitary gland

ii. Act on most organs and tissues in the body

iii. Work by increasing the conversion of amino acids into protein

. Adverse effects include heart disease, impotence, osteoporosis, and death

k. Androstenedione

i. Steroid hormone naturally produced in both men and women, which converts to testosterone or to estrogen

ii. Adverse effects include early puberty, premature cessation of bone growth, extreme aggression, mood changes, decreased levels of cardiac-protective HDLs, and elevated levels of estrogen

l. Caffeine

i. Increases alertness and energy; improves mood

ii. High levels can cause sleeplessness, anxiety, headache, upset stomach, nervousness, and dehydration

m. Creatine monohydrate

i. Amino acid made by the liver and kidneys

ii. Found naturally in skeletal muscle

iii. In the body it is converted into phosphocreatine

. Serves as a storage reservoir for quick energy

. Adverse effects include muscle cramping, dehydration, gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and seizures, as well as effects on kidney function

n. Ephedra

i. Shrublike plant found in desert regions in central Asia and other parts of the world

ii. Stimulant containing ephedrine

iii. Widely used for weight loss, to boost energy, and to enhance athletic performance

. Adverse effects include hypertension, palpitations, neuropathy, psychosis, stroke, memory loss, heart-rate irregularities, insomnia, nervousness, tremors, seizures, heart attacks, and death

III. Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards

a. International Olympic Committee Medical Commission

iv. Created to deal with doping

o. National Collegiate Athletic Association

i. Drug-testing program

p. Several professional athletic teams have written policy statements concerning the use of banned substances

Key Concept

Athletes use performance enhancers because they believe these substances will improve athletic performance, strength, and endurance. Athletes may experiment with performance enhancers because they are striving, and being pushed, to win--no matter the cost.

Key Concept

To maintain ethics in athletics and fairness in competition, many organizations have banned the use of performance enhancers and monitor their athletes for use of these substances. The NCAA and the IOC are the two largest organizations monitoring use of performance-enhancing drugs by athletes.

IV. Education for Athletes

a. The Healthy Competition Foundation

i. Provides research, information, and strategies designed to eliminate use of performance enhancers

q. American College of Sports Medicine

r. International Olympic Committee

s. National Athletic Trainers Association

t. National Collegiate Athletic Association

u. National Federation of State High School Associations

v. Physician and Sports Medicine

w. United States Food and Drug Administration

x. United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)

Key Concept

Athletes need to understand the dangers and risks inherent in the use of dietary supplements and performance enhancers. Some of these substances can be harmful to athletes’ overall health. Being knowledgeable about these substances helps athletes make sound, informed decisions

V. Ethics in Athletics

a. Athletic code of ethics

i. Essential for protecting and promoting the interests of athletics and coaching profession

ii. Ethics are basic principles of proper action

iii. Essential elements are honesty and integrity

iv. Code's primary purpose is to clarify and distinguish ethical practices from those that are detrimental and harmful

y. Proper conduct and good sportsmanship refer to standards such as:

i. Treat other persons as you know they should be treated, and as you would wish them to fairly treat you

ii. Regard the rules of your game as agreements, the spirit or letter of which you should not evade or break

iii. Treat officials and opponents with respect

iv. Accept the final decision of any official

v. Honor visiting teams and spectators as your own guests and treat them as such

vi. Be gracious in victory and defeat

vii. Be as cooperative as you are competitive

viii. Remember that your actions on and off the field reflect upon you and your school

z. Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes:

i. To teach and instruct students in the rules, fundamentals, and skills of various individual and team sports, and to provide physical training

ii. To provide healthy competition and cooperation within and between schools

iii. To develop aspects of good sportsmanship that will enhance each student’s education

iv. To maintain the spirit of true amateur competition

Key Concept

The athletic code of ethics emphasizes and values honesty, integrity, good sportsmanship, and proper conduct.

VI. Conclusion

a. The use of dietary supplements and performance enhancers is a controversial issue

v. It is widely acknowledged that use of supplements and enhancers can do more harm than good

vi. Athletes must understand the associated risks

Lesson Plans and Teaching Strategies

Follow the lecture outline to present material to students, using a variety of teaching strategies described in the Instructional Strategies, such as modified lecture and cooperative/collaborative learning.

Show different readily available products that claim to improve the body’s functions in ways that would appeal to athletes.

Ask different athletes to guest lecturer on how and why they use supplements, or why they avoid using them.

Answers to Student Exercises

Textbook Review Questions

1. A dietary supplement is a product, other than tobacco, intended to enhance the diet that contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, and other botanical substances.

2. Many athletes take supplements in the belief that performance, strength, and/or endurance will be enhanced in some way, making them more competitive in their sport.

3. Vitamins enable the body to use the energy provided by food. Some vitamins may be toxic in large doses. Minerals are necessary for building tissues, regulating body fluids, and assisting in various other body functions. Some minerals in excess can cause toxicities. Herbal supplements claim many benefits, but have proven very few. Herbal supplements can be dangerous because they are not tested for safety before marketing. Glucosamine can effectively treat osteoarthritis and help with some sports injuries. Side effects include stomach problems, heartburn, diarrhea, and problems when a person has heart or blood-pressure problems. Chondroitin treats osteoarthritis. Individuals using anticoagulants should consult their physician before using chondroitin.

4. Anabolic steroids build muscle and increase masculine characteristics. They have many dangerous side effects, including liver tumors and cancer, high blood pressure, and cholesterol accumulation in arteries. Growth hormone increases protein production from amino acids, particularly in muscle cells. When taken in excess it can cause heart disease, impotence, osteoporosis, and death. Androstenedione is a steroid hormone. It can have masculinizing effects in women and feminizing effects in males. Caffeine is a stimulant that increases alertness. It can also cause sleeplessness, anxiety, headache, nervousness, and dehydration. Creatine monohydrate can be changed into phosphocreatine, which acts as a storage reservoir for quick energy. It can also cause muscle cramping, GI distress, nausea, and seizures. Ephedra is used for weight loss and as an energy booster. It can also cause hypertension, heart palpitations, nerve and muscle damage, stroke, and death.

5. The elimination of doping in sports is one of the fundamental objectives of the IOC, which has created a list of banned substances. Several professional teams have also written policy statements concerning the use of banned substances.

6. Using supplements and performance enhancers can be very risky, even to the point of causing an athlete’s death. Understanding all of the consequences from a young age will help athletes make informed decisions.

7. Proper ethics in athletics implies a standard of character that instills confidence and trust. Only if certain performance standards are followed can there be hope of assuring fair competition, which is truly based on athletic ability and training, not on a quick fix that gives some athletes advantages over others.

Workbook Vocabulary Review

Matching

1. H

2. N

3. L

4. F

5. A

6. B

7. M

8. C

9. E

10. G

11. J

12. D

Workbook Quiz

1. C

2. D

3. B

4. B

5. D

6. A

7. C

8. A

9. D

10. B

Critical Thinking

1. An increasing amount of acne, mood swings, and hair loss are all signs of anabolic steroid abuse. Other major side effects include liver tumors and cancer, jaundice, fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases in low-density lipoproteins, decreases in high-density lipoproteins, kidney tumors, and trembling. Many gender-specific side effects are associated with these drugs. Many men suffer shrinking testicles, reduced sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, and increased risk of prostate cancer. Women may suffer growth of facial hair, male-pattern baldness, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, enlargement of the clitoris, and a deepened voice. District guidelines for reporting suspected drug use may vary. Generally, any coach who reasonably suspects that a student is using drugs/alcohol or anabolic steroids should report such suspicions to the athletic director or superior.

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