Online - Cambridge University Press
Psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a network meta-analysisIfigeneia Mavranezouli, Odette Megnin-Viggars, Caitlin Daly, Sofia Dias, Nicky J Welton, Sarah Stockton, Gita Bhutani, Nick Grey, Jonathan Leach, Sharif El-Leithy, Neil Greenberg, Cornelius Katona, Stephen PillingOnline supplementary materialAppendix 1: Search strategy Appendix 2: Study protocolAppendix 3: Details of the statistical analysis and WinBUGS codes for data synthesisAppendix 4: Details of the inconsistency checks and WinBUGS codes for inconsistency modelsAppendix 5: Characteristics of studies included in the network meta-analysis, and full referencesAppendix 6: List of excluded studies with reasons for exclusionAppendix 7: NMA data filesAppendix 8: Risk of bias of studies included in the NMAAppendix 9: Model fit statisticsAppendix 10: Inconsistency checksAppendix 11: Relative effects between all pairs of interventions: direct, indirect and combined (NMA) resultsAppendix 12: Results of the NICE guideline NMAAppendix 13: Pairwise sub-analysesAppendix 14: References in the online supplementary materialAppendix 1: Search strategyDatabase: Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R), Embase, PsycINFO Date of last search: 29 January 2018#Searches1*acute stress/ or *behavioural stress/ or *emotional stress/ or *critical incident stress/ or *mental stress/ or *posttraumatic stress disorder/ or *psychotrauma/21 use emez3stress disorders, traumatic/ or combat disorders/ or psychological trauma/ or stress disorders, post-traumatic/ or stress disorders, traumatic, acute/ or stress, psychological/43 use mesz, prem5exp posttraumatic stress disorder/ or acute stress disorder/ or combat experience/ or emotional trauma/ or post-traumatic stress/ or traumatic neurosis/ or trauma/ or psychological stress/ or chronic stress/65 use psyh7(railway spine or (rape adj2 trauma*) or reexperienc* or re experienc* or torture syndrome or traumatic neuros* or traumatic stress).ti,ab.8(trauma* and (avoidance or grief or horror or death* or nightmare* or night mare* or emotion*)).ti,ab.9(posttraumatic* or post traumatic* or stress disorder* or acute stress or ptsd or asd or desnos or (combat neuros* or combat syndrome or concentration camp syndrome or extreme stress or flashback* or flash back* or hypervigilan* or hypervigilen* or psych* stress or psych* trauma* or psycho?trauma* or psychotrauma*) or (posttrauma* or traumagenic* or traumatic stress*)).ti,ab.10or/2,4,6-911*psychotherapy/ use emez or psychotherapy/ use mesz, prem,psyh12(((psycholog* or psycho social* or psychosocial*) adj3 (intervention* or program* or therap* or treat*)) or psychotherap* or psycho therap* or talk* therap* or therapeutic technique* or therapist* or third wave or time limited).ti,ab,sh.13exp *behavior therapy/ or exp *cognitive therapy/1413 use emez15exp behavior therapy/ use mesz, prem16exp behavior therapy/ or exp cognitive behavior therapy/1716 use psyh18(((behaviour* or behavior*) adj2 cognitiv*) or cbt or ccbt or ((behav* or cognitive*) adj3 (intervention* or manag* or program* or restructure* or therap* or treat*)) or (stress inoculation adj2 (intervention* or program* or therap* or train* or treat*)) or (behav* adj2 activat*) or ((trauma adj (based or focused or led)) or exposure based or prolonged exposure)).ti,ab.19*emotion/ use emez or emotions/ use mesz, prem20emotion focused therapy/ or sympathy/2120 use psyh22(((compassion or emotion* or emotive*) adj (based or focused or led)) or emotional processing or ((compassion or emotion* or emotive*) adj3 (coach* or intervention* or program* or therap* or treat*))).ti,ab.23exposure therapy/ or narrative therapy/ or virtual reality exposure therapy/2423 use emez25implosive therapy/ or narrative therapy/ or virtual reality exposure therapy/2625 use mesz, prem27exposure therapy/ or narrative therapy/ or virtual reality/2827 use psyh29(((augmented or virtual) adj2 reality) or (virtual adj (environment or restorative)) or ((exposure or implosive or virtual reality) adj2 (intervention* or program* or therap* or train*))).ti,ab.30((imagery adj2 (rehears* or re hears*)) or (((lower* or reduc*) adj3 (bad dream* or nightmare*)) and (intervention* or program* or therap* or treat*)) or ((intervention* or program* or therap* or treat*) adj3 nightmare*)).mp. or ((presleep or presleep) adj2 imagery).ti,ab. 31(mindfulness or ((exposure or narrative) adj therapy)).sh.32(kidnet or mindful* or narrative therap*).ti,ab.33exp "debriefing (psychological)"/ use psyh34debrief*.ti,ab.35eye movement desensitization reprocessing/ use mesz, prem or eye movement desensitization therapy/ use psyh or (emdr or (eye movement adj2 desensiti*)).ti,ab.36hypnosis/ use emez or exp hypnosis/ use mesz, prem or exp hypnotherapy/ use psyh or (hypnosis or hypnotherap*).ti,ab.37psychodynamic psychotherapy/ use emez or psychotherapy, psychodynamic/ use mesz, prem or psychodynamic psychotherapy/ use psyh or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation/ use emez or Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/ use mesz, prem, psyh 38((psychodynamic or (dynamic adj (psychotherapy* or therap*)) or incident reduction) or ((brain or transcranial) adj2 stimulat*) or rtms).ti,ab.39(psychoanal* or psychosomatic*).ti,ab.40exp counseling/ use emez,mesz,psyh or counsel*.ti,ab.41(hg therap* or human givens).ti,ab.42psychosomatic disorder/th use emez or exp somatoform disorders/th use mesz, prem43(exp somatoform disorders/ or somatization/) and (intervention* or program* or therap* or treat*).ti,ab,hw. use psyh44(psychosomatic* or somatherap* or somatic*).ti,ab.45(emotional freedom or holistic or thought field).ti,ab.46dance therap*.ti,ab,sh.47couple therapy/ or family therapy/ or marital therapy/ or exp parent/ed4847 use emez49couples therapy/ or family therapy/ or marital therapy/ or exp parents/ed5049 use mesz, prem51couples therapy/ or family intervention/ or exp family therapy/ or exp marriage counseling/ or parent training/5251 use psyh53(((con?joint or couple* or family or families or husband* or marriage* or marital* or partner* or relations* or spous* or wife or wives* or (child* adj5 parent*)) adj6 (counsel* or intervention* or program* or support* or therap* or treat*)) or ((couples* or family* or relations*) adj (based or focused or led)) or ecological therap* or expressed emotion or family dynamics or family relationships).tw.54((child* adj2 family traumatic stress intervention) or cftsi).ti,ab.55play therapy.sh.56(doll therap* or ((play or playful) adj3 (intervention* or program* or therap* or treat*)) or sandplay or sand play).ti,ab.57meditation.sh. or meditat*.ti,ab.58mindfulness.sh. or (mbsr or mindful*).ti,ab.59exp horticulture/ or occupational therapy/ or recreational therapy/6059 use emez61horticultural therapy/ or occupational therapy/ or recreation therapy/6261 use mesz, prem63exp "nature (environment)"/ or horticulture therapy/ or recreation therapy/ or occupational therapy/6463 use psyh65((nature adj (assisted or based)) or (nature adj3 (intervention* or program* or therap* ortreat*)) or ecotherap* or e cotherap* or gardening or horticult* or leisure activit* or naturopath* or occupational therap*).ti,ab. or exp animal assisted therapy/ use emez, mesz or animal assisted therapy/ use psyh or (((animal* or dog* or equine* or horse* or pet or pets) adj2(assist* or based or facilitat*)) or ((animal* or dog* or equine* or horse* or pet or pets) adj3(intervention* or therap* or treat* or program*))).ti,ab.66psychoeducation.sh. or (psychoed* or psycho ed*).ti,ab.67exp acupuncture/ use emez or exp alternative medicine/ use emez or biofeedback/ or massage/ use emez or meditation/ use emez or acupressure/ use mesz, prem or massage/ use mesz, prem or acupuncture/ use mesz, prem or exp complementary therapies/ use mesz, prem or exp alternative medicine/ use psyh or biofeedback/ use psyh or massage/ use psyh or mind body therapy/ use psyh68(chinese medicine or medicine, chinese traditional or (moxibustion or electroacupuncture)).sh,id. or ((alternative or complementary) adj2 (medicine* or therap*)).ti,ab,sh. or (acu point* or acupoint* or acupressur* or acupunctur* or (ching adj2 lo) or cizhen or dianzhen or electroacupunctur* or (jing adj2 luo) or jingluo or massag* or needle therap* or tapping or zhenjiu or zhenci).tw.69exp *exercise/ use emez or exp *kinesiotherapy/ use emez or exp exercise/ use mesz, prem or exercise therapy/ use mesz, prem or exp exercise/ use psyh (physiotherap* or physio therap* or rehab*).ti,ab,hw.70(((balance or flexibility or resistance or sitting* or strenth*) adj2 (exercise* or train*)) or aerobic* or anaerobic* or bowls or dancing or dance or cycling or cycle* or elliptical train* or jogging or low impact activit* or running or swimming or sprinting or swim*1 or walking or yoga or tai chi or weight train* or (weight and brain* and (change* or increas* or volum*))).ti,ab.71friendship/ or peer counseling/ or peer group/ or self help/ or self care/ or social network/ or social support/ or support group/7271 use emez73community networks/ or friends/ or exp peer group/ or self care/ or self-help groups/ or social networking/ or social support/7473 use mesz, prem75friendship/ or network therapy/ or exp social networks/ or peer relations/ or peers/ or peer counseling/ or self care skills/ or exp self help techniques/ or social support/ or exp support groups/7675 use psyh77((self adj (administer* or assess* or attribut* or care or change or directed or efficacy or help* or guide* or instruct* or manag* or medicat* or monitor* or regulat* or reinforc* or re inforc* or support* or technique* or therap* or train* or treat*)) or selfadminister* or selfassess* or selfattribut* or selfcare or selfchange or selfdirected or selfefficacy or selfhelp* or selfguide* or selfinstruct* or selfmanag* or selfmedicat* or selfmonitor* or selfregulat* or selfreinforc* or self re inforc* or selfsupport* or selftechnique* or selftherap* or selftrain* or selftreat* or (wellness adj (therap* or train* or treat*))).ti,ab,sh.78(befriend* or be*1 friend* or buddy or buddies or ((community or lay or paid or support) adj (person or worker*))).ti,ab.79(((consumer* or famil* or friend* or lay or mutual* or peer* or social* or spous* or voluntary or volunteer*) adj3 (assist* or advice* or advis* or counsel* or educat* or forum* or help* or mentor* or network* or support* or visit*)) or ((consumer* or famil* or peer* or self help or social* or support* or voluntary or volunteer*) adj2 group*) or ((consumer* or famil* or friend* or lay or mutual* or peer* or self help or social* or spous* or support* or voluntary or volunteer*) adj3 (intervention* or program* or rehab* or therap* or service* or skill* or treat*)) or (((consumer* or famil* or friend* or lay* or peer* or spous* or user* or support* or voluntary or volunteer*) adj (based or counsel* or deliver* or interact* or led or mediat* or operated or provides or provider* or run*)) or ((consumer* or famil* or friend* or lay* or peer* or relation* or spous* or support*) adj3 trust*) or voluntary work*)).ti,ab.80(((lay or peer*) adj3 (advis* or consultant or educator* or expert* or facilitator* or instructor* or leader* or mentor* or person* or tutor* or worker*)) or expert patient* or mutual aid).ti,ab.81(peer* adj3 (assist* or counsel* or educat* or program* or rehab* or service* or supervis*)).ti,ab.82((psychoeducat* or psycho educat*) adj3 (group or network* or service*)).ti,ab.83((psychosocial or social) adj work*).ti,ab.84((ptsd or posttrauma* or post trauma* or trauma*) adj2 support*).ti,ab.85recovery support.ti,ab.86financial management/ use emez or financial support/ use mesz, prem or finance/ use psyh87((financ* or money) adj2 (assist* or educat* or guidance or intervention* or program* or support* or train*)).ti,ab.88assisted living facility/ or emergency shelter/ or halfway house/ or housing/ or independent living/ or residential home/ or residential home/8988 use emez90assisted living facilities/ or emergency shelter/ or group homes/ or halfway houses/ or housing/ or independent living/ or residential facilities/9190 use mesz, prem92assisted living / use psyh or shelters/ use psyh or group homes/ use psyh or halfway houses/ use psyh or housing/ use psyh or residential care institutions/ use psyh or ((resident* or hous* or accommod* or commun* or comu* or home*) adj5 (support* or support* or shelter* or outreach* or visit* or appointment*)).ti,ab.93(residential treatm* or residential facility* or supported hous* or public hous*).ti,ab.94(accomod* or assertive community treatment* or home* or housing* or outreach* or residential*).ti,ab.95absenteeism/ or daily life activity/ or employment/ or medical leave/ or mentoring/ or occupational health/ or occupational therapy/ or return to work/ or supported employment/ or unemployment/ or vocational guidance/ or vocational rehabilitation/ or work capacity/ or work/9695 use emez97absenteeism/ or "activities of daily living"/ or employment, supported/ or employment/ or mentoring/ or occupational health/ or occupational therapy/ or rehabilitation, vocational/ or return to work/ or sick leave/ or unemployment/ or vocational guidance/ or work/9897 use mesz, prem99"activities of daily living"/ or exp coaching/ or employee absenteeism/ or employment status/ or occupational guidance/ or occupational health/ or occupational therapy/ or reemployment/ or unemployment/ or vocational counselors/ or exp vocational rehabilitation/10099 use psyh101(((supp* or transitional*) adj5 (employ* or work*)) or individual placement or (placement* adj3 (employ* or work*))).ti,ab.102((employ* or placement* or psychosocial* or psycho-social* or occupation* or soc* or vocation* or work* or job* or counsel*) adj5 rehab*).ti,ab.103(sheltered work* or vocatio* or fountain house* or fountainhouse* or clubhouse* or club house* or work therap*).ti,ab.104(transitional employment or rehabilitation counsel* or (occupational adj (health or medicine)) or work* adjustment).ti,ab.105((performance adj (activit* or coach* or management or occupation*)) or coaching).ti,ab.106(((sheltered or permitted or voluntary or vocational or return* or rehabilitat*) adj3 work*) or work capacity or reemploy* or re employ* or job retention or work capacity).ti,ab.107((employ* or job or occupation* or vocation* or work*) adj5 (counsel* or educat* or guidance* or intervention* or program* or rehab* or reintegrat* or re integrat* or support* or therap* or train*)).ti,ab.108placement.ti,ab.109or/11-12,14-15,17-19,21-22,24,26,28-46,48,50,52-58,60,62,64-70,72,74,76-87,89,91-94,96,98,100-108110meta analysis/ or "meta analysis (topic)"/ or systematic review/111110 use emez112meta analysis.sh,pt. or "meta-analysis as topic"/ or "review literature as topic"/113112 use mesz, prem114(literature review or meta analysis).sh,id,md. or systematic review.id,md.115114 use psyh116(exp bibliographic database/ or (((electronic or computer* or online) adj database*) or bids or cochrane or embase or index medicus or isi citation or medline or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or science citation or (web adj2 science)).ti,ab.) and (review*.ti,ab,sh,pt. or systematic*.ti,ab.)117116 use emez118(exp databases, bibliographic/ or (((electronic or computer* or online) adj database*) or bids or cochrane or embase or index medicus or isi citation or medline or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or science citation or (web adj2 science)).ti,ab.) and (review*.ti,ab,sh,pt. or systematic*.ti,ab.)119118 use mesz, prem120(computer searching.sh,id. or (((electronic or computer* or online) adj database*) or bids or cochrane or embase or index medicus or isi citation or medline or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or science citation or (web adj2 science)).ti,ab.) and (review*.ti,ab,pt. or systematic*.ti,ab.)121120 use psyh122((analy* or assessment* or evidence* or methodol* or quantativ* or systematic*) adj2 (overview* or review*)).tw. or ((analy* or assessment* or evidence* or methodol* or quantativ* or systematic*).ti. and review*.ti,pt.) or (systematic* adj2 search*).ti,ab.123(metaanal* or meta anal*).ti,ab.124(research adj (review* or integration)).ti,ab.125reference list*.ab.126bibliograph*.ab.127published studies.ab.128relevant journals.ab.129selection criteria.ab.130(data adj (extraction or synthesis)).ab.131(handsearch* or ((hand or manual) adj search*)).ti,ab.132(mantel haenszel or peto or dersimonian or der simonian).ti,ab.133(fixed effect* or random effect*).ti,ab.134((pool* or combined or combining) adj2 (data or trials or studies or results)).ti,ab.135or/111,113,115,117,119,121-134136exp "clinical trial (topic)"/ or exp clinical trial/ or crossover procedure/ or double blind procedure/ or placebo/ or randomization/ or random sample/ or single blind procedure/137136 use emez138exp clinical trial/ or exp "clinical trials as topic"/ or cross-over studies/ or double-blind method/ or placebos/ or random allocation/ or single-blind method/139138 use mesz, prem140(clinical trials or placebo or random sampling).sh,id.141140 use psyh142(clinical adj2 trial*).ti,ab.143(crossover or cross over).ti,ab.144(((single* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) adj2 blind*) or mask* or dummy or doubleblind* or singleblind* or trebleblind* or tripleblind*).ti,ab.145(placebo* or random*).ti,ab.146treatment outcome*.md. use psyh147animals/ not human*.mp. use emez148animal*/ not human*/ use mesz, prem149(animal not human).po. use psyh150or/137,139,141-146151150 not (or/147-149)152or/135,15115310 and 109 and 152Database: CDSR, DARE, HTA, CENTRAL Date of last search: 29 January 2018#Searches#1MeSH descriptor: Stress Disorders, Traumatic this term only#2MeSH descriptor: Combat Disorders this term only#3MeSH descriptor: Psychological Trauma this term only#4MeSH descriptor: Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic this term only#5MeSH descriptor: Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute this term only#6MeSH descriptor: Stress, Psychological this term only#7("railway spine" or (rape near/2 trauma*) or reexperienc* or "re experienc*" or "torture syndrome" or "traumatic neuros*" or "traumatic stress"):ti (Word variations have been searched)#8("railway spine" or (rape near/2 trauma*) or reexperienc* or "re experienc*" or "torture syndrome" or "traumatic neuros*" or "traumatic stress"):ab (Word variations have been searched)#9(trauma* and (avoidance or grief or horror or death* or nightmare* or "night mare*" or emotion*)):ti (Word variations have been searched)#10(trauma* and (avoidance or grief or horror or death* or nightmare* or "night mare*" or emotion*)):ab (Word variations have been searched)#11(posttraumatic* or "post traumatic*" or "stress disorder*" or "acute stress" or ptsd or asd or desnos or ("combat neuros*" or "combat syndrome" or "concentration camp syndrome" or "extreme stress" or flashback* or "flash back*" or hypervigilan* or hypervigilen* or "psych* stress" or "psych* trauma*" or psychotrauma* or psychotrauma*) or (posttrauma* or traumagenic* or "traumatic stress*")):ti (Word variations have been searched)#12(posttraumatic* or "post traumatic*" or "stress disorder*" or "acute stress" or ptsd or asd or desnos or ("combat neuros*" or "combat syndrome" or "concentration camp syndrome" or "extreme stress" or flashback* or "flash back*" or hypervigilan* or hypervigilen* or "psych* stress" or "psych* trauma*" or psychotrauma* or psychotrauma*) or (posttrauma* or traumagenic* or "traumatic stress*")):ab (Word variations have been searched)#13#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 Database: CINAHL PLUS Date of last search: 29 January 2018#Searchess52s6 and s51s51s40 or s50s50s48 not s49s49(mh "animals") not (mh "human")s48s41 or s42 or s43 or s44 or s45 or s46 or s47s47ti ( placebo* or random* ) or ab ( placebo* or random* )s46ti ( single blind* or double blind* or treble blind* or mask* or dummy* or singleblind* or doubleblind* or trebleblind* or tripleblind* ) or ab ( single blind* or double blind* or treble blind* or mask* or dummy* or singleblind* or doubleblind* or trebleblind* or tripleblind* )s45ti ( crossover or cross over ) or ab ( crossover or cross over )s44ti clinical n2 trial* or ab clinical n2 trial*s43(mh "crossover design") or (mh "placebos") or (mh "random assignment") or (mh "random sample")s42mw double blind* or single blind* or triple blind*s41(mh "clinical trials+")s40s7 or s8 or s9 or s10 or s11 or s12 or s13 or s14 or s15 or s16 or s17 or s18 or s19 or s20 or s21 or s22 or s23 or s29 or s30 or s31 