Bacteria and Viruses Outline
Name __________________________________ Period __________
Bacteria and Viruses Outline
Bacteria
◆ Bacteria are __________________, ________________ (one-celled) organisms that lack a _______________ membrane.
◆ Bacteria can live on land, in water, and in the air.
– They also live in and on both _______________ and ____________ plants and animals
◆ Most bacteria are _____________________.
– _____________ are organisms that _______ make their own food.
Shapes of Bacteria
*
*
*
Structure of Bacteria
* A bacterium is made up of a
______________________
that encloses and protects ________________________.
Bacterial Nutrition
◆ Some bacteria live separately and others remain together to form _________________.
– Colonies are __________________ of bacteria.
◆ There are bacteria that live as _________________.
– A parasite absorbs ____________________ from other living organisms called their _______________.
◆ Others digest and absorb food materials from ____________ organisms.
– These bacteria are called ______________________.
Beneficial Bacteria
◆ Most bacteria are _______________ (_______________) to humans.
◆ Bacteria are __________________ that cause decay.
– Decomposers are organisms that _____________________ dead organisms and ______________________ to the soil.
◆ Many bacteria are used to produce ________ and life-saving ________.
– Bacteria are used to make cheese, pickles, yogurt, vinegar, and sauerkraut.
◆ By using methods of _______________________, bacteria have been encouraged to ________________ substances such as insulin.
◆ The human intestinal tract contains millions of _______________.
– Many of these bacteria help the ______________ process and others produce __________________.
◆ Bacteria are also used in the _______________ of leather, the ________ of tobacco, and the _____________________ of food for feeding cows.
Harmful Bacteria
* Some bacteria are ________ beneficial to man.
* Bacteria spoil food by secreting _______ into the food causing it to rot.
* Along with enzymes, other substances produced by bacteria are released into the food.
* Some of these substances are ____________, making the food __________________ to humans and other organisms.
* Bacteria in large numbers can ____________ (dirty) lakes, streams, and drinking water.
* During ________________, bacteria reduce the dissolved oxygen content in water supplies.
* Many bacteria are ______________________.
* A pathogen is an
* Some bacterial ________________ of humans are tuberculosis, tetanus, and strep throat.
Controlling Harmful Bacteria
◆ ________________, _______________, and ________________ are used to control pathogenic bacteria.
– An antibiotic is a _______________ that can __________ the growth of some bacteria.
– Bacteria are able to produce types that are ______________ to certain antibiotics.
– When this happens, __________ antibiotics must be developed.
◆ Bacteria can also be ____________in foods by
– pasteurization,
– canning,
– chemical preservatives,
– radiation,
– steam/pressure,
– salt curing,
– dehydration (drying).
Harmful Anaerobic Bacteria
* Some bacteria can live ____________________ and cause botulism.
* A dangerous type of _____________________, in foods that have not been properly canned.
* Two other anaerobic bacteria can cause _________________ diseases
* Gonorrhea (causes sterility)
* Syphilis (can result in death).
* A venereal disease is a contagious disease that a person gets through _______________________.
* Both diseases can be _______________ successfully by ____________ if detected early enough.
Viruses
◆ A virus is not a ________________.
◆ It is made up of ________________ material inside a ___________coat.
◆ Viruses do not carry on most __________________ activities.
◆ They can only _____________ inside a living cell called the _____ cell.
◆ Outside the host cell, a virus is “________” and often exists as a crystal.
◆ A virus has no means of _______________________.
Virus Diagram
Negative Virus Influences
◆ They cause __________________ in both plants and animals.
◆ Some viruses cause ______________ and _____________.
◆ They also _______ cells and are responsible for human diseases such as
– polio,
– measles,
– mumps,
– influenza,
– hepatitis,
– colds,
– AIDS.
[pic]
Positive Virus Influences
* Certain viruses are used in the ________________ of insect pests.
* Others are used in ______________________.
* Scientists have been able to use viruses to biologically __________________ caterpillars of the European pine sawfly and the gypsy moth.