or s34 or s35 or s36 or s37 or s38 or s39s39ti ( analy* n5 review* or evidence* n5 review* or methodol* n5 review* or quantativ* n5 review* or systematic* n5 review* ) or ab ( analy* n5 review* or assessment* n5 review* or evidence* n5 review* or methodol* n5 review* or qualitativ* n5 review* or quantativ* n5 review* or systematic* n5 review* )s38ti ( pool* n2 results or combined n2 results or combining n2 results ) or ab ( pool* n2 results or combined n2 results or combining n2 results )s37ti ( pool* n2 studies or combined n2 studies or combining n2 studies ) or ab ( pool* n2 studies or combined n2 studies or combining n2 studies )s36ti ( pool* n2 trials or combined n2 trials or combining n2 trials ) or ab ( pool* n2 trials or combined n2 trials or combining n2 trials )s35ti ( pool* n2 data or combined n2 data or combining n2 data ) or ab ( pool* n2 data or combined n2 data or combining n2 data )s34s32 and s33s33ti review* or pt review*s32ti analy* or assessment* or evidence* or methodol* or quantativ* or qualitativ* or systematic*s31ti “systematic* n5 search*” or ab “systematic* n5 search*”s30ti “systematic* n5 review*” or ab “systematic* n5 review*”s29(s24 or s25 or s26) and (s27 or s28)s28ti systematic* or ab systematic*s27tx review* or mw review* or pt review*s26(mh "cochrane library")s25ti ( bids or cochrane or embase or “index medicus” or “isi citation” or medline or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or “science citation” or web n2 science ) or ab ( bids or cochrane or “index medicus” or “isi citation” or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or “science citation” or web n2 science )s24ti ( “electronic database*” or “bibliographic database*” or “computeri?ed database*” or “online database*” ) or ab ( “electronic database*” or “bibliographic database*” or “computeri?ed database*” or “online database*” )s23(mh "literature review")s22pt systematic* or pt meta*s21ti ( “fixed effect*” or “random effect*” ) or ab ( “fixed effect*” or “random effect*” )s20ti ( “mantel haenszel” or peto or dersimonian or “der simonian” ) or ab ( “mantel haenszel” or peto or dersimonian or “der simonian” )s19ti ( handsearch* or "hand search*" or "manual search*" ) or ab ( handsearch* or "hand search*" or "manual search*" )s18ab "data extraction" or "data synthesis"s17ab "selection criteria"s16ab "relevant journals"s15ab "published studies"s14ab bibliograph*s13ti "reference list*"s12ab "reference list*"s11ti ( “research review*” or “research integration” ) or ab ( “research review*” or “research integration” )s10ti ( metaanal* or “meta anal*” or metasynthes* or “meta synethes*” ) or ab ( metaanal* or “meta anal*” or metasynthes* or “meta synethes*” )s9(mh "meta analysis")s8(mh "systematic review")s7(mh "literature searching+")s6s1 or s2 or s3 or s4 or s5s5ti ( (posttraumatic* or "post traumatic*" or "stress disorder*" or "acute stress" or ptsd or asd or desnos or ("combat neuros*" or "combat syndrome" or "concentration camp syndrome" or "extreme stress" or flashback* or "flash back*" or hypervigilan* or hypervigilen* or "psych* stress" or "psych* trauma*" or psychotrauma* or psychotrauma*) or (posttrauma* or traumagenic* or "traumatic stress*")) ) or ab ( (posttraumatic* or "post traumatic*" or "stress disorder*" or "acute stress" or ptsd or asd or desnos or ("combat neuros*" or "combat syndrome" or "concentration camp syndrome" or "extreme stress" or flashback* or "flash back*" or hypervigilan* or hypervigilen* or "psych* stress" or "psych* trauma*" or psychotrauma* or psychotrauma*) or (posttrauma* or traumagenic* or "traumatic stress*")) )s4ti ( (trauma* and (avoidance or grief or horror or death* or nightmare* or "night mare*" or emotion*)) ) or ab ( (trauma* and (avoidance or grief or horror or death* or nightmare* or "night mare*" or emotion*)) )s3ti ( ("railway spine" or (rape near/2 trauma*) or reexperienc* or "re experienc*" or "torture syndrome" or "traumatic neuros*" or "traumatic stress") ) or ab ( ("railway spine" or (rape near/2 trauma*) or reexperienc* or "re experienc*" or "torture syndrome" or "traumatic neuros*" or "traumatic stress") )s2(mh "stress, psychological")s1(mh "stress disorders, post-traumatic")Appendix 2: Study protocolSystematic review of psychological, psychosocial and other non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of PTSD in adultsTopicPsychological, psychosocial and other non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of PTSD in adultsReview question(s)For adults with clinically important post-traumatic stress symptoms, what are the relative benefits and harms of psychological, psychosocial or other non-pharmacological interventions targeted at PTSD symptoms?Sub-question(s)Where evidence exists, consideration will be given to the specific needs of:women who have been exposed to sexual abuse or assault, or domestic violencelesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual or transgender peoplepeople from black and minority ethnic groupspeople who are homeless or in insecure accommodationasylum seekers or refugees or other immigrants who are entitled to NHS treatmentpeople who have been traffickedpeople who are socially isolated (and who are not captured by any other subgroup listed)people with complex PTSDpeople with neurodevelopmental disorders (including autism)people with coexisting conditions (drug and alcohol misuse, common mental health disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, acquired brain injury, physical disabilities and sensory impairments)people who are critically ill or injured (for instance after a vehicle crash)ObjectivesTo identify the most effective psychological, psychosocial or other non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of PTSD in adultsPopulationAdults with PTSD (as defined by a diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM, ICD or similar criteria, or clinically-significant PTSD symptoms as indicated by baseline scores above threshold on a validated scale more than one month after the traumatic event [see PTSD scales listed under outcomes]) For mixed adult and children populations, where possible disaggregated data will be obtained. If this is not possible then the study will be categorised according to the mean age of the population (<18 years as children and young people and ≥18 years as adult).If some, but not all, of a study’s participants are eligible for the review, where possible disaggregated data will be obtained. If this is not possible then the study will be included if at least 80% of its participants are eligible for this review.ExcludeTrials of people with adjustment disordersTrials of people with traumatic griefTrials of people with psychosis as a coexisting conditionTrials of people with learning disabilitiesTrials of women with PTSD during pregnancy or in the first year following childbirthTrials of adults in contact with the criminal justice system (not solely as a result of being a witness or victim)InterventionPsychological interventions (psychological interventions listed below are examples of interventions which may be included either alone or in combination in an individual or group format):Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapies (CBT), including cognitive therapy, cognitive processing therapy, compassion focused therapy, exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE), virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET), imagery rehearsal therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and narrative exposure therapy (NET)Non-trauma-focused CBT, including stress inoculation training (SIT)Psychologically-focused debriefing (including single session debriefing)Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR)HypnotherapyPsychodynamic therapies, including traumatic incident reduction (TIR)Counselling, including non-directive/supportive/person-centred counsellingHuman givens therapyCombined somatic and cognitive therapies, including thought field therapy (TFT) and emotional freedom technique (EFT)Couple interventions, including cognitive-behavioural conjoint therapyParent training/family interventions, including behavioural family therapyPsychosocial interventions (psychosocial interventions listed below are examples of interventions which may be included either alone or in combination):MeditationMindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)Supported employment (including individual placement and support [IPS] supported employment and Veterans Health Administration Vocational Rehabilitation Programme [VRP])Practical support (including financial and housing)Psychoeducational interventionsPeer support (including (including self-help groups and support groups and Trauma Risk Management [TRiM])Other non-pharmacological interventions (other non-pharmacological interventions listed below are examples of interventions which may be included either alone or in combination):Acupuncture (including classical acupuncture, electroacupuncture, auricular acupuncture, laser acupuncture and acupoint stimulation [such as acupressure, moxibustion and tapping])Exercise (including anaerobic [such as heavy weight training, sprinting, high-intensity interval training] and aerobic [such as running/jogging, swimming, cycling and walking] exercise, both supervised and unsupervised)Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)Yoga (including all types of yoga)Combination interventions, such as combined psychological plus pharmacological versus pharmacological alone, will also be considered here.A distinction will be made between early interventions (delivered within 3 months of the traumatic event) and delayed interventions (delivered more than 3 months after the traumatic event)Exclude:Inoculation interventions for people who may be at risk of experiencing but have not experienced, a traumatic eventInterventions that are not targeted at PTSD symptomsComparisonAny other interventionTreatment as usualWaitlistPlaceboCritical outcomesEfficacy PTSD symptomology (mean endpoint score or change in PTSD score from baseline)Diagnosis of PTSD (number of people meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD according to DSM, ICD or similar criteria)Recovery from PTSD/Remission (number of people no longer meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD according to DSM, ICD or similar criteria at endpoint, or endpoint scores below threshold on a validated scale)Response (as measured by an agreed percentage improvement in symptoms and/or by a dichotomous rating of much or very much improved on Clinical Global Impressions [CGI] scale)Relapse (number of people who remitted at endpoint but at follow-up either met diagnostic criteria for PTSD according to DSM, ICD or similar criteria, or whose follow-up scores were above threshold on a validated scale)The following PTSD scales will be included:Assessor-rated PTSD symptom scales:Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM–IV (CAPS) or DSM-V (CAPS-5)Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Lifetime version (ADIS-IV-L) or DSM-5 (ADIS-5) - Adult and Lifetime VersionPTSD Symptom Scale – Interview Version (PSS-I)Number of symptoms on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)Symptoms of Trauma Scale (SOTS)Self-report instruments of PTSD symptoms:PTSD Checklist (PCL), including all versions (PCL-5, PCL-M, PCL-C and PCL-S) PTSD Symptom Scale – Self Report (PSS-SR)Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5)Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ)Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD)Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS)Post-Traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS)Impact of Event Scale (IES)/Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R)Acceptability/tolerabilityAcceptability of the interventionDiscontinuation due to adverse effectsDiscontinuation due to any reason (including adverse effects)Important, but not critical outcomesDissociative symptoms as assessed with a validated scale including:Assessor-rated scales:Dissociation symptom cluster score on CAPSSelf-report (parent-report) scales:Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES)Multiscale Dissociation Inventory (MDI)Traumatic Dissociation ScalePersonal, social, educational and occupational functioningSleeping difficulties (as assessed with a validated scale, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for PTSD [PSQI-A] and Insomnia Severity Index [ISI])Employment (for instance, number in paid employment)Housing (for instance, number homeless or in insecure accommodation)Functional impairment (as assessed with a validated scale including the Work and Social Adjustment Scale [WSAS])Relationship difficulties (with spouse and/or children)Quality of life (as assessed with a validated scale including the 36-item Short-Form Survey [SF-36] and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale [WEMWBS])Coexisting conditions (note that target of intervention should be PTSD symptoms) Symptoms of and recovery from a coexisting conditionSelf-harmSuicideStudy designSystematic reviews of RCTs RCTsInclude unpublished data?Clinical trial registries (ISRCTN and ) will be searched to identify any relevant unpublished trials and authors will be contacted to request study reports (where these are not available online). Unpublished data will only be included where a full study report is available with sufficient detail to properly assess the risk of bias. Authors of unpublished evidence will be asked for permission to use such data, and will be informed that summary data from the study and the study’s characteristics will be published in the full guidelineConference abstracts and dissertations will not be included.Restriction by date?All relevant studies from existing reviews from the 2005 guideline will be carried forward. No restriction on date for the updated search.Minimum sample sizeN = 10 in each armStudy settingPrimary, secondary, tertiary, social care and community settings.Treatment provided to troops on operational deployment or exercise will not be covered.The review strategyReviewsIf existing systematic reviews are found, the committee will assess their quality, completeness, and applicability to the NHS and to the scope of the guideline. If the committee agrees that a systematic review appropriately addresses a review question, a search for studies published since the review will be conducted. Data Extraction (selection and coding)Citations from each search will be downloaded into EndNote and duplicates removed. Titles and abstracts of identified studies will be screened by two reviewers for inclusion against criteria, until a good inter-rater reliability has been observed (percentage agreement =>90% or Kappa statistics, K>0.60). Initially 10% of references will be double-screened. If inter-rater agreement is good then the remaining references will be screened by one reviewer. All primary-level studies included after the first scan of citations will be acquired in full and re-evaluated for eligibility at the time they are being entered into a study database (standardised template created in Microsoft Excel). At least 10% of data extraction will be double-coded. Discrepancies or difficulties with coding will be resolved through discussion between reviewers or the opinion of a third reviewer will be sought.Non-English-language papers will be excluded (unless data can be obtained from an existing review).Data AnalysisWhere data is available, meta-analysis using a fixed-effects model will be used to combine results from similar studies. Heterogeneity will be considered and if a random-effects model is considered more appropriate it will be conducted.For risk of bias, outcomes will be downgraded if the randomisation and/or allocation concealment methods are unclear or inadequate. Outcomes will also be downgraded if no attempts are made to blind the assessors or participants in some way, i.e. by either not knowing the aim of the study or the result from other tests. Outcomes will also be downgraded if there is considerable missing data (see below).Handling missing data: Where possible an intention to treat approach will be used.Outcomes will be downgraded if there is a dropout of more than 20%, or if there was a difference of >20% between the groups.For heterogeneity: outcomes will be downgraded once if I2>50%, twice if I2 >80% For imprecision: outcomes will be downgraded if:Step 1: If the 95% CI is imprecise i.e. crosses 0.8 or 1.25 (dichotomous) or -0.5 or 0.5 (for continuous). Outcomes will be downgraded one or two levels depending on how many lines it crosses.Step 2: If the clinical decision threshold is not crossed, we will consider whether the criterion for Optimal Information Size is met, if not we will downgrade one level for the following:for dichotomous outcomes: <300 eventsfor continuous outcomes: <400 participantsFor clinical effectiveness, if studies report outcomes using the same scale mean differences will be considered, if not standardized mean differences (SMDs) will be considered and the following criteria will be used:SMD <0.2 too small to likely show an effectSMD 0.2 small effectSMD 0.5 moderate effectSMD 0.8 large effectRR <0.8 or >1.25 clinical benefitAnything less (RR >0.8 and <1.25), the absolute numbers will be looked at to make a decision on whether there may be a clinical effect.Heterogeneity(sensitivity analysis and subgroups)Where substantial heterogeneity exists, sensitivity analyses will be considered, for instance:Studies with <50% completion data (drop out of >50%) will be excluded,Where possible, the influence of subgroups will be considered, including subgroup analyses giving specific consideration to the groups outlined in the sub-question section and to the following groups:Trauma type (including single incident relative to chronic exposure)Duration of intervention (for instance, short-term [≤12 weeks] relative to long-term [>12 weeks])Intensity of intervention (for instance, low intensity [≤15 sessions] relative to high intensity [>15 sessions])Format of intervention (individual relative to group)Mode of intervention delivery (including digital relative to face-to-face)First-line treatment relative to second-line treatment and treatment-resistant PTSD (≥2 inadequate treatments)Acute PTSD symptoms (clinically important PTSD symptoms for less than 3 months) relative to chronic PTSD symptoms (clinically important PTSD symptoms for 3 months or more)NotesPractical and social support (area of scope) is covered quantitatively by interventions listed under psychosocial interventions:Supported employment (including individual placement and support [IPS] supported employment and Veterans Health Administration Vocational Rehabilitation Programme [VRP])Practical support (including financial and housing)Peer support (including self-help groups and support groups)Additional criteria applied for the network meta-analysis (population – interventions – outcomes)TopicPsychological interventions for the treatment of PTSD in adultsPopulationAdults with clinically important post-traumatic stress symptoms more than three months after a traumatic event, defined by a diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM, ICD or similar criteria or clinically-significant PTSD symptoms as indicated by baseline scores above threshold on a validated scaleInterventionsPsychological interventions aimed at reducing post-traumatic stress symptomsHypnotherapy, meditation, mindfulness-based stress reduction, supported employment, peer support, practical support, relaxation, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, bio-neuro-feedback and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation are not part of the decision problem and will be considered only if they serve as comparators to psychological interventions and provide links in the networkPharmacological and combined psychological and pharmacological interventions that have been compared with psychological interventions and are thus linked in the network will be consideredTo be included in the network meta-analysis, interventions need to be linked to the network.Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) interventions will be analysed together, as a class.Only ‘pure’ interventions or their combinations (i.e. interventions or their combinations delivered as the sole treatment in a trial arm, rather than being added on treatment as usual [TAU]) will be considered.TAU will not be included even if it can provide links in the network, because it is a heterogeneous comparator and varies widely across trials and settings.OutcomesPTSD symptomology (change in PTSD score from baseline)Self-rated scales are prioritised over clinician-rated ones, if both are available in a study.Recovery from PTSD/Remission (number of people no longer meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD according to DSM, ICD or similar criteria at endpoint, or endpoint scores below threshold on a validated scale)Appendix 3: Details of the statistical analysis and WinBUGS codes for data synthesisDetails of the statistical analysisNMAs were conducted within a Bayesian framework using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation techniques implemented in WinBUGS 1.4.3 (Lunn et al. 2000; Spiegelhalter et al. 2003). Two different sets of initial values were used when running each model; convergence was assessed by visually inspecting the mixing of the two chains in the history plots and the Brooks Gelman-Rubin diagram (Brooks and Gelman, 1998).For the synthesis of continuous data (changes in PTSD symptom score), a generalised linear model (GLM) with a normal likelihood and identity link was used (Dias et al. 2013a; Dias et al. 2018). Because the RCTs included in the NMAs used different continuous scales to report change in PTSD symptoms, pooling of the differences in means across different scales was not appropriate. For this reason results were expressed in the form of the Standardised Mean Difference (SMD), where the mean difference is divided by a standardising constant, which can be the population standard deviation for each scale (if known), or its estimate (Cooper et al. 2009). In the NMAs of continuous data, this was estimated in each study by pooling the estimated standard deviations across all arms of the study. This SMD is known as Cohen’s d (Cohen, 1969).The suitability of both fixed and random effect models was assessed and compared. The goodness of fit of each model to the data was assessed by comparing the posterior mean of the residual deviance, which measures the magnitude of the differences between the observed data and the model predictions of the data, with the number of data points in the model (Dempster, 1997). Smaller values of the residual deviance are preferred, and in a well-fitting model the posterior mean residual deviance should be close to the number of data points in the analysis (each study arm contributes one data point) (Spiegelhalter et al. 2002). Models were also compared using the deviance information criterion (DIC), a measure of model fit that is penalised by model complexity. It is equal to the sum of the posterior mean deviance and the effective number of parameters; lower values are preferred and typically differences of at least 3 points are considered meaningful (Dias et al. 2013a; Spiegelhalter et al. 2002). The posterior median between-study standard deviation, which measures the heterogeneity of treatment effects estimated by trials within contrasts, was also used to compare models. When fitting random effects models, it is important to assess whether there is enough evidence informing the between-study standard deviation. This was done by comparing the prior and posterior distributions of the between-study standard deviation. In addition, the magnitude of heterogeneity was considered.For both NMAs of changes in PTSD symptom scores, a random effects model was fitted with a Uniform(0,5) prior being given to the between-study standard deviation. Non-informative normal prior distributions Normal(0,10000) were assigned to all other parameters, i.e. trial baselines and treatment effects (Dias et al. 2013a).The NMAs that utilised PTSD symptom change scores subsequently informed an economic analysis described in a companion paper (Mavranezouli et al. under review). The economic analysis required the outcome to be reported in the form of a probability of effect (remission). SMDs, which were the output of these NMAs, cannot be directly used to estimate these probabilities. However, it was possible to transform the results of the NMAs, expressed on the SMD scale, to a log-odds ratio (LOR) of effect using the following formula (Chinn, 2000):LOR= -π3 SMDThis transformation assumes that the remission status is determined based on a scale with an underlying normal distribution that has been dichotomised into a PTSD diagnosis versus no PTSD diagnosis (‘remission’) using a hypothetical cut-off point on the scale.For the synthesis of dichotomous data (remission), a binomial likelihood and logit link model was used (Dias et al. 2013a; Dias et al. 2018). The output of this analysis was the LORs between all pairs of interventions assessed. The suitability of both fixed and random effect models was assessed and compared in a similar manner described for the analysis of continuous outcomes above. In the random effects model the prior for the between-study standard deviation was Uniform(0,5) and non-informative normal prior distributions Normal(0,10000) were assigned to all other parameters, i.e. trial baselines and treatment effects (Dias et al. 2013a).We note that our modelling framework permits the inclusion of zero cells, so typically a continuity correction (e.g. adding 0.5 to the number of events and 1 to number of individuals, when the number of events is zero) was not needed. A continuity correction may be helpful when there are many small trials and trials with zero cells, resulting in numerical instability or slow convergence (Dias et al. 2013a; Dias et al. 2018). For the remission outcome, this was not an issue and models were run using the raw data.WinBUGS code for synthesis of changes in PTSD symptom scores (random and fixed effect models) [Dias et al. 2013a]Normal likelihood and identity link modelRANDOM EFFECTS MODEL# Normal likelihood, identity link: SMD with arm-based means; # output as log Odds Ratios# Random effects model for multi-arm trialsmodel{ # *** PROGRAM STARTSfor(i in 1:ns){ # LOOP THROUGH STUDIES w[i,1] <- 0 # adjustment for multi-arm trials is zero for control arm delta[i,1] <- 0 # treatment effect is zero for control arm mu[i] ~ dnorm(0,.0001) # vague priors for all trial baselines }# CONTINUOUS DATA AS ARM MEANSfor(i in 1:ns){ # calculate pooled.sd and adjustment for SMD df[i] <- sum(n[i,1:na[i]]) - na[i] # denominator for pooled.var Pooled.var[i] <- sum(nvar[i,1:na[i]])/df[i] Pooled.sd[i] <- sqrt(Pooled.var[i]) # pooled sd for study i, for SMD # H[i] <- 1 - 3/(4*df[i]-1) # use Hedges' g H[i] <- 1 # use Cohen's d (ie no adjustment) for (k in 1:na[i]){ se[i,k] <- sd[i,k]/sqrt(n[i,k]) var[i,k] <- pow(se[i,k],2) # calculate variances prec[i,k] <- 1/var[i,k] # set precisions y[i,k] ~ dnorm(phi[i,k], prec[i,k]) # normal likelihood phi[i,k] <- theta[i,k] * (Pooled.sd[i]/H[i]) # theta is standardised mean theta[i,k] <- mu[i] + delta[i,k] # model for linear predictor, delta is SMD dev[i,k] <- (y[i,k]-phi[i,k])*(y[i,k]-phi[i,k])*prec[i,k] nvar[i,k] <- (n[i,k]-1) * pow(sd[i,k],2) # for pooled.sd } # summed residual deviance contribution for this trial resdev[i] <- sum(dev[i,1:na[i]]) }# RE MODELfor(i in 1:ns){ # LOOP THROUGH ALL STUDIES for (k in 2:na[i]){ # LOOP THROUGH ARMS # trial-specific RE distributions delta[i,k] ~ dnorm(md[i,k], taud[i,k]) md[i,k] <- d[t[i,k]] - d[t[i,1]] + sw[i,k] # precision of RE distributions (with multi-arm trial correction) taud[i,k] <- tau *2*(k-1)/k # adjustment, multi-arm RCTs w[i,k] <- delta[i,k] - d[t[i,k]] + d[t[i,1]] # cumulative adjustment for multi-arm trials sw[i,k] <-sum(w[i,1:k-1])/(k-1) } }#totresdev <- sum(resdev[]) # Total Residual Deviance (all data)# Priors distributionsd[1]<-0 # treatment effect is zero for control arm# vague prior for treatment effectsfor (k in 2:nt){ d[k] ~ dnorm(0, .0001) }sdev ~ dunif(0,5) # vague prior for between-trial SDtau <- pow(sdev,-2) # between-trial precisionfor (c in 1:(nt-1)){ for (k in (c+1):nt){ diff[c,k] <- d[k] - d[c] # all pairwise differences (SMD) lor[c,k] <- diff[c,k]*(-3.1416/sqrt(3)) # convert to lor (note sign) } }# rank treatmentsfor (k in 1:nt) { rk[k] <- rank(d[],k) best[k] <- equals(rk[k],1) # Smallest is best (i.e. rank 1) # prob treat k is h-th best, prob[1,k]=best[k] for (h in 1:nt) { prob[h,k] <- equals(rk[k],h) } }Only rank treatments with N≥100 - changes in PTSD symptom scale scores between baseline and treatment endpoint# 1 Waitlist 1312; 2 Attention placebo 221; 3 Psychoeducation 152; 4 Relaxation 25; 5 Counselling 278; # 6 TF-CBT 903; 7 non-TF-CBT 209; 8 EMDR 260; 9 Present-centered therapy 99; 10 IPT 55; 11 Metacognitive therapy 10;# 12 Combined somatic/cognitive therapies 237; 13 Resilience-oriented treatment 20; 14 Attention bias modification 83; # 15 Couple intervention 22; 16 Self-help with support 198; 17 Self-help without support 335; 18 SSRI 166; 19 TF-CBT + SSRI 115for(k in 1:3){ dR[k]<-d[k] }for(k in 4:7){ dR[k]<-d[k+1] }for(k in 8:8){ dR[k]<-d[k+4] }for(k in 9:12){ dR[k]<-d[k+7] }for (k in 1:12) { rk2[k] <- rank(dR[],k) best2[k] <- equals(rk2[k],1) # Smallest is best (i.e. rank 1) # prob treat k is h-th best, prob[1,k]=best[k] for (h in 1:12) { prob2[h,k] <- equals(rk2[k],h) } }- changes in PTSD symptom scale scores between baseline and 1-4-month follow-up# 1 Waitlist 496; 2 Attention placebo 44; 3 Psychoeducation 183; 4 Counselling 205; 5 TF-CBT 753; 6 non-TF-CBT 123; 7 EMDR 121;# 8 Present-centered therapy 70; 9 Combined somatic/cognitive therapies 23; 10 IPT 32; 11 Couple intervention 21;# 12 Self-help with support 85; 13 Self-help without support 40; 14 Family therapy 72; 15 Behavioural therapy 47for(k in 1:1){ dR[k]<-d[k] }for(k in 2:6){ dR[k]<-d[k+1] }for (k in 1:6) { rk2[k] <- rank(dR[],k) best2[k] <- equals(rk2[k],1) # Smallest is best (i.e. rank 1) # prob treat k is h-th best, prob[1,k]=best[k] for (h in 1:6) { prob2[h,k] <- equals(rk2[k],h) }}} # *** PROGRAM ENDS Initial values for each chain- changes in PTSD symptom scale scores between baseline and treatment endpoint# chain 1list(d = c(NA,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0), mu = c(0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0), sdev = 1)# chain 2list(d = c(NA,-1,1,1,-0.5, 1,1,1,-1,-0.7, 1,-1,0.5,0.7,-1, -1,0.5,-0.5,1), mu = c(0.5,1,0.7,1,-1, -0.5,0,1,-0.5,-1, 0.7,1,-0.7,0.5,0.6, -0.4,1,-1,0.5,-1, 1,-0.5,-1,-0.7,0.7, 0.6,-0.5,-0.6,1,-0.4, 0.5,1,0.7,1,-1, -0.5,0,1,-0.5,-1, 0.7,1,-0.7,0.5,0.6, -0.4,1,-1,0.5,-1, 1,-0.5,-1,-0.7,0.7, 0.6,-0.5,-0.6,1,-0.4, 0.5,1,0.7,1,-1, -0.5,0,1,-0.5,-1, 0.7), sdev = 0.7)- changes in PTSD symptom scale scores between baseline and 1-4-month follow-up# chain 1list(d = c(NA,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0), mu = c(0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0), sdev = 1)# chain 2list(d = c(NA,-1,1,1,-0.5, 1,1,1,-1,-0.7, -1,0.5,1,0.7,-0.3), mu = c(0.5,1,0.7,1,-1, -0.5,0,1,-0.5,-1, -1,-1,-0.5,0.5,1, 1,1,1,-1,-0.7, -1,0.5,1,0.5,-1, 0.5,0.3,-0.7), sdev = 0.5)FIXED EFFECT MODEL# Normal likelihood, identity link: SMD with arm-based means; # output as log Odds Ratios# Fixed effect modelmodel{ # *** PROGRAM STARTSfor(i in 1:ns){ # LOOP THROUGH STUDIES mu[i] ~ dnorm(0,.0001) # vague priors for all trial baselines# CONTINUOUS DATA AS ARM MEANS # calculate pooled.sd and adjustment for SMD df[i] <- sum(n[i,1:na[i]]) - na[i] # denominator for pooled.var Pooled.var[i] <- sum(nvar[i,1:na[i]])/df[i] Pooled.sd[i] <- sqrt(Pooled.var[i]) # pooled sd for study i, for SMD # H[i] <- 1 - 3/(4*df[i]-1) # use Hedges' g H[i] <- 1 # use Cohen's d (ie no adjustment) for (k in 1:na[i]){ se[i,k] <- sd[i,k]/sqrt(n[i,k]) var[i,k] <- pow(se[i,k],2) # calculate variances prec[i,k] <- 1/var[i,k] # set precisions y[i,k] ~ dnorm(phi[i,k], prec[i,k]) # normal likelihood phi[i,k] <- theta[i,k] * (Pooled.sd[i]/H[i]) # theta is standardised mean theta[i,k] <- mu[i] + d[t[i,k]] - d[t[i,1]] # model for linear predictor dev[i,k] <- (y[i,k]-phi[i,k])*(y[i,k]-phi[i,k])*prec[i,k] nvar[i,k] <- (n[i,k]-1) * pow(sd[i,k],2) # for pooled.sd } # summed residual deviance contribution for this trial resdev[i] <- sum(dev[i,1:na[i]]) }totresdev <- sum(resdev[]) # Total Residual Deviance (all data)# Priors distributionsd[1]<-0 # treatment effect is zero for control arm# vague prior for treatment effectsfor (k in 2:nt){ d[k] ~ dnorm(0, .0001) }for (c in 1:(nt-1)){ for (k in (c+1):nt){ diff[c,k] <- d[k] - d[c] # all pairwise differences (SMD) lor[c,k] <- diff[c,k]*(-3.1416/sqrt(3)) # convert to lor (note sign) } }# rank treatmentsfor (k in 1:nt) { rk[k] <- rank(d[],k) best[k] <- equals(rk[k],1) # Smallest is best (i.e. rank 1) # prob treat k is h-th best, prob[1,k]=best[k] for (h in 1:nt) { prob[h,k] <- equals(rk[k],h) } }} # *** PROGRAM ENDSInitial values for each chain- changes in PTSD symptom scale scores between baseline and treatment endpoint# chain 1list(d = c(NA,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0), mu = c(0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0))# chain 2list(d = c(NA,-1,1,1,-0.5, 1,1,1,-1,-0.7, 1,-1,0.5,0.7,-1, -1,0.5,-0.5,1), mu = c(0.5,1,0.7,1,-1, -0.5,0,1,-0.5,-1, 0.7,1,-0.7,0.5,0.6, -0.4,1,-1,0.5,-1, 1,-0.5,-1,-0.7,0.7, 0.6,-0.5,-0.6,1,-0.4, 0.5,1,0.7,1,-1, -0.5,0,1,-0.5,-1, 0.7,1,-0.7,0.5,0.6, -0.4,1,-1,0.5,-1, 1,-0.5,-1,-0.7,0.7, 0.6,-0.5,-0.6,1,-0.4, 0.5,1,0.7,1,-1, -0.5,0,1,-0.5,-1, 0.7))- changes in PTSD symptom scale scores between baseline and 1-4-month follow-up# chain 1list(d = c(NA,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0), mu = c(0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0))# chain 2list(d = c(NA,-1,1,1,-0.5, 1,1,1,-1,-0.7, -1,0.5,1,0.7,-0.3), mu = c(0.5,1,0.7,1,-1, -0.5,0,1,-0.5,-1, -1,-1,-0.5,0.5,1, 1,1,1,-1,-0.7, -1,0.5,1,0.5,-1, -0.5,0.3,-0.7))WinBUGS code for synthesis of dichotomous remission data at treatment endpoint (random and fixed effect models) [Dias et al. 2013a]Binomial likelihood and logit link modelRANDOM EFFECTS MODEL# Binomial likelihood, logit link# Random effect model, multi-arm trialsmodel{ # *** PROGRAM STARTSfor(i in 1:ns){ # LOOP THROUGH STUDIES w[i,1] <- 0 # adjustment for multi-arm trials is zero for control arm delta[i,1] <- 0 # treatment effect is zero for control arm mu[i] ~ dnorm(0,.0001) # vague priors for all trial baselines for (k in 1:na[i]) { # LOOP THROUGH ARMS r[i,k] ~ dbin(p[i,k],n[i,k]) # binomial likelihood logit(p[i,k]) <- mu[i] + delta[i,k] # model for linear predictor rhat[i,k] <- p[i,k] * n[i,k] # expected value of the numerators dev[i,k] <- 2 * (r[i,k] * (log(r[i,k])-log(rhat[i,k])) #Deviance contribution + (n[i,k]-r[i,k]) * (log(n[i,k]-r[i,k]) - log(n[i,k]-rhat[i,k]))) } resdev[i] <- sum(dev[i,1:na[i]]) # summed residual deviance contribution for this trial for (k in 2:na[i]) { # LOOP THROUGH ARMS delta[i,k] ~ dnorm(md[i,k],taud[i,k]) # trial-specific LOR distributions md[i,k] <- d[t[i,k]] - d[t[i,1]] + sw[i,k] # mean of LOR distributions (with multi-arm correction) taud[i,k] <- tau *2*(k-1)/k # precision of LOR distributions (with multi-arm correction) w[i,k] <- (delta[i,k] - d[t[i,k]] + d[t[i,1]]) # adjustment for multi-arm RCTs sw[i,k] <- sum(w[i,1:k-1])/(k-1) # cumulative adjustment for multi-arm trials }}totresdev <- sum(resdev[]) #Total Residual Devianced[1]<- 0 # treatment effect is zero for reference treatmentfor (k in 2:nt) { d[k] ~ dnorm(0,.0001)} # vague priors for treatment effectssd ~ dunif(0,2)tau <- pow(sd,-2)# pairwise ORs and LORs for all possible pair-wise comparisonsfor (c in 1:(nt-1)) { for (k in (c+1):nt) { or[c,k] <- exp(d[k] - d[c]) lor[c,k] <- (d[k]-d[c]) }}# ranking for (k in 1:nt) { rk[k] <- nt+1-rank(d[],k) # assumes events are “good” best[k] <- equals(rk[k],1) #calculate probability that treat k is best}Only rank treatments with N≥100 # 1 WaitlisT 625; 2 Attention placebo 23; 3 Relaxation 57; 4 Psychoeducation 28; 5 Counselling 150; 6 TF-CBT 601;# 7 non-TF-CBT 65; 8 EMDR 132; 9 IPT 72; 10 Present-centred therapy 75; 11 Psychodynamic therapy 49;# 12 Couple intervention 49; 13 Self-help with support 105; 14 Self-help without support 74; 15 SSRI 87; 16 TF-CBT + SSRI 57for(k in 1:1){ dR[k]<-d[k] }for(k in 2:3){ dR[k]<-d[k+3] }for(k in 4:4){ dR[k]<-d[k+4] }for(k in 5:5){ dR[k]<-d[k+8] }for (k in 1:5) { rk2[k] <- 5+1-rank(dR[],k) # assumes events are “good” best2[k] <- equals(rk2[k],1) # Smallest is best (i.e. rank 1) # prob treat k is h-th best, prob[1,k]=best[k] for (h in 1:5) { prob2[h,k] <- equals(rk2[k],h) }} # *** PROGRAM ENDSInitial values for each chain# chain 1list(d=c(NA,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0), sd=1,mu=c(0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0))# chain 2list(d=c(NA,0.1,-1,-0.2,1, 0.1,1,-0.5,-1,0.4, -1,0.5,-0.6,0.7,0.6, -0.3), sd=0.5,mu=c(1,-1,-2,0,0, -2,1,0,2,1, 0.1,1,-0.5,-1,0.4, -1,0.5,-0.6,0.7,0.6, -0.3,0.5,-0.8,1,-0.3, -1,-1,0.7,-0.3,0.8, 0.7,-0.6,0.9,-0.3))FIXED EFFECTS MODEL# Binomial likelihood, logit link, MTC# Fixed effect modelmodel{ # *** PROGRAM STARTSfor(i in 1:ns){ # LOOP THROUGH STUDIES mu[i] ~ dnorm(0,.0001) # vague priors for all trial baselines for (k in 1:na[i]) { # LOOP THROUGH ARMS r[i,k] ~ dbin(p[i,k],n[i,k]) # binomial likelihood logit(p[i,k]) <- mu[i] + d[t[i,k]]-d[t[i,1]] # model for linear predictor rhat[i,k] <- p[i,k] * n[i,k] # expected value of the numerators dev[i,k] <- 2 * (r[i,k] * (log(r[i,k])-log(rhat[i,k])) #Deviance contribution + (n[i,k]-r[i,k]) * (log(n[i,k]-r[i,k]) - log(n[i,k]-rhat[i,k]))) } resdev[i] <- sum(dev[i,1:na[i]]) # summed residual deviance contribution for this trial}totresdev <- sum(resdev[]) #Total Residual Devianced[1]<- 0 # treatment effect is zero for reference treatmentfor (k in 2:nt) { d[k] ~ dnorm(0,.0001) } # vague priors for treatment effects# pairwise ORs and LORs for all possible pair-wise comparisonsfor (c in 1:(nt-1)) { for (k in (c+1):nt) { or[c,k] <- exp(d[k] - d[c]) lor[c,k] <- (d[k]-d[c]) }}# ranking for (k in 1:nt) { rk[k] <- nt+1-rank(d[],k) # assumes events are “good” best[k] <- equals(rk[k],1) #calculate probability that treat k is best}} # *** PROGRAM ENDSInitial values for each chain# chain 1list(d=c(NA,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0),mu=c(0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0))# chain 2list(d=c(NA,0.1,-1,-0.2,1, 0.1,1,-0.5,-1,0.4, -1,0.5,-0.6,0.7,0.6, -0.3),mu=c(1,-1,-2,0,0, -2,1,0,2,1, 0.1,1,-0.5,-1,0.4, -1,0.5,-0.6,0.7,0.6, -0.3,0.5,-0.8,1,-0.3, -1,-1,0.7,-0.3,0.8, 0.7,-0.6,0.9,-0.3))Appendix 4. Details of the inconsistency checks and WinBUGS codes for inconsistency modelsDetails of the inconsistency checksThe assumption of consistency between direct and indirect evidence was explored by comparing the fit of a ‘base-case’ model (fixed or random effects) that assumes consistency with a model which allowed for inconsistency between direct an indirect evidence (also known as an unrelated mean effects model (Dias et al. 2010; Dias et al. 2013b). The latter is equivalent to having separate, unrelated meta-analyses for every pair-wise contrast while assuming a common between-study variance parameter across all comparisons in the case of random effects models. Improvement in model fit or a substantial reduction in heterogeneity in the inconsistency model compared with the NMA consistency model indicates evidence of inconsistency. Inconsistency can only be assessed when there are closed loops of direct evidence on 3 treatments that are informed by at least 3 distinct trials (van Valkenhoef et al. 2016). Deviance plots, in which the posterior mean deviance of the individual data points in the inconsistency model were plotted against their posterior mean deviance in the consistency model, were inspected in order to identify studies which may have contributed to loops of evidence where inconsistency may be present. Further checks were conducted using a node-split approach implemented in R using the gemtc package in R. This method permits the direct and indirect evidence contributing to an estimate of a relative effect to be split and compared (Dias et al. 2013b; van Valkenhoef and Kuiper, 2016).To apply the node splitting method to the two continuous outcomes (‘changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and treatment endpoint’ and ‘changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and 1-4 month follow-up’) using the gemtc package, data were inputted at contrast level, where the SMDs of the treatment in arm k compared to the treatment in arm 1 for study i were calculated as, with standard error For trials with more than two arms, the gemtc package requires specification of the standard error of the mean of the baseline arm, as this determines the covariance of the differences. On a standardized scale, this is calculated as (Dias et al. 2018):To apply the node splitting method to the binary outcome (‘remission status at treatment endpoint’) using the gemtc