Bacteria and Viruses Outline – Teacher Guide (Key)
© Lisa Michalek
Bacteria
◆ Bacteria are microscopic, unicellular (one-celled) organisms that lack a nuclear membrane
◆ Bacteria can live on land, in water, and in the air
– They also live in and on both living and dead plants and animals
◆ Most bacteria are heterotrophs.
– Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food
Shapes of Bacteria
◆ Coccus - round or sphere shaped
◆ Bacillus – rod shaped
◆ Spirillum – spiral shaped
Structure of Bacteria
◆ A bacterium is made up of a thick cell wall that encloses and protects cellular material
Bacterial Nutrition
◆ Some bacteria live separately and others remain together to form colonies
– Colonies are large groups of bacteria
◆ There are bacteria that live as parasites
– A parasite absorbs food materials from other living organisms called their hosts
◆ Others digest and absorb food materials from dead organisms
Beneficial Bacteria
◆ Most bacteria are beneficial (helpful) to humans
◆ Bacteria are decomposers that cause decay
– Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organisms and return the nutrients to the soil
◆ Many bacteria are used to produce food and life-saving drugs
– Bacteria are used to make cheese, pickles, yogurt, vinegar, and sauerkraut
◆ By using methods of gene transplanting, bacteria have been encouraged to produce substances such as insulin
◆ The human intestinal tract contains millions of bacteria
– Many of these bacteria help the digestive process and others produce vitamins
◆ Bacteria are also used in the tanning of leather, the curing of tobacco, and the production of food for feeding cows
Harmful Bacteria
◆ Some bacteria are not beneficial to man
◆ Bacteria spoil food by secreting enzymes into the food causing it to rot
– Along with enzymes, other substances produced by bacteria are released into the food
– Some of these substances are toxic, making the food poisonous to humans and other organisms
◆ Bacteria in large numbers can pollute (dirty) lakes, streams, and drinking water
◆ During respiration, bacteria reduce the dissolved oxygen content in water supplies
◆ Many bacteria are pathogenic
– A pathogen is an organism that causes disease and/or infection
– Some bacterial diseases of humans are tuberculosis, tetanus, and strep throat
Controlling Harmful Bacteria
◆ Antiseptics, disinfectants, and antibiotics are used to control pathogenic bacteria
– An antibiotic is a chemical that can stop the growth of some bacteria
– Bacteria are able to produce types that are resistant to certain antibiotics
– When this happens, new antibiotics must be developed.
◆ Bacteria can also be killed in foods by
– pasteurization
– canning
– chemical preservatives
– radiation
– steam/pressure
– salt curing
– dehydration (drying)
Harmful Anaerobic Bacteria
◆ Some bacteria can live anaerobically and cause botulism
– A dangerous type of food poisoning, in foods that have not been properly canned
◆ Two other anaerobic bacteria can cause venereal diseases
– Gonorrhea (causes sterility)
– Syphilis (can result in death)
◆ A venereal disease is a contagious disease that a person gets through sexual contact
◆ Both diseases can be treated successfully by antibiotics if detected early enough
Viruses
◆ A virus is not a cell
◆ It is made up of genetic material inside a protein coat
◆ Viruses do not carry on most metabolic activities
◆ They can only reproduce inside a living cell called the host cell
◆ Outside the host cell, a virus is “lifeless” and often exists as a crystal
◆ A virus has no means of locomotion
Negative Virus Influences
◆ They cause infections in both plants and animals
◆ Some viruses cause tumors and warts
◆ They also destroy cells and are responsible for human diseases such as
– polio
– measles
– mumps
– influenza
– hepatitis
– colds
– AIDS
Positive Virus Influences
◆ Certain viruses are used in the control of insect pests
◆ Others are used in genetic research
◆ Scientists have been able to use viruses to biologically control caterpillars of the European pine sawfly and the gypsy moth
-----------------------
Rabies Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS
Influenza virus - Flu
Papilloma virus - Warts
................
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