package, data were inputted at arm-level. However, in the node-split model for the non-TF-CBT versuss waitlist comparison, results were unstable. Consequently, we ran the node-split model for this comparison with data inputted at contrast level so that 0.5 could be added to zero cells to stabilise results. The LORs of the treatment in arm k relative to the treatment in arm 1 for study i were calculated aswith standard error where aik and bik are the numbers of patients who received the treatment in arm k and achieved and did not achieve remission at treatment endpoint, respectively, and ci1 and di1 are the numbers of patients who received the treatment in arm 1 and achieved and did not achieve remission at treatment endpoint, respectively. For trials with more than two arms, the standard error of the log odds of the baseline arm was calculated asWinBUGS code for inconsistency random effects models on changes in PTSD symptom scores [Dias et al. 2013b]Normal likelihood, identity link: SMD with arm-based means# Normal likelihood, identity link: SMD with arm-based means; # output as log Odds Ratios# Random effects model for multi-arm trialsmodel{ # *** PROGRAM STARTSfor(i in 1:ns){ # LOOP THROUGH STUDIES delta[i,1] <- 0 # treatment effect is zero for control arm mu[i] ~ dnorm(0,.0001) # vague priors for all trial baselines }# CONTINUOUS DATA AS ARM MEANSfor(i in 1:ns){ # calculate pooled.sd and adjustment for SMD df[i] <- sum(n[i,1:na[i]]) - na[i] # denominator for pooled.var Pooled.var[i] <- sum(nvar[i,1:na[i]])/df[i] Pooled.sd[i] <- sqrt(Pooled.var[i]) # pooled sd for study i, for SMD # H[i] <- 1 - 3/(4*df[i]-1) # use Hedges' g H[i] <- 1 # use Cohen's d (ie no adjustment) for (k in 1:na[i]){ se[i,k] <- sd[i,k]/sqrt(n[i,k]) var[i,k] <- pow(se[i,k],2) # calculate variances prec[i,k] <- 1/var[i,k] # set precisions y[i,k] ~ dnorm(phi[i,k], prec[i,k]) # normal likelihood phi[i,k] <- theta[i,k] * (Pooled.sd[i]/H[i]) # theta is standardised mean theta[i,k] <- mu[i] + delta[i,k] # model for linear predictor, delta is SMD dev[i,k] <- (y[i,k]-phi[i,k])*(y[i,k]-phi[i,k])*prec[i,k] nvar[i,k] <- (n[i,k]-1) * pow(sd[i,k],2) # for pooled.sd } # summed residual deviance contribution for this trial resdev[i] <- sum(dev[i,1:na[i]]) }# RE MODELfor(i in 1:ns){ # LOOP THROUGH ALL STUDIES for (k in 2:na[i]){ # LOOP THROUGH ARMS # trial-specific RE distributions delta[i,k] ~ dnorm(d[t[i,1],t[i,k]], tau) }}#totresdev <- sum(resdev[]) # Total Residual Deviance (all data)# Priors distributionssdev ~ dunif(0,5) # vague prior for between-trial SDtau <- pow(sdev,-2) # between-trial precisionfor (c in 1:(nt-1)){ for (k in (c+1):nt){ d[c,k] ~ dnorm(0,.0001)# priors for all mean trt effects }}} # *** PROGRAM ENDSWinBUGS code for inconsistency random effects model on dichotomous remission [Dias et al. 2013b]Binomial likelihood, logit link# Binomial likelihood, logit link# Random effect model, multi-arm trialsmodel{ # *** PROGRAM STARTSfor(i in 1:ns){ # LOOP THROUGH STUDIES delta[i,1] <- 0 # treatment effect is zero for control arm mu[i] ~ dnorm(0,.0001) # vague priors for all trial baselines for (k in 1:na[i]) { # LOOP THROUGH ARMS r[i,k] ~ dbin(p[i,k],n[i,k]) # binomial likelihood logit(p[i,k]) <- mu[i] + delta[i,k] # model for linear predictor rhat[i,k] <- p[i,k] * n[i,k] # expected value of the numerators dev[i,k] <- 2 * (r[i,k] * (log(r[i,k])-log(rhat[i,k])) #Deviance contribution + (n[i,k]-r[i,k]) * (log(n[i,k]-r[i,k]) - log(n[i,k]-rhat[i,k]))) } resdev[i] <- sum(dev[i,1:na[i]]) # summed residual deviance contribution for this trial for (k in 2:na[i]) { # LOOP THROUGH ARMS delta[i,k] ~ dnorm(d[t[i,1],t[i,k]],tau) # trial-specific LOR distributions }}totresdev <- sum(resdev[]) # Total Residual Deviancesd ~ dunif(0,5)tau <- pow(sd,-2)# pairwise LORs for all possible pair-wise comparisonsfor (c in 1:(nt-1)){ for (k in (c+1):nt){ d[c,k] ~ dnorm(0,.0001)# priors for all mean trt effects }}} # *** PROGRAM ENDSAppendix 5: Characteristics of studies included in the network meta-analysis, and full referencesTrauma-focused CBTTrauma-focused CBTStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference1Alghamdi 2015Trauma-focused CBT: Narrative exposure therapy (NET)WaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Being an emergency responder in a traumatic event (Firefighters exposed to traumatic events: 9% for one time, 18% for 2-3 times and 74%for over 3 times)34Age range (mean): 22-41 (30.4)Gender (% female): 0BME (% non-white): NRCountry: JapanCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTAlghamdi M, Hunt N and Thomas S (2015) The effectiveness of Narrative Exposure Therapy with traumatised firefighters in Saudi Arabia: A randomized controlled study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 66, 64-712Blanchard 2002/2003/2004Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualCounselling: Supportive counsellingWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Motor Vehicle Collisions (Not reported in details)98Age range (mean): NR (39.7)Gender (% female): 73BME (% non-white): 10Country: USCoexisting conditions: 49% major depressive disorder (MDD); 35% generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerBlanchard EB (2002) Treatment-related changes in cardiovascular reactivity to trauma cues in motor vehicle accident-related PTSD. Behaviour Therapy 33, 417-426Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Devineni T, et al. (2003) A controlled evaluation of cognitive behaviorial therapy for posttraumatic stress in motor vehicle accident survivors. Behaviour Research & Therapy 41, 79-96Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Malta LS, et al. (2004) One-and two-year prospective follow-up of cognitive behavior therapy or supportive psychotherapy. Behaviour research and therapy 42(7), 745-593Bolton 2014aTrauma-focused CBT: Cognitive processing therapyWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian- ‘Survivor of systematic violence’ (defined as experiencing and/or witnessing physical torture [44% experienced personally; 45% witnessed], imprisonment where torture and other abuse were frequent [58% experienced personally; 52% witnessed], gas attacks [16% experienced personally; 15% witnessed] and/or other military attacks [71% experienced personally; 60% witnessed])167Age range (mean): NR (41.8)Gender (% female): 59BME (% non-white): NRCountry: IraqCoexisting conditions: Significant depression symptomatology was an inclusion criterionLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTBolton P, Bass JK, Zangana GA, et al. (2014) A randomized controlled trial of mental health interventions for survivors of systematic violence in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq. BMC psychiatry 14(1), 3604Bryant 2003aTrauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Counselling: Supportive counsellingPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Exposure to non-sexual violence - Non-sexual assault (53%); motor vehicle accident (47%)58Age range (mean): NR (35.2)Gender (% female): 52BME (% non-white): NR Country: Coexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTBryant RA, Moulds ML, Guthrie RM, et al. (2003) Imaginal exposure alone and imaginal exposure with cognitive restructuring in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71(4), 706-7125Buhmann 2016Trauma-focused CBT: Cognitive therapyTrauma-focused CBT + SSRI: Cognitive therapy + sertralineSSRI: sertralineWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - 43% torture; 28% refugee camp; 63% Danish asylum centre; 24% ex-combatant280Age range (mean): NR (45)Gender (% female): 41BME (% non-white): NRCountry: DenmarkCoexisting conditions: Patients were not excluded solely based on psychotic symptoms (9% psychotic during treatment). 94% depression according to ICD-10. 27% Personality change after catastrophic events (ICD-10 code F62.0). 25% report traumatic brain injuryLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: modified ITTBuhmann CB, Nordentoft M, Ekstroem M, et al. (2016) The effect of flexible cognitive–behavioural therapy and medical treatment, including antidepressants on post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in traumatised refugees: pragmatic randomised controlled clinical trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 208(3), 252-96Capezzani 2013Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualEMDR: EMDRPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Diagnosis of life-threatening condition - Participants in follow-up treatment for cancer (breast, colon, uterus, thyroid, melanoma, lung, stomach)21Age range (mean): NR (51.7) Gender (% female): 90BME (% non-white): NRCountry: ItalyCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTCapezzani L, Ostacoli L, Cavallo M, et al. (2013) EMDR and CBT for cancer patients: Comparative study of effects on PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 7(3), 134-437Castillo 2016Trauma-focused CBT: Imaginal exposureCounselling: Supportive counsellingPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Military combat - OEF (Afghanistan)/OIF (Iraq) service members (served active duty after September 11th 2001)86Age range (mean): NR (35.9)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 69Country: USCoexisting conditions: 62% mood disorder; 60% anxiety disorder; 3% substance use/abuseLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 70% 8–17 trauma types; 66% ≥25 trauma incidentsSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: modified ITTCastillo DT, Chee CL, Nason E, et al. (2016) Group-delivered cognitive/exposure therapy for PTSD in women veterans: A randomized controlled trial. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy 8(3), 4048Chambers 2014Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualPsychoeducation: single psychoeducational phonecallClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Unintentional injury/illness/medical emergency - Caregivers of patients with cancer (breast (31%), colorectal (9%), prostate (9%), hematologic (8%), lung (8%), and gynaecologic (7%))690Age range (mean): NR (52.5)Gender (% female): 88BME (% non-white): NRCountry: AustraliaCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerChambers SK, Girgis A, Occhipinti S, et al. (2014) A randomized trial comparing two low-intensity psychological interventions for distressed patients with cancer and their caregivers. InOncology nursing forum 41(4), p.E2579Chard 2005Trauma-focused CBT: Cognitive processing therapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Childhood sexual abuse - Average age at onset of abuse was 6.4 years (SD=2.78); 21% indicated 1-5 incidents of abuse, 12% reported 6-10 incidents, and 10% reported 11-30 incidents; 57% reported >100 abuse incidents71Age range (mean): 18-56 (32.8)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 19Country: USCoexisting conditions: Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 62% mood disorder; 60% anxiety disorder; 3% substance use/abuseSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerChard KM (2005) An evaluation of cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 73(5), 96510Cloitre 2002Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)WaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Childhood sexual abuse - 48% had experienced both sexual and physical abuse, 39% had experienced sexual abuse only, and 13% had experienced physical abuse only58Age range (mean): NR (34)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 54 Country: USCoexisting conditions: 45% current major depression; 79% anxiety disorder (generalized anxiety disorder [GAD] the most common [48%])Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerCloitre M, Koenen KC, Cohen LR and Han H (2002) Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: a phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 70(5), 106711Cloitre 2010Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Counselling: Supportive counsellingPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Childhood sexual abuse - Childhood sexual abuse (90%), childhood physical abuse (79%), emotional abuse or neglect (82%)71Age range (mean): NR (35.3)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 63Country: USCoexisting conditions: Current Axis I comorbidity: 89% ≥1; 62% ≥2; 30% ≥3; 20% ≥4Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of lifetime traumas: 6.57 (SD=1.17). Experience of trauma as an adult: Domestic violence (63%); sexual assault (49%); physical assault (24%); other interpersonal victimization (61%)Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTCloitre M, Stovall-McClough KC, Nooner K, et al. (2010) Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial. American journal of psychiatry 167(8), 915-2412Cottraux 2008Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Counselling: Supportive counsellingPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Car accidents (33%); physical assault victims (26%); rape (8%); miscellaneous experiences (8%); family violence (7%); witnessed extreme violence (7%); incest (5%); witnessed the death of a close relative (3%); painful and complicated surgery (2%)60Age range (mean): NR (39)Gender (% female): 70BME (% non-white): NRCountry: FranceCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of traumatic episodes: 1.78 (0.9)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerCottraux J, Note I, Yao SN, et al. (2008) Randomized controlled comparison of cognitive behavior therapy with Rogerian supportive therapy in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: A 2-year follow-up. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 77(2), 101-1013Difede 2007bTrauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)WaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Terrorist attacks - Disaster workers exposed to the World Trade Centre attack and/or its aftermath31Age range (mean): NR (45.77)Gender (% female): 3BME (% non-white): 23Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 67% had trauma historySingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTDifede J, Malta LS, Best S, et al. (2007) A randomized controlled clinical treatment trial for World Trade Center attack-related PTSD in disaster workers. The Journal of nervous and mental disease 195(10), 861-514Dunne 2012Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Motor Vehicle Collisions (Participants were diagnosed with chronic Whiplash-associated disorders, grade II or III)26Age range (mean): 20-49 (32.5)Gender (% female): 50BME (% non-white): 27Country: AustraliaCoexisting conditions: 54% met the DSM-IV criteria for comorbid depression and 31% met the criteria for current alcohol use disorderLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerDunne RL, Kenardy J and Sterling M (2012) A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of PTSD in the context of chronic whiplash. The Clinical journal of pain 28(9), 755-6515Echiverri-Cohen 2016Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)SSRI: sertralinePTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Sexual assault (31%); physical assault (27%); child sexual assault (22%); child physical assault (8%); motor vehicle accident (6%); natural disaster (4%); death of loved one (2%)49Age range (mean): NR (37.7)Gender (% female): 75BME (% non-white): 33Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: UnclearITT or completer continuous data: ITTEchiverri-Cohen A, Zoellner LA, Gallop R, et al. (2016) Changes in temporal attention inhibition following prolonged exposure and sertraline in the treatment of PTSD. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 84(5), 41516Ehlers 2003Trauma-focused CBT: Cognitive therapySelf-help (without support): Cognitive bibliotherapyWaitlist PTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Motor Vehicle Collisions (Involvement in a MVC that required A & E attendance)85Age range (mean): 18-65 (NR)Gender (% female): NRBME (% non-white): NRCountry: UKCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: NA (only dichotomous data used)Ehlers A, Clark DM, Hackmann A, et al. (2003) A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry 60(10), 1024-103217Ehlers 2005Trauma-focused CBT: Cognitive therapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Accident (54%), assault (32%), witnessing death (14%)28Age range (mean): NR (36.6) Gender (% female): 54 BME (% non-white): 4Country: UKCoexisting conditions: 39% current major depression; 21% comorbid anxiety disordersLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Half of the participants reported an earlier trauma meeting the A criterion of DSM-IV (but these events were not addressed in treatment)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTEhlers A, Clark DM, Hackmann A, et al. (2005) Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: development and evaluation. Behaviour research and therapy 43(4), 413-3118Ehlers 2014Trauma-focused CBT: Cognitive therapyCounselling: supportive counsellingWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Interpersonal violence (36%); Accidents/disaster (38%); Death/harm to others (8%); Other (18%)91Age range (mean): NR (38.7)Gender (% female): 58BME (% non-white): 31Country: UKCoexisting conditions: Depressive disorder (35%); anxiety disorder (30%); substance abuse (15%); Axis II disorder (19%)Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 70% history of other trauma; 10% reported history of childhood abuseSingle or multiple incident index trauma: UnclearITT or completer continuous data: ITTEhlers A, Hackmann A, Grey N, et al. (2014) A randomized controlled trial of 7-day intensive and standard weekly cognitive therapy for PTSD and emotion-focused supportive therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 171(3), 294-30419Falsetti 2008Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)WaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - A mean of 6 traumatic events reported (SD=2.03, range=2–10). The most frequently reported traumatic events included unwanted or forced sexual contact (76%), physical assault without a weapon (71%), unwanted sexual contact before age 18 (69%), natural disaster (65%), and physical assault with a weapon (58%). Physical injury during a traumatic event was reported by 97% of the participants.60Age range (mean): NR (35)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 31Country: USCoexisting conditions: 100% panic attacks (inclusion criterion). 89% met DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder (based on ADIS-R)Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NR trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: modified ITTFalsetti SA, Resnick HS and Davis JL (2008) Multiple channel exposure therapy for women with PTSD and comorbid panic attacks. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 37(2), 117-3020Fecteau 1999Trauma-focused CBT: Brief individual CBTWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Motor Vehicle Collisions (Motor vehicle accidents resulting in physical injury)24Age range (mean): 25-63 (41.3)Gender (% female): 70BME (% non-white): NR Country: CanadaCoexisting conditions: 85% had ongoing pain and physical complaints from their MVCLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerFecteau G and Nicki R (1999) Cognitive behavioural treatment of post traumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accident. Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, 201-21421Foa 1991Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Non-trauma-focused CBT: Stress inoculation training (SIT)Counselling: Supportive counsellingPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Exposure to sexual abuse or assault (Rape or attempted rape. 54% perpetrator was a stranger; 46% perpetrator was an acquaintance. 60% weapon used)55Age range (mean): NR (31.8) Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 26Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerFoa EB, Rothbaum BO, Riggs DS and Murdock TB (1991) Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: a comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 59, 715-72322Gersons 2000Trauma-focused CBT: Brief eclectic psychotherapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Being an emergency responder in a traumatic event - Police officers exposed to trauma in the course of their work. Mean number of traumas in police work 17.1 (SD=8.2)42Age range (mean): NR (36.4)Gender (% female): 12BME (% non-white): 0Country: NetherlandsCoexisting conditions: 86% any other comorbid psychiatric disorder (DSM-III-R): 40% Major Depression; 12% Dysthymia; 26% Alcohol Dependence; 10% Generalized Anxiety; 9% Agoraphobia; 7% Social Phobia; 7% Phobic Disorder; 7% OCD; 5% Panic DisorderLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of traumas outside police work 3.5 (SD=2.5)Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: NA (only dichotomous data used)Gersons BP, Carlier IV, Lamberts RD and Van der Kolk BA (2000) Randomized clinical trial of brief eclectic psychotherapy for police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 13, 333-34723Ghafoori 2017Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Present-centered therapy: Present-centered therapyPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Experienced or witnessed a lifetime traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death, serious injury or threat to the physical integrity of others71Age range (mean): 18-71 (35.2)Gender (% female): 83BME (% non-white): 72 Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Single or multiple incident index trauma: Mean number of traumas experienced 6.49 (SD=3.45). Traumas reported: Natural disaster (47%); fire or explosion (28%); transportation accident (59%); serious accident at work, home or during a recreational activity (38%); exposure to toxic substance (11%); physical assault (82%); assault with a weapon (52%); sexual assault (49%); other unwanted or uncomfortable sexual experience (61%); combat (9%); captivity (25%); life threatening illness or injury (44%); severe human suffering (28%); sudden violent death (32%); sudden accidental death (18%); serious injury, harm or death you caused to someone else (10%); any other stressful event or experience (56%)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTGhafoori B, Hansen MC, Garibay E and Korosteleva O (2017) Feasibility of training frontline therapists in prolonged exposure: a randomized controlled pilot study of treatment of complex trauma in diverse victims of crime and violence. The Journal of nervous and mental disease 205(4), 283-9324Hensel-Dittmann 2011Trauma-focused CBT: Narrative exposure therapy (NET)Non-trauma-focused CBT: Stress inoculation training (SIT)PTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Witnessing war as a civilian - 93% asylum seekers who had fled from their countries of origin after experiencing organized violence. 76% reported experiences of torture and >70% had been in detention28Age range (mean): NR (NR)Gender (% female): NRBME (% non-white): NRCountry: GermanyCoexisting conditions: 82% major depression, 18% dysthymia, 54% anxiety disorder/OCD, 11% substance abuse, and 4% psychotic disorderLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerHensel-Dittmann D, Schauer M, Ruf M, et al. (2011) The treatment of traumatized victims of war and torture: a randomized controlled comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy and Stress Inoculation Training. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 80, 345-352 [DOI: 10.1159/000327253]25Hijazi 2014Trauma-focused CBT: Brief narrative exposure therapy (NET)WaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian - Iraqi and Syrian refugees: Racial/religious oppression (92%); exposure to combat situation (92%); witnessing murder (68%); murder/violent death of family/friends (65%); kidnapping of family/friends (59%); witnessing torture (41%); physically harmed (38%); imprisoned arbitrarily (29%); witnessing mass execution of civilians (27%); kidnapped (27%); tortured (25%); taken hostage (18%); sexually abused/raped (6%). Most participants experienced multiple events (mean 19.8; SD=6.4)63Age range (mean): NR (48.2)Gender (% female): 56BME (% non-white): NRCountry: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTHijazi AM, Lumley MA, Ziadni MS, et al. (2014) Brief Narrative Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress in Iraqi Refugees: A Preliminary Randomized Clinical Trial. J. Traum. Stress 27, 314–322 [doi: 10.1002/jts.21922]26Hollifield 2007Trauma-focused CBT: CBT groupWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Unclear - 38% reported experiencing ≥3 events; 33% identified ≥5 years of ongoing childhood abuse84Age range (mean): NR (42.2)Gender (% female): 66 BME (% non-white): 36 Country: US Coexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NR Single or multiple incident index trauma: UnclearITT or completer continuous data: modified ITTHollifield M, Sinclair-Lian N, Warner TD and Hammerschlag R (2007) Acupuncture for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot trial. The Journal of nervous and mental disease 195(6), 504-1327Jacob 2014Trauma-focused CBT: Narrative exposure therapy (NET)WaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Witnessing war as a civilian - Widowed or orphaned survivors of Rwandan (1994) genocide. Among the 43 widows, the most frequently reported worst life experiences were sexual abuse (21%), the genocide in general (21%), and witnessing a massacre (14%). Among the 33 orphans, the most frequently reported worst life experiences were sexual abuse (21%), witnessing the killing of a parent (15.2%), and the genocide in general (12%)76Age range (mean): NR (37.6)Gender (% female): 84BME (% non-white): 100Country: RwandaCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of traumatic event types ever experienced: 14.4 (SD=3.8) Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTJacob N, Neuner F, M?dl A, et al. (2014) Dissemination of psychotherapy for trauma-spectrum disorders in resource-poor countries: a randomized controlled trial in Rwanda. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics 83, 354–363 [DOI:10.1159/000365114]28Jung 2013Trauma-focused CBT: Brief individual CBTWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Childhood sexual abuse - Participants had experienced childhood sexual abuse (mean reported age at time of first sexual abuse was 7.7 years [SD=4.3]) and also suffered from a feeling of being contaminated (FBC). The duration of abuse lasted 6.8 years (SD=5.2) on average, and the duration of FBC ranged from 2 to 46 years (mean 20 years). 71.4% of abuse was severe, and included penetration, 71.4% of abuse was inflicted by a relative34Age range (mean): 19-61 (37.2)Gender (% female): 100 BME (% non-white): 11Country: GermanyCoexisting conditions: Mean 3.4 (SD=1.06) DSM-IV Axis-I or Axis-II diagnoses: 57% major depressive disorder; 32% eating disorders; 32% borderline personality disorder; 25% social anxiety disorderLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerJung K and Steil R (2013) A randomized controlled trial on cognitive restructuring and imagery modification to reduce the feeling of being contaminated in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 82(4), 213-2029Katz 2014Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Counselling: Supportive counsellingClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Exposure to sexual abuse or assault - Female veterans who had a history of sexual trauma, including: military sexual trauma (88%); childhood sexual abuse (71%); adult sexual assault (44%); domestic violence (68%)34Age range (mean): 22-66 (42)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 56Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerKatz LS, Douglas S, Zaleski K, et al. (2014) Comparing holographic reprocessing and prolonged exposure for women veterans with sexual trauma: A pilot randomized trial. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 44(1), 9-1930Lindauer 2005Trauma-focused CBT: Brief eclectic psychotherapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed (25% robbery/weapon used; 13% assaulted by strangers; 13% threatened with death/serious harm; 13% rape; 4% natural disaster; 4% motor vehicle accident; 21% 'other' kind of accident; 4% combat or warfare; 4% life-threatening/disabling event to a loved one)24Age range (mean): NR (39)Gender (% female): 54BME (% non-white): NRCountry: NetherlandsCoexisting conditions: 13% had mild major depression (those with moderate or severe depression were excluded)Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of prior traumas 3.7 (SD=3.4)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: NA (only dichotomous data used)Lindauer RJ, Gersons BP, van Meijel EP, et al. (2005) Effects of brief eclectic psychotherapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: Randomized clinical trial. Journal of traumatic stress 18(3), 205-1231Lindauer 2008Trauma-focused CBT: Brief eclectic psychotherapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Domestic violence (67% interpersonal violence; 33% accidents or disasters)24Age range (mean): NR (39.7)Gender (% female): 50BME (% non-white): NRCountry: NetherlandsCoexisting conditions: 15% had mild major depression (those with moderate or severe depression were excluded)Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerLindauer RJ, Booij J, Habraken JB, et al. (2008) Effects of psychotherapy on regional cerebral blood flow during trauma imagery in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Psychological medicine 38(4), 543-5432Markowitz 2015aTrauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT): IPT RelaxationPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Domestic violence - 93% reported interpersonal trauma (42% acute; 58% chronic)110Age range (mean): NR (40.1)Gender (% female): 70 BME (% non-white): 35Country: USCoexisting conditions: Current major depressive disorder (50%); recurrent major depressive disorder (34%); current generalised anxiety disorder (13%). Any axis II diagnosis (49%): 25% paranoid; 14% narcissistic; 5% borderline; 21% avoidant; 3% dependent; 25% obsessive-compulsive; 25% depressive; 15% passive-aggressive.Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of traumas 2.8 (SD=1.8). 36% reported trauma in childhood or adolescenceSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerMarkowitz JC, Petkova E, Neria Y, et al. (2015) Is exposure necessary? A randomized clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry 172(5), 430-4033McDonagh 2005Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Present-centered therapy: Present-centered therapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Childhood sexual abuse (Childhood sexual abuse characteristics: 23% experienced life threat; 34% injured; 64% penetrated. Perpetrator of worst CSA event: 32% father or stepfather; 35% other male relative; 31% known male; 1% male stranger)74Age range (mean): NR (40.4)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 7Country: USCoexisting conditions: 11% met criteria for borderline personality disorderLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of trauma types 3.3 (SD=1.1). Trauma history: 80% childhood physical abuse; 62% adult physical abuse; 50% adult sexual trauma Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITT post-treatment; completer at follow-upMcDonagh A, Friedman M, McHugo G, et al. (2005) Randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 73(3), 51534Neuner 2008Trauma-focused CBT: Narrative exposure therapy (NET)Counselling: Supportive counsellingPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Witnessing war as a civilian - Rwandan and Somalian refugees settled in a refugee camp in Uganda277Age range (mean): NR (35)Gender (% female): 51BME (% non-white): NRCountry: UgandaCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of trauma event types 14.1 (SD=5.2)Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTNeuner F, Onyut PL, Ertl V, et al. (2008) Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement. A randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 76, 686-69435Pacella 2012Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)WaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed (100% were living with HIV and 34% reported that their most distressing trauma was related to their HIV diagnosis. 97% reported experiencing both an HIV-and non-HIV-related trauma)66Age range (mean): 31-61 (46.4)Gender (% female): 37BME (% non-white): 61Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean 4.91 (SD=1.78) different types of prior traumaSingle or multiple incident index trauma: UnclearITT or completer continuous data: modified ITTPacella ML, Armelie A, Boarts J, et al. (2012) The impact of prolonged exposure on PTSD symptoms and associated psychopathology in people living with HIV: A randomized test of concept. AIDS and Behavior 16(5), 1327-4036Popiel 2015Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Trauma-focused CBT + SSRI: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE) + paroxetineSSRI: paroxetinePTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Motor Vehicle Collisions - Status during MVC: Driver (38%); Passenger (30%); Cyclist (5%); Pedestrian (14%); Found out about death (7%); Other (5%). Patient considered MVA perpetrator (11%)228Age range (mean): NR (37.7)Gender (% female): NR BME (% non-white): NRCountry: PolandCoexisting conditions: 49% Comorbid Axis I disorder; 41% Comorbid personality disorder; 21% traumatic brain injury in MVA; 39% had no comorbid mental disorders; 48% still had ongoing medical sequelae (including chronic pain) related to the accidentLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Number of previous traumatic events (before current MVA): 2.1 (sd=1.3). 5% childhood traumaSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerPopiel A, Zawadzki B, Prag?owska E and Teichman Y (2015) Prolonged exposure, paroxetine and the combination in the treatment of PTSD following a motor vehicle accident. A randomized clinical trial–The “TRAKT” study. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry 48, 17-2637van Emmerik 2008Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualSelf help with support: Structured writing therapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Exposure to non-sexual violence - Nonsexual violence (50%); Traffic accident (23%); Sexual violence (11%); Other (16%)125Age range (mean): NR (40.2)Gender (% female): 67BME (% non-white): NRCountry: NetherlandsCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTVan Emmerik AA, Kamphuis JH and Emmelkamp PM (2008) Treating acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive behavioral therapy or structured writing therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 77(2), 93-10038Weiss 2015 (study 1)Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian - Survivors of systematic violence (having experienced or witnessed physical torture or militant attacks) in Southern Iraq149Age range (mean): NR (42.8)Gender (% female): 31BME (% non-white): NRCountry: Iraq Coexisting conditions: NR Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NR Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTWeiss WM, Murray LK, Zangana GA, et al. (2015) Community-based mental health treatments for survivors of torture and militant attacks in Southern Iraq: a randomized control trial. BMC psychiatry 15(1), 24939Weiss 2015 (study 2)Trauma-focused CBT: Cognitive processing therapyWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian - Survivors of systematic violence (having experienced or witnessed physical torture or militant attacks) in Southern Iraq193Age range (mean): NR (40.3)Gender (% female): 34BME (% non-white): NR Country: Iraq Coexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NR Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTWeiss WM, Murray LK, Zangana GA, et al. (2015) Community-based mental health treatments for survivors of torture and militant attacks in Southern Iraq: a randomized control trial. BMC psychiatry 15(1), 24940Zang 2014Trauma-focused CBT: Narrative exposure therapy (NET)WaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Natural disasters (such as severe floods, earthquakes or tsunamis) - Sichuan earthquake (2008). 27% injured in earthquake; 100% house damage. All participants reported seeing someone seriously injured and death during the earthquake30Age range (mean): 28-80 (53.6)Gender (% female): 90BME (% non-white): NRCountry: ChinaCoexisting conditions: Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 20% prior trauma (7% 1 prior trauma; 13% 2-3)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTZang Y, Hunt N and Cox T (2014) Adapting narrative exposure therapy for Chinese earthquake survivors: A pilot randomised controlled feasibility study. BMC psychiatry 14(1), 1.vTrauma-focused CBT + SSRITrauma-focused CBT + SSRIStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReferenceBuhmann 2016Trauma-focused CBT: Cognitive therapyTrauma-focused CBT + SSRI: Cognitive therapy + sertralineSSRI: sertralineWaitlistSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTPopiel 2015Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Trauma-focused CBT + SSRI: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE) + paroxetineSSRI: paroxetineSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBT41Rothbaum 2006Trauma-focused CBT + SSRI: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE) + sertralineSSRI: sertralinePTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Sexual assault (37%); non-sexual assault (25%); death of another (22%); motor vehicle accident (9%); other (8%)65Age range (mean): NR (39.3)Gender (% female): 65BME (% non-white): 20Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTRothbaum BO, Cahill SP, Foa EB, et al. (2006) Augmentation of sertraline with prolonged exposure in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress 19(5), 625-38EMDREMDRStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference42Acarturk 2015EMDR: EMDRWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian (Syrian refugees)29Age range (mean): 19-63 (36.6) Gender (% female): 76BME (% non-white): Country: Turkey Coexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTAcarturk C, Konuk E, Cetinkaya M et al. (2015) EMDR for Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 6(1), 2741443Acarturk 2016EMDR: EMDRWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Witnessing war as a civilian (Syrian refugees. Traumatic events included: death of family members; threatened death to self or others; serious injury to self or loved ones; husband being at war; arrested family members; not being able to bury significant others who have died in Syria; lack of shelter)98Age range (mean): 17-64Gender (% female): 74BME (% non-white): NRCountry: Coexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTAcarturk C, Konuk E, Cetinkaya M, et al. (2016) The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Psychological medicine 46(12), 2583-9344Aldahadha 2012EMDR: EMDRWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Motor Vehicle Collisions (no further details reported)51Age range (mean): 19-37 (26.4)Gender (% female): 53BME (% non-white): NR Country: OmanCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NR Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTAldahadha B, Al-Harthy H and Sulaiman S (2012) The efficacy of eye movement desensitization reprocessing in resolving the trauma caused by the road accidents in the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Instructional Psychology 39(3/4), 146Capezzani 2013Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualEMDR: EMDRSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBT45Carletto 2016EMDR: EMDRRelaxationPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Diagnosis of life-threatening condition (multiple sclerosis)50Age range (mean): NR(40.1)Gender (% female): 81BME (% non-white): NRCountry: ItalyCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of previous traumas: 4.3 (6.5)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerCarletto S, Borghi M, Bertino G, et al. (2016) Treating post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and relaxation therapy. Frontiers in psychology 746Carlson 1998EMDR: EMDRRelaxationPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Military combat (97% Vietnam veterans, 3% other combat theatre)35Age range (mean): 41-70 (48)Gender (% female): 0BME (% non-white): 46Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerCarlson JG, Chemtob CM, Rusnak K, et al. (1998) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EDMR) treatment for combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 11(1), 3-2447Edmond 1999/2004EMDR: EMDRWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Childhood sexual abuse - lasted for mean of 6.5 years (the mean age at which abuse began was 6.5 years, and the mean age at which it stopped was 13 years)59Age range (mean): NR (35)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 15Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 58% of participants also experienced childhood physical abuse and 66% some form of adult revictimization, such as domestic violence and rapeSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITT post-treatment; completer at follow-upEdmond T, Rubin A and Wambach K (1999) The effectiveness of EMDR with adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Social Work Research 23, 103-116Edmond T and Rubin A (2004) Assessing the long-term effects of EMDR: Results from an 18-month follow-up study with adult female survivors of CSA. Journal of child sexual abuse 13(1), 69-8648Karatzias 2011EMDR: EMDRCombined somatic & cognitive therapies: Emotional freedom techniquePTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Accident (37%), assault/murder (43%), 'other' (20%)46Age range (mean): 18-65 (40.6)Gender (% female): 57BME (% non-white): NRCountry: UKCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTKaratzias T, Power K, Brown K, et al. (2011) A controlled comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of two psychological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs. emotional freedom techniques. The Journal of nervous and mental disease 199(6), 372-849Scheck 1998EMDR: EMDRCounselling: Supportive counsellingClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - 90% childhood physical/emotional abuse, >50% traumatic sexual experiences, such as rape or child molestation67Age range (mean):16-25 (20.9)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 38Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerScheck MM, Schaeffer JA and Gillette C (1998) Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of traumatic stress 11(1), 25-4450Ter Heide 2016EMDR: EMDRNon-trauma-focused CBT: Stabilisation as usualPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Witnessing war as a civilian - Refugee sample, with most frequently reported traumatic events being close to death (83%), murder of family or friend (75%) and threatened with torture (72%)74Age range (mean): NR (41.5)Gender (% female): 28BME (% non-white): NRCountry: NetherlandsCoexisting conditions: 74% comorbid depressionLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of types of traumatic events: 13.8 (sd=5.5)Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerTer Heide FJ, Mooren TM, van de Schoot R, et al. (2016) Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy v. stabilisation as usual for refugees: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 209(4), 311-31851van der Kolk 2007EMDR: EMDRSSRI: fluoxetinePTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - 28% child sexual abuse; 5% child physical abuse; 9% child sexual and physical abuse; 9% adult sexual assault; 6% adult physical assault; 8% domestic violence; 7% other adult victimization; 9% traumatic loss; 3% war/terrorism/violence; 16% injury/accident88Age range (mean): NR (36.1)Gender (% female): 83BME (% non-white): 33Country: USCoexisting conditions: Mean 3.2 comorbid Axis I/II diagnosesLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTVan der Kolk B, Spinazzola J, Blaustein M, et al. (2007) A randomized clinical trial of EMDR, fluoxetine and pill placebo in the treatment of PTSD: Treatment effects and long-term maintenance. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68(1), 37-4652Yurtsever 2018EMDR: EMDR groupWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Note: Data is only reported for those who met diagnostic criteria (assessed with MINI) even though this was not an inclusion/exclusion criterion.Witnessing war as a civilian: Syrian refugees residing in a refugee camp in southeast Turkey on the Syrian border67Age range (mean): NR (37.5)Gender (% female): 77BME (% non-white): NRCountry: TurkeyCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerYurtsever, A., Konuk, E., Akyüz, T., Zat, Z., Tükel, F., ?etinkaya, M., ... & Shapiro, E. (2018). An Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Group Intervention for Syrian Refugees With Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers in psychology, 9.Non-trauma-focused CBTNon-trauma-focused CBTStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference53Davis 2007Non-trauma-focused CBT: CBT for insomnia (CBT-I)WaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - Most frequently reported types of trauma: car accidents (59%); unwanted sexual contact (59%); physical assault with a weapon (53%)43Age range (mean): NR (40)Gender (% female): 82BME (% non-white): 24Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean 4.6 traumatic events (SD=2.0; range 1-9)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTDavis JL and Wright DC (2007) Randomized clinical trial for treatment of chronic nightmares in trauma‐exposed adults. Journal of Traumatic Stress 20(2), 123-3354Davis 2011Non-trauma-focused CBT: CBT for insomnia (CBT-I)WaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - The most frequent types of trauma reported were unwanted sexual contact (60%), serious accidents (57%), physical assault with a weapon (57%), combat exposure (13%)47Age range (mean): NR (47)Gender (% female): 75BME (% non-white): 19Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean 4.6 traumatic events (SD=2.0; range 1-9)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTDavis JL, Rhudy JL, Pruiksma KE, et al. (2011) Physiological predictors of response to exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy for chronic nightmares in a randomized clinical trial. Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 7(6), 622Foa 1991Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Non-trauma-focused CBT: Stress inoculation training (SIT)Counselling: Supportive counsellingSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBT55Ford 2011Non-trauma-focused CBT: Affect regulation (individual)Present-centered therapy: Present-centered therapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed (Exposure to victimization or incarceration)146Age range (mean): 18-45 (30.7)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 59Country: USCoexisting conditions: Most (72%) participants met Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV criteria for a current Axis I disorder other than PTSD. These included anxiety disorders (61%) and depressive (34%), bipolar (8%), or psychotic (9%) disordersLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTFord JD, Steinberg KL and Zhang W (2011) A randomized clinical trial comparing affect regulation and social problem-solving psychotherapies for mothers with victimization-related PTSD. Behavior Therapy 42(4), 560-78Hensel-Dittmann 2011Trauma-focused CBT: Narrative exposure therapy (NET)Non-trauma-focused CBT: Stress inoculation training (SIT)SEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBT56Krakow 2000Non-trauma-focused CBT: Imagery rehearsal therapy for nightmaresWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Exposure to sexual abuse or assault - 97% reported history of sexual assault: 50% raped as adults; 54% raped as children; >60% experienced multiple episodes of sexual assault169Age range (mean): NR (37)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 3Country: USCoexisting conditions: All participants had regular nightmares (≥1 a week for >6 months) and insomniaLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 68% experienced non-sexual violent assaults as adults and 72% as children. 78% reported other traumatic events including unexpected deaths in the family, witnessing violence, motor vehicle accidents, or natural disastersSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerKrakow B, Hollifield M, Schrader R, et al.(2000) A controlled study of imagery rehearsal for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with PTSD: a preliminary report. J Trauma Stress 13(4), 589-60957Nakamura 2017Non-trauma-focused CBT: Mind-Body Bridging (MBB)Attention placeboClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Military combat - Gulf War veterans (US military service members with sleep and physical health complaints who were deployed in 1990–1991). Mean months in Persian Gulf War 7.3 (SD=3.8); Mean months of service 7.5 (SD=3.3); Mean years in military 15.1 (SD=8.1)60Age range (mean): 39-69 (10)Gender (% female): 10BME (% non-white): 12Country: USCoexisting conditions: All participants had self-reported sleep disturbance and Gulf War Illness (inclusion criteria)Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTNakamura Y, Lipschitz DL, Donaldson GW, et al. (2017) Investigating Clinical Benefits of a Novel Sleep-Focused Mind-Body Program on Gulf War Illness Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychosomatic medicine 79(6), 706-18Ter Heide 2016EMDR: EMDRNon-trauma-focused CBT: Stabilisation as usualSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER EMDRCombined somatic/cognitive therapiesCombined somatic/cognitive therapiesStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference58Church 2013/2014Combined somatic and cognitive therapies: Emotional freedom technique (EFT)WaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Military combat - 41% Gulf war era deployments; 58% other deployments. Mean number of tours 1.2 (sd=0.4)59Age range (mean): 24-86 (51.7)Gender (% female): 10 BME (% non-white): NRCountry: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerChurch D, Hawk C, Brooks AJ, et al. (2013) Psychological trauma symptom improvement in veterans using emotional freedom techniques: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of nervous and mental disease 201(2), 153-60Church D (2014) Reductions in pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms after PTSD remediation in veterans. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing 10(3), 162-959Connolly 2011Combined somatic/ cognitive therapies: Thought field therapy (TFT)WaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian - Rwandan genocide (1994) survivors. Reported experiences during the 1994 genocide included: being beaten (60%), having been abused (55.2%), witnessing others being beaten (80%), witnessing others being killed (85.5%), hearing others being hit or beaten (81.4%) and being forced to do things they were against (22.1%)171Age range (mean): 18-73 (38)Gender (% female): 82BME (% non-white): NRCountry: RwandaCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerConnolly S and Sakai C (2011) Brief trauma intervention with Rwandan genocide-survivors using Thought Field Therapy. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 13(3), 161Karatzias 2011EMDR: EMDRCombined somatic/ cognitive therapies: Emotional freedom techniqueSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER EMDR60Robson 2016Combined somatic/ cognitive therapies: Thought field therapy (TFT)WaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian (Western Uganda, where there had been intermittent conflict since Uganda gained independence in 1963)256Age range (mean): NR (44.7)Gender (% female): 85BME (% non-white): NRCountry: UgandaCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerRobson R, Robson P, Ludwig R, et al. (2016) Effectiveness of Thought Field Therapy Provided by Newly Instructed Community Workers to a Traumatized Population in Uganda: A Randomized Trial. Current Research in Psychology 1, 1-11Present-centered therapyPresent-centered therapyStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReferenceFord 2011Non-trauma-focused CBT: Affect regulation (individual)Present-centered therapy: Present-centered therapyWaitlistSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER NON-TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTGhafoori 2017Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Present-centered therapy: Present-centered therapySEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTMcDonagh 2005Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Present-centered therapy: Present-centered therapyWaitlistSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTSelf-help with supportSelf-help with supportStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference61Ivarsson 2014Self-help with support: Computerised trauma-focused CBT with supportWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Sexual, physical, and/or psychological abuse by partner (23%); life-threatening disease (13%); severe offense by significant other (perceived as threatening to integrity) (10%); life-threatening accident (8%); non-sexual assault by stranger (8%); murder of close relative (6%); non-sexual assault by family member (5%); death of close relative (5%); severe maltreatment in health care (5%); multiple stressors (5%); life-threatening disease of close relative (3%); military combat (3%); torture (2%); rape by stranger (2%); rape by family member (2%); tsunami disaster (2%)62Age range (mean): 21-67 (46)Gender (% female): 82 BME (% non-white): NR Country: Sweden Coexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 41% had experienced more than one traumatic event Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerIvarsson D, Blom M, Hesser H, et al. (2014) Guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Internet interventions 1(1), 33-4062Knaevelsrud 2015Self-help with support: Computerised trauma-focused CBT with supportWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian - Sexual violence (war-related and sexual abuse; 40%); experienced the killing of a family member or close person (15%); being exposed to violence (e.g., kidnapping, witnessing bomb attacks) and war or torture (19%); Others (e.g., kidnapping, witnessing bomb attacks) (33%)159Age range (mean): 18-56 (28.1) Gender (% female): 72BME (% non-white): NRCountry: IraqCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean 3.4 traumatic eventsSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTKnaevelsrud C, Brand J, Lange A, et al. (2015) Web-based psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in war-traumatized Arab patients: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research17(3)63Knaevelsrud 2017Self-help with support: Computerised trauma-focused CBT with supportWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian (World War II)94Age range (mean): 63-85 (71.4)Gender (% female): 65BME (% non-white): NRCountry: GermanyCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTKnaevelsrud C, B?ttche M, Pietrzak RH, et al. (2017) Efficacy and Feasibility of a Therapist-Guided Internet-Based Intervention for Older Persons with Childhood Traumatization: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry64Lewis 2017Self-help with support: Computerised trauma-focused CBT with supportWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Transportation accidents (21%); witnessing a sudden, violent, or accidental death (21%); traumatic childbirth or stillbirth (19%); sexual assault or rape (12%); physical attack (10%); life threatening illness or injury (7%); serious accident (2%); learning of the violent death of a loved one (2%); seeing a mutilated body (2%); and being held hostage/detained (2%)42Age range (mean): 20-65 (39.3)Gender (% female): 60 BME (% non-white): BRCountry: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTLewis CE, Farewell D, Groves V, et al. (2017) Internet‐based guided self‐help for posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd): Randomized controlled trial. Depression and anxiety 34(6), 555-6565Littleton 2016Self-help with support: Computerised trauma-focused CBT with supportSelf-help without support: psychoeducational websitePTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Exposure to sexual abuse or assault (Women who had experienced a completed rape since the age of 14)87Age range (mean): 18-42(22)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 54Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): >50% had experienced some other form of interpersonal violence, with childhood/adolescent physical and/or sexual abuse being most commonly reported, followed by physical abuse by a romantic partnerSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerLittleton H, Grills AE, Kline KD, et al. (2016) The From Survivor to Thriver program: RCT of an online therapist-facilitated program for rape-related PTSD. Journal of anxiety disorders 43, 41-51van Emmerik 2008Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualSelf help with support: Structured writing therapyWaitlistSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTSelf-help without supportSelf-help without supportStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReferenceEhlers 2003Trauma-focused CBT: Cognitive therapySelf-help (without support): Cognitive bibliotherapyWaitlist SEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBT66Henderson 2007Self-help (without support): Mandalas (expressive drawing)Attention placeboClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - Assault (8%); motor vehicle accident (11%); death or suicide of a family member or close friend (19%), physical abuse (11%); separation of parents or other family stressor (11%); serious health concern of family or self (11%); sexual abuse (11%); verbal abuse (6%); witness to a traumatic event (11%)36Age range (mean): 18-23 (18.4)Gender (% female): 78BME (% non-white): NRCountry: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTHenderson P, Rosen D and Mascaro N (2007) Empirical study on the healing nature of mandalas. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 1(3), 14867Hirai 2005Self-help (without support): Computerised trauma-focused CBTWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - MVCs (33%), interpersonal violence (22%), eye-witnessed traumatic events (11%), life-threatening disease (11%), illness or traumatic loss (22%)36Age range (mean): NR (29.4)Gender (% female): 78 BME (% non-white): 22 Country: US Coexisting conditions: NR Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerHirai M and Clum GA (2005) An Internet‐based self‐change program for traumatic event related fear, distress, and maladaptive coping. Journal of traumatic stress 2005 18(6), 631-668Kuhn 2017Self-help (without support): Computerised non-trauma-focused CBTWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - Physical assault (47%); sexual assault (14%); serious accident (21%); life-threatening illness or injury (6%); disaster exposure (3%); combat exposure (3%); other event (7%)120Age range (mean): NR (39.3)Gender (% female): 69BME (% non-white): 33Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of traumatic event types 8.5 (SD=3.5). Lifetime trauma exposure: Physical assault (87%); Sexual assault (73%); Serious accident (79%); Life-threatening illness or injury (60%); Disaster exposure (74%); Combat exposure (7%); Other event (93%)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTKuhn E, Kanuri N, Hoffman JE, et al. (2017) A randomized controlled trial of a smartphone app for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 85(3), 267Littleton 2016Self-help with support: Computerised trauma-focused CBT with supportSelf-help without support: psychoeducational websiteSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER SELF-HELP WITH SUPPORT69Miner 2016Self-help (without support): Computerised trauma-focused CBTWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Unclear 49Age range (mean): NR (45.7)Gender (% female): 82BME (% non-white): 43Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: UnclearITT or completer continuous data: ITTMiner A, Kuhn E, Hoffman JE, et al. (2016) Feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the PTSD Coach app: A pilot randomized controlled trial with community trauma survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 8(3), 38470Sloan 2004Self-help (without support): Expressive writingAttention placeboClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - The types of traumatic events endorsed by the participants included rape, witness to murder, physical assault by stranger, life-threatening car accident, and childhood sexual assault by family member51Age range (mean): NR (18.9)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 51Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 63% reported experiencing more than one traumatic eventSingle or multiple incident index trauma: UnclearITT or completer continuous data: completerSloan DM and Marx BP (2004) A closer examination of the structured written disclosure procedure. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 72(2), 16571Sloan 2007Self-help (without support): Expressive writingAttention placeboClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - The most frequently reported traumatic events were sexual assault (65%), physical assault by stranger (48%), motor vehicle accident (43%), and witness to murder (15%)85Age range (mean): NR (18.7)Gender (% female): 80BME (% non-white): 41Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 68% reported experiencing more than one traumatic eventSingle or multiple incident index trauma: UnclearITT or completer continuous data: completerSloan DM, Marx BP and Epstein EM. (2007) Does altering the writing instructions influence outcome associated with written disclosure? Behavior therapy 38(2), 155-6872Sloan 2011Self-help (without support): Expressive writingAttention placeboPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Index traumatic events included sexual assault (40%), physical assault by stranger (31%), motor vehicle accident (14%), witness to a murder (7%) and warzone experience (7%)57Age range (mean): NR (18.9)Gender (% female): NRBME (% non-white): 43Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerSloan DM, Marx BP and Greenberg EM (2011) A test of written emotional disclosure as an intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 49(4), 299-30473Sloan 2012Self-help (without support): Expressive writingWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Motor Vehicle Collisions (Not reported in details) 46Age range (mean): NR (40.7)Gender (% female): 65BME (% non-white): 63Country: USCoexisting conditions: 25% major depressive episode, 10% alcohol abuseLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Median=10.0 events that met DSM-IV PTSD Criterion A for a traumatic stressor. Approximately 85% of the sample reported a history of physical assault and approximately 60% reported a history of sexual assaultSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: NA (only dichotomous data used)Sloan DM, Marx BP, Bovin MJ, et al. (2012) Written exposure as an intervention for PTSD: A randomized clinical trial with motor vehicle accident survivors. Behaviour research and therapy 50(10), 627-3574Spence 2011Self-help (without support): Computerised trauma-focused CBTWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Trauma types reported to have been experienced personally or witnessed by more than 50% of the treatment group: physical assault (74%), other unwanted sexual experience (70%), sexual assault (57%), transportation accidents (52%), and other stressful experiences (52%)44Age range (mean): 21-68 (42.6)Gender (% female): 81BME (% non-white): NRCountry: AustraliaCoexisting conditions: 57% reported taking medication for anxiety or depression at baselineLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of traumatic events: 6.3. Most participants had experienced multiple types of traumaSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTSpence J, Titov N, Dear BF, et al. (2011) Randomized controlled trial of Internet‐delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and anxiety 28(7), 541-5075Truijens 2014Self-help (without support): Expressive writingAttention placeboClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - Traumatic events reported by the participants included having experienced or witnessed an accident (16.4%); physical, mental, or sexual abuse (34.5%); severe illness or death of a loved one (34.5%); and natural disaster or war (14.6%)64Age range (mean): NR (23.7)Gender (% female): 82BME (% non-white): NRCountry: NetherlandsCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: completerTruijens FL and van Emmerik AA (2014) Visual feedback in written imaginal exposure for posttraumatic stress: a preliminary study. Journal of Loss and Trauma 19(5), 403-1576Xu 2016Self-help (without support): Computerised trauma-focused CBTWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - Witnessing others sudden death (37%); Physical abuse (30%), sexual abuse (17%), serious accident in workplace or at home (17%), fire or natural disasters (8%), traffic accidents (7%), hurting others seriously (4%)82Age range (mean): NR (NR)Gender (% female): 75 BME (% non-white): NR Country: China Coexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NR Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerXu W, Wang J, Wang Z, et al. (2016) Web-based intervention improves social acknowledgement and disclosure of trauma, leading to a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of health psychology 21(11), 2695-708CounsellingCounsellingStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReferenceBlanchard 2002/2003/2004Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualCounselling: Supportive counsellingWaitlistSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTBryant 2003aTrauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Counselling: Supportive counsellingSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTCastillo 2016Trauma-focused CBT: Imaginal exposureCounselling: Supportive counsellingSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTCloitre 2010Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Counselling: Supportive counsellingSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTCottraux 2008Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Counselling: Supportive counsellingSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTEhlers 2014Trauma-focused CBT: Cognitive therapyCounselling: Supportive counsellingWaitlistSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTFoa 1991Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Non-trauma-focused CBT: Stress inoculation training (SIT)Counselling: Supportive counsellingSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTKatz 2014Trauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Counselling: Supportive counsellingSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTNeuner 2008Trauma-focused CBT: Narrative exposure therapy (NET)Counselling: Supportive counsellingSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTScheck 1998EMDR: EMDRCounselling: Supportive counsellingSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER EMDR77Yeomans 2010Counselling: Supportive psychotherapy groupWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Witnessing war as a civilian - Almost all participants had been directly victimized by violence during or since the onset of conflict in Burundi in 1993. Frequency and types of events: Combat situation (99% experienced; 0.4% witnessed); Forced to hide (97% experienced; 0.8% witnessed); Unnatural death of family member (97% experienced; 0.8% witnessed); Lack of food and water (95% experienced; 0.4% witnessed); Narrowly escaping death (92% experienced; 6% witnessed); Lack of shelter (90% experienced); Ill health and no medical care (86% experienced; 8% witnessed); Loss of personal property (82% experienced; 9% witnessed); Confined to indoors because of danger (80% experienced; 6% witnessed); Betrayed and placed at risk of death (42% experienced; 18% witnessed); Serious physical injury fromcombat (35% experienced; 45% witnessed); Forced to hide among the dead (28% experienced; 23% witnessed); Imprisonment (24% experienced; 18% witnessed); Sexual abuse/humiliation (10% experienced; 25% witnessed); Forced to harm or kill a stranger (10% experienced; 25% witnessed); Forced to harm or kill a family member or friend (9% experienced; 24% witnessed); Disappearance/kidnapping of spouse (9% experienced; 18% witnessed); Rape (5% experienced; 25% witnessed); Disappearance/kidnapping of son or daughter (4% experienced; 20% witnessed)124Age range (mean): NR (38.6)Gender (% female): 44BME (% non-white): NRCountry: BurundiCoexisting conditions: Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of types of events experienced was 9.9 (SD=2.1). The mean number of types of events experienced or witnessed was 12.6 (SD = 3.2)Single or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerYeomans PD, Forman EM, Herbert JD and Yuen E (2010) A randomized trial of a reconciliation workshop with and without PTSD psychoeducation in Burundian sample. Journal of traumatic stress 23(3), 305-12Attention bias modificationAttention bias modificationStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference78Bar-Haim 2011/Badura-Brack 2015 study 1Attention Bias Modification: Attention Bias ModificationAttention placeboPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Military combat (Israel Defence Forces veterans)52Age range (mean): 22-65 (36.1)Gender (% female): 0 BME (% non-white): NRCountry: IsraelCoexisting conditions: 55% depression; 39% GAD; 15% Personality Disorder- Cluster BLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTBar-Haim Y and Fruchter E (2011) Attention Bias Modification Treatment for Patients With Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) [NCT01368302]. Available from: [accessed 26.07.2017]Badura-Brack AS, Naim R, Ryan TJ, et al. (2015) Effect of attention training on attention bias variability and PTSD symptoms: randomized controlled trials in Israeli and US combat veterans. American journal of psychiatry 172(12), 1233-4179Bar-Haim 2011/Badura-Brack 2015 study 2Attention Bias Modification: Attention Bias ModificationAttention placeboPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Military combat (US military veterans who served in recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan)46Age range (mean): NR (36.3)Gender (% female): 0BME (% non-white): NRCountry: USCoexisting conditions: 59% depression; 8% GAD; 16% panic disorder; 4% social phobia; 4% Personality Disorder- Cluster BLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTBar-Haim Y and Fruchter E (2011) Attention Bias Modification Treatment for Patients With Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) [NCT01368302]. Available from: [accessed 26.07.2017]Badura-Brack AS, Naim R, Ryan TJ, et al. (2015) Effect of attention training on attention bias variability and PTSD symptoms: randomized controlled trials in Israeli and US combat veterans. American journal of psychiatry 172(12), 1233-4180Schoorl 2013Attention Bias Modification: Attention Bias ModificationAttention placeboPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Unclear102Age range (mean): NR (37.1)Gender (% female): 75 BME (% non-white): NRCountry: NetherlandsCoexisting conditions: 2.7 additional diagnoses per patient. Depression: 70%, Dysthymia: 13%, Panic: 33%, Social anxiety: 36%, GAD: 38%, OCD: 16%, Somatization: 8%Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 93% 2+ traumas. Most of the patients had experienced multiple traumas (93.1%). More than half (56.9%) of the patients had been traumatized in childhood and 40.6% had experienced both childhood trauma and more recent traumaSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerSchoorl M, Putman P and van Der Does W (2013) Attentional bias modification in posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 82(2), 99-105Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)Study IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference81Krupnick 2008Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT): IPT (group)WaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Study participants had experienced multiple episodes of trauma, usually beginning in childhood. 98% sexual assault (96% first assaulted before age 12); 96% physical assault before age 1248Age range (mean): NR (32)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 94 Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean 6.4 prior traumasSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTKrupnick JL, Green BL, Stockton P, et al. (2008) Group interpersonal psychotherapy for low-income women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy Research 18(5), 497-507Markowitz 2015aTrauma-focused CBT: Exposure therapy/prolonged exposure (PE)Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT): IPT RelaxationSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBTMetacognitive therapyMetacognitive therapyStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference82Wells 2012Metacognitive therapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Assault (35%), MVC (20%), robbery (10%), sexual assault (15%), witness (10%), work accident (10%)20Age range (mean): NR (37.4)Gender (% female): 55BME (% non-white): NR Country: UK Coexisting conditions: 15% minor depressive disorder; 45% major depressive disorder; 15% GADLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Median number of traumas=1/1.5Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTWells A and Colbear JS (2012) Treating posttraumatic stress disorder with metacognitive therapy: A preliminary controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology 68(4), 373-81Couple interventionCouple interventionStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference83Monson 2008/2012Couple intervention: Cognitive-behavioural conjoint therapyWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Adult sexual trauma (20%); child sexual trauma (28%); noncombat physical assault (15%); motor vehicle collision (8%); witnessing/learning about death/illness (13%); combat (5%); other (13%)40Age range (mean): NR (37.1)Gender (% female): 75BME (% non-white): 28Country: US and CanadaCoexisting conditions: 63% any comorbidity, 40% mood disorder, 30% anxiety disorder, 0% substance abuse, 10% 'other'.Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: UnclearITT or completer continuous data: NA (only dichotomous data used)Monson CM and Vorstenbosch V (2008) Cognitive-behavioral couples therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder [NCT00669981]. Available from: [accessed 08.08.2017]Monson CM, Fredman SJ, Macdonald A, et al. (2012) Effect of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Jama 308(7), 700-984Sautter 2015Couple intervention: Cognitive-behavioural conjoint therapyPsychoeducation: PTSD family educationPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Military combat - Veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)/Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)57Age range (mean): NR (33.1)Gender (% female): 2BME (% non-white): 34Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: completerSautter FJ, Glynn SM, Cretu JB, et al. (2015) Efficacy of structured approach therapy in reducing PTSD in returning veterans: A randomized clinical trial. Psychological services12(3), 199PsychoeducationPsychoeducationStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReferenceChambers 2014Trauma-focused CBT: CBT individualPsychoeducation: single psychoeducational phonecallSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER TRAUMA-FOCUSED CBT85Ghafoori 2016Psychoeducation: Single psychoeducation sessionWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Unclear (not reported in details)86Age range (mean): NR (NR)Gender (% female): 45BME (% non-white): 73Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): Mean number of lifetime traumas 8.3 (SD=3.6)Single or multiple incident index trauma: UnclearITT or completer continuous data: completerGhafoori B, Fisher D, Korosteleva O and Hong M (2016) A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study of a Single-Session Psychoeducation Treatment for Urban, Culturally Diverse, Trauma-Exposed Adults. The Journal of nervous and mental disease 204(6), 421-30Sautter 2015Couple intervention: Cognitive-behavioural conjoint therapyPsychoeducation: PTSD family educationSEE OTHER DETAILS OF THE STUDY UNDER COUPLE INTERVENTIONBehavioural therapyBehavioural therapyStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference86Basoglu 2005Behavioural therapy: Imaginal exposureWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Natural disasters (such as severe floods, earthquakes or tsunamis) – Survivors of earthquake in Turkey on August 17, 1999: 20% survivors were trapped under rubble; 39% suffered varying degrees of physical injury; 5% lost at least one first-degree relative and 70% lost at least a second-degree relative or a friend; 19% survivors participated in rescue work59Age range (mean): NR (36.3)Gender (% female): 85BME (% non-white): NRCountry: TurkeyCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): 63% previous trauma (MVCs, fire, floods)Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTBasoglu M, Salcioglu E and Livanou M (2005) Single-session behavioural treatment of earthquake-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomised waiting list controlled trial, Journal of Traumatic Stress 18, 1-1187Basoglu 2007Behavioural therapy: In vivo exposureWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Natural disasters (such as severe floods, earthquakes or tsunamis) – Survivors of earthquake in Turkey on August 17, 1999: 20% survivors were trapped under rubble; 39% suffered varying degrees of physical injury; 5% lost at least one first-degree relative and 70% lost at least a second-degree relative or a friend; 19% survivors participated in rescue work31Age range (mean): NR (34) Gender (% female): 87BME (% non-white): NRCountry: Coexisting conditions: Major depression: 36%, Panic disorder: 10%, panic disorder with agoraphobia: 19%Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: ITTBa?o?lu M, ?alcio?lu E and Livanou M (2007) A randomized controlled study of single-session behavioural treatment of earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder using an earthquake simulator. Psychological medicine 37(2), 203-13Resilience-oriented treatmentResilience-oriented treatmentStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference88Kent 2011Resilience-oriented treatment: Resilience-oriented treatmentWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Mixed - All participants were veterans from the Vietnam war era up through the Gulf war. The traumas indexed by the CAPS were combat (31%), childhood sexual abuse (21%), childhood physical abuse (18%), violent unexpected death of another (14%), sexual assault (6%), physical assault (5%), and accident (5%)39Age range (mean): 34-66 (54)Gender (% female): 33BME (% non-white): 24 Country: USCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: MultipleITT or completer continuous data: ITTKent M, Davis MC, Stark SL and Stewart LA (2011) A resilience‐oriented treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results of a preliminary randomized clinical trial. Journal of traumatic stress 24(5), 591-5Family therapyFamily therapyStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference89Kazak 2004Family therapy: Family therapy groupWaitlistClinically important PTSD symptoms (scoring above a threshold on validated scale)Family member or carer of person with life-threatening illness or injury (Mothers of childhood cancer survivors)146Age range (median): 26-59 (42.9)Gender (% female): 100BME (% non-white): 12Country: US Coexisting conditions: NR Lifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NR Single or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: modified ITTKazak AE, Alderfer MA, Streisand R, et al (2004) Treatment of posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescent survivors of childhood cancer and their families: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Family Psychology 18(3), 493-504Psychodynamic therapyPsychodynamic therapyStudy IDNMA node: interventionPTSD detailsTrauma typeNDemographicsReference90Steinert 2017Psychodynamic therapy: Resource activationWaitlistPTSD diagnosis according to ICD/DSM criteria (including self-report of diagnosis)Mixed - Domestic violence (23%), sexual abuse (15%), traffic accident (24%), other serious accident, e.g. stepping on a mine (7%), witnessing death of someone close (12%), assault (10%), 'other' such as combat or trafficking (10%)86Age range (mean): NR (27.5)Gender (% female): 61BME (% non-white): NR Country: CambodiaCoexisting conditions: NRLifetime experience of trauma (mean number of prior traumas/% with previous trauma): NRSingle or multiple incident index trauma: SingleITT or completer continuous data: NA (only dichotomous data used)Steinert C, Bumke PJ, Hollekamp RL, et al. (2017) Resource activation for treating post-traumatic stress disorder, co-morbid symptoms and impaired functioning: a randomized controlled trial in Cambodia. Psychological medicine 47(3), 553-64Appendix 6: List of excluded studies with reasons for exclusionExcluded from the systematic review of psychological, psychosocial and other non-pharmacological treatments for PTSD in adultsStudy IDReferenceReason for exclusion1Acosta 2017Acosta MC, Possemato K, Maisto SA, Marsch LA, Barrie K, Lantinga L, Fong C, Xie H, Grabinski M, Rosenblum A. Web-delivered CBT reduces heavy drinking in OEF-OIF veterans in primary care with symptomatic substance use and PTSD. Behavior therapy. 2017 Mar 31;48(2):262-76.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted2Adenauer 2011/Catani 2010Adenauer H, Catani C, Gola H, Keil J, Ruf M, Schauer M, Neuner F. Narrative exposure therapy for PTSD increases top-down processing of aversive stimuli-evidence from a randomized controlled treatment trial. BMC neuroscience. 2011 Dec 19;12(1):127.Catani C, Neuner F. Change of Neural Network Indicators Through Narrative Treatment of PTSD in Torture Victims [NCT00563888]. 2010. Available from: [accessed 28.07.2017]Sample size (N<10/arm)3Aderka 2013Aderka IM, Gillihan SJ, McLean CP, Foa EB. The relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms during prolonged exposure with and without cognitive restructuring for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2013 Jun;81(3):375.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included4Adler 2008Adler AB, Litz BT, Castro CA, Suvak M, Thomas JL, Burrell L, McGurk D, Wright KM, Bliese PD. A group randomized trial of critical incident stress debriefing provided to US peacekeepers. Journal of traumatic stress. 2008 Jun 1;21(3):253-63.Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service5Ahmadi 2015Ahmadi K, Hazrati M, Ahmadizadeh M, Noohi S. REM desensitization as a new therapeutic method for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Medica Indonesiana. 2015;47(2).Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service6Albright 2010Albright DL, Thyer B. Does EMDR reduce post‐traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in combat veterans?. Behavioral Interventions. 2010 Feb 1;25(1):1-9.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract?7Allan 2015Allan NP, Short NA, Albanese BJ, Keough ME, Schmidt NB. Direct and mediating effects of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. Cognitive behaviour therapy. 2015 Nov 2;44(6):512-24.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted8Amir 2008Amir N. Information Processing Modification in the Treatment of PTSD [NCT00604045]. 2014. Available from: [accessed 08.08.2017]Sample size (N<10/arm)9Anderson 2010Anderson T, Fende Guajardo J, Luthra R, Edwards KM. Effects of clinician-assisted emotional disclosure for sexual assault survivors: A pilot study. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2010 Jun;25(6):1113-31.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted10Anderson 2014Anderson ML, Najavits LM. Does seeking safety reduce PTSD symptoms in women receiving physical disability compensation?. Rehabilitation psychology. 2014 Aug;59(3):349.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant11Andersson 2013Andersson MA, Conley CS. Optimizing the perceived benefits and health outcomes of writing about traumatic life events. Stress and Health. 2013 Feb 1;29(1):40-9.?Comparison outside protocol12Andre 1997Andre, C., Lelord, F., Legeron, P., Reignier, A., & Delattre, A. (1997). Effectiveness of early intervention on 132 bus drivers who have been victims of aggression: A controlled study. Encephale, 23, 65-71.Non-English language paper13Angelakis 2010Angelakis, S. The utility of combining cognitive processing therapy and behavioural activation for individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorders: Is there added benefit to combining treatments? 2010. Available from: [accessed 26.07.2017]Unpublished (registered on clinical trials registry and author contacted for full trial report but not provided)14Anonymous 2004NCT00055354. Acupuncture Diagnosis and Treatment of DSM-IV PTSD. Available from: [accessed 26.07.2017]Paper unavailable15Arabia 2011Arabia E, Manca ML, Solomon RM. EMDR for survivors of life-threatening cardiac events: results of a pilot study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research. 2011 Feb 1;5(1):2-13.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted16Arntz 2007Arntz A, Tiesema M, Kindt M. Treatment of PTSD: A comparison of imaginal exposure with and without imagery rescripting. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry. 2007 Dec 31;38(4):345-parison outside protocol17Arroyo 2017Arroyo K, Lundahl B, Butters R, Vanderloo M, Wood DS. Short-term interventions for survivors of intimate partner violence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2017 Apr;18(2):155-71.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract18Augedal 2013Augedal AW, Hansen KS, Kronhaug CR, Harvey AG, Pallesen S. Randomized controlled trials of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nightmares: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2013 Apr 30;17(2):143-52.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract19Back 2011Back, S. Integrated Treatment of OEF/OIF Veterans With PTSD & Substance Use Disorders (COPE). NCT01338506. 2011. Available from: [accessed 26.07.2017]Unpublished (registered on clinical and author contacted for full trial report but not provided)20Badour 2017Badour CL, Flanagan JC, Gros DF, Killeen T, Pericot-Valverde I, Korte KJ, Allan NP, Back SE. Habituation of distress and craving during treatment as predictors of change in PTSD symptoms and substance use severity. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2017 Mar;85(3):274.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant21Badura-Brack 2018Badura-Brack A, McDermott TJ, Becker KM, Ryan TJ, Khanna MM, Pine DS, Bar-Haim Y, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wilson TW. Attention training modulates resting-state neurophysiological abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 2018 Jan 30;271:135-41.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included22Banerjee 2007Banerjee, B., Vadiraj, H. S., Ram, A., Rao, R., Jayapal, M., Gopinath, K. S., Ramesh, B. S., Rao, N., Kumar, A., Raghuram, N., Hegde, S., Nagendra, H. R., Prakash Hande, M. (2007) Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, Integrative Cancer Therapies, 6, 242-250Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms23Banks 2015Banks K, Newman E, Saleem J. An overview of the research on mindfulness‐based interventions for treating symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Journal of clinical psychology. 2015 Oct 1;71(10):935-63.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract24Banos 2011Ba?os RM, Guillen V, Quero S, Garcia-Palacios A, Alcaniz M, Botella C. A virtual reality system for the treatment of stress-related disorders: A preliminary analysis of efficacy compared to a standard cognitive behavioral program. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 2011 Aug 31;69(9):602-13.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms25Barabasz 2013Barabasz A, Barabasz M, Christensen C, French B, Watkins JG. Efficacy of single-session abreactive ego state therapy for combat stress injury, PTSD, and ASD. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 2013 Jan 1;61(1):1-9.Non-randomised group assignment26Barrera 2013Barrera, TL.; Mott, JM.; Hofstein, RF.; Teng, EJ.; (2013) A meta-analytic review of exposure in group cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Psych Rev 33 (1): 24-32Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract27Barton 2014Barton, S.; Karner, C.; Salih, F.; Baldwin, DS.; Edwards, SJ.; (2014) Clinical effectiveness of interventions for treatment-resisitant anxiety in older people: a systematic review. Health Tech Ass 18 (50): 1366-5278Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract28Basoglu (unpublished)Basoglu, M., Salcioglu, E., Livanou, M., Kalender, D., Acar, G. Single-session behavioral treatment of earthquake-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized waitlist controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress (in press).Paper unavailable29Basoglu 2003Basoglu, M., Livanou, M., Salcioglu, E., & Kalender, D. (2003). A brief behavioural treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors: results from an open clinical trial. Psychol.Med, 33, 647-654.Non-RCT (no control group)30Battersby 2013Battersby MW, Beattie J, Pols RG, Smith DP, Condon J, Blunden S. A randomised controlled trial of the Flinders Program? of chronic condition management in Vietnam veterans with co-morbid alcohol misuse, and psychiatric and medical conditions. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 May;47(5):451-62.Population not relevant for this review (to be considered for other relevant RQ)31Bean 2017Bean RC, Ong CW, Lee J, Twohig MP. Acceptance and commitment therapy for PTSD and trauma: An empirical review. The Behavior Therapist. 2017;4,145-150.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract32Beatty 2016Beatty L, Koczwara B, Wade T. Evaluating the efficacy of a self-guided Web-based CBT intervention for reducing cancer-distress: a randomised controlled trial. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2016 Mar 1;24(3):1043-parison outside protocol33Beidel 2011Beidel DC, Frueh BC, Uhde TW, Wong N, Mentrikoski JM. Multicomponent behavioral treatment for chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2011 Mar 31;25(2):224-parison outside protocol34Beidel 2017Beidel DC, Frueh BC, Neer SM, Bowers CA, Trachik B, Uhde TW, Grubaugh A. Trauma management therapy with virtual-reality augmented exposure therapy for combat-related PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2017 Aug parison outside protocol35Bekker 2007Bekker, MHJ.; van Mens-Verhulst J.; (2007) Anxiety Disorders: Sex Differences in Prevalence, Degree and Background, But Gender-Neutral Treatment. Gender Med 4 (S2): S178-S193.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract36Belleau 2017Belleau EL, Chin EG, Wanklyn SG, Zambrano-Vazquez L, Schumacher JA, Coffey SF. Pre-treatment predictors of dropout from prolonged exposure therapy in patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2017 Apr 30;91:43-50.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted37Benish 2008Benish, SG.; Imel, ZE.; Wampold, BE.; (2008) The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract38Bergen-Cico 2014Bergen-Cico D, Possemato K, Pigeon W. Reductions in cortisol associated with primary care brief mindfulness program for veterans with PTSD. Medical Care. 2014 Dec 1;52:S25-31.Outcomes are not of interest39Berlim 2014Berlim, MT.; Wan den Eynde, F.; (2014) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Exploratory Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind and Sham-Controlled Trials. The Canadian J of Psychiartry 59 (9)Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract40Bichescu 2007Bichescu D, Neuner F, Schauer M, Elbert T. Narrative exposure therapy for political imprisonment-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Behaviour research and therapy. 2007 Sep 30;45(9):2212-20.Sample size (N<10/arm)41Bisson 2005Bisson, J.; Andrew,; Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (2007)Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsSystematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract42Bisson 2007Bisson, JI.; Ehlers, A.; Matthews, R.; Pilling, S.; Richards, D.; Turner, S.; (2007) Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review and meta-analysis. British J Psych 190: 97-104Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract43Bisson 2013Bisson, J.; Roberts, NP.; Andre, M.; Cooper, R.; Lewis, C.; (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatice stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsSystematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract44Boals 2016Boals A, Murrell AR. I am> trauma: Experimentally reducing event centrality and PTSD symptoms in a clinical trial. Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2016 Nov 1;21(6):471-83.Non-randomised group assignment45Boccia 2015Boccia, M.; Piccardi, L.; Cordellieri, P.; Guariglia, C.; Giannini, AM.; (2015) EMDR therapy for PTSD after motor vehicle accidents: meta-analytic evidence for specific treatment. Front Hum Neurosci 9: 213Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract46Boden 2012/2014Boden MT, Kimerling R, Jacobs‐Lentz J, Bowman D, Weaver C, Carney D, Walser R, Trafton JA. Seeking Safety treatment for male veterans with a substance use disorder and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Addiction. 2012 Mar 1;107(3):578-86.Boden MT, Kimerling R, Kulkarni M, Bonn-Miller MO, Weaver C, Trafton J. Coping among military veterans with PTSD in substance use disorder treatment. Journal of substance abuse treatment. 2014 Aug 31;47(2):160-7.Non-randomised group assignment47Boggio 2010Boggio PS, Rocha M, Oliveira MO, Fecteau S, Cohen RB, Campanh? C, Ferreira-Santos E, Meleiro A, Corchs F, Zaghi S, Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive brain stimulation with high-frequency and low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2010 Aug;71(8):992.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted48Bolton 2015Bolton, AJ.; Dorstyn, DS.; (2015) Telepsychology for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic reivew. J Telemedicine and Telecare 21 (5)Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract49Bomyea 2015Bomyea J, Stein MB, Lang AJ. Interference control training for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial of a novel computer-based intervention. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2015 Aug 31;34:33-parison outside protocol50Bomyea 2017Bomyea J, Lang AJ, Schnurr PP. TBI and Treatment Response in a Randomized Trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 2017 Jan.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms51Bordow 1979Bordow, S. & Porritt, D. (1979). An experimental evaluation of crisis intervention. Social Science & Medicine, 13A, 251-256.Non-randomised group assignment52Boritz 2016Boritz T, Barnhart R, McMain SF. The influence of posttraumatic stress disorder on treatment outcomes of patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of personality disorders. 2016 Jun;30(3):395-407.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms53Bottche 2016B?ttche M, Kuwert P, Pietrzak RH, Knaevelsrud C. Predictors of outcome of an Internet‐based cognitive‐behavioural therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder in older adults. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 2016 Mar 1;89(1):82-96.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included54Boudewyns 1990Boudewyns, P.A.; Hyer, L. (1990) Physiological response to combat memories and preliminary treatment outcome in Vietnam veteren PTSD patients treated with direct therapeutic exposure. Behavior Therapy, 21, 63-87Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms55Bowland 2012Bowland S, Edmond T, Fallot RD. Evaluation of a spiritually focused intervention with older trauma survivors. Social work. 2012 Jan 1;57(1):73-82.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms56Bradley 2003Bradley, RG.; Follingstad DR.; (2003) Group Therapy for Incarcerated Women Who Experienced Interpersonal Violence: A Pilot Study. J Trau Stress 16(4):337-340Population outside scope: Trials of adults in contact with the criminal justice system (not solely as a result of being a witness or victim)57Bradley 2005Bradley, R.; Greene, J.; Russ, E.; Dutra, L.; Westen, D.; (2005) A Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psych 162 (2): 214-227Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract58Bradshaw 2014Bradshaw RA, McDonald MJ, Grace R, Detwiler L, Austin K. A randomized clinical trial of Observed and Experiential Integration (OEI): A simple, innovative intervention for affect regulation in clients with PTSD. Traumatology. 2014 Sep;20(3):161.Sample size (N<10/arm)59Bremner 2017Bremner JD, Mishra S, Campanella C, Shah M, Kasher N, Evans S, Fani N, Shah AJ, Reiff C, Davis LL, Vaccarino V and Carmody J (2017) A Pilot Study of the Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Brain Response to Traumatic Reminders of Combat in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front. Psychiatry 8:157. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00157Sample size (N<10/arm)60Brief 2013Brief DJ, Rubin A, Keane TM, Enggasser JL, Roy M, Helmuth E, Hermos J, Lachowicz M, Rybin D, Rosenbloom D. Web intervention for OEF/OIF veterans with problem drinking and PTSD symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2013 Oct;81(5):890.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms61Brown 2013Brown LA, Craske MG, Glenn DE, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Sherbourne C, Bystritsky A, Welch SS, Campbell‐Sills L, Lang A, Roy‐Byrne P. CBT competence in novice therapists improves anxiety outcomes. Depression and anxiety. 2013 Feb 1;30(2):97-115.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms62Brown 2014Brown AJ, Bollini AM, Craighead LW, Astin MC, Norrholm SD, Bradley B. Self‐Monitoring of Reexperiencing Symptoms: A Randomized Trial. Journal of traumatic stress. 2014 Oct 1;27(5):519-25.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted63Bryant 2008bBryant RA, Moulds ML, Guthrie RM, Dang ST, Mastrodomenico J, Nixon RD, Felmingham KL, Hopwood S, Creamer M. A randomized controlled trial of exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2008 Aug;76(4):parison outside protocol64Bryant 2013Bryant RA, Mastrodomenico J, Hopwood S, Kenny L, Cahill C, Kandris E, Taylor K. Augmenting cognitive behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder with emotion tolerance training: a randomized controlled trial. FOCUS. 2013 Jul;11(3):379-86.Paper unavailable65Butollo 2016Butollo W, Karl R, K?nig J, Rosner R. A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Dialogical Exposure Therapy versus Cognitive Processing Therapy for Adult Outpatients Suffering from PTSD after Type I Trauma in Adulthood. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2016;85(1):16-parison outside protocol66Cabral 2011Cabral, P.; Meyer, HB.; Ames, D.; (2011) Effectiveness of Yoga Therapy as a Complementary Treatment for Major Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-Analysis . Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 13 (4) Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract67Carlson 2013/2016Carlson LE, Doll R, Stephen J, Faris P, Tamagawa R, Drysdale E, Speca M. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cancer recovery versus supportive expressive group therapy for distressed survivors of breast cancer (MINDSET). Journal of clinical oncology. 2013 Aug 5;31(25):3119-26.Carlson LE, Tamagawa R, Stephen J, Drysdale E, Zhong L, Speca M. Randomized‐controlled trial of mindfulness‐based cancer recovery versus supportive expressive group therapy among distressed breast cancer survivors (MINDSET): long‐term follow‐up results. Psycho‐Oncology. 2016 Jul 1;25(7):750-9.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms68Carlson 2014Carlson, L.E., Tamagawa, R., Stephen, J., Doll, R., Faris, P., Dirkse, D. and Speca, M., 2014. Tailoring mind-body therapies to individual needs: patients’ program preference and psychological traits as moderators of the effects of mindfulness-based cancer recovery and supportive-expressive therapy in distressed breast cancer survivors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs, 2014(50), pp.308-314.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant69Carpenter 2014Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Schmitz K, McGregor BA, Doorenbos AZ. An online stress management workbook for breast cancer. Journal of behavioral medicine. 2014 Jun 1;37(3):458-68.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted70Carter 2006bCarter JJ. A controlled breathing course promoting social and emotional health for Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder - A randomised controlled trial [NCT00256477]. 2006. Available from: [accessed 28.07.2017]Paper unavailable71Carter 2006aCarter J, Byrne G. A two year study of the use of yoga in a series of pilot studies as an adjunct to ordinary psychiatric treatment in a group of Vietnam War veterans suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Online document at: Therapywithyoga. com Accessed November. 2004;27.Design: Non-randomised group assignment72Carter 2013Carter J, Gerbarg PL, Brown RP, Ware RS, D’Ambrosio C. Multi-component yoga breath program for Vietnam veteran post traumatic stress disorder: randomized controlled trial. J Trauma Stress Disor Treat 2. 2013;3:2.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted73Casement 2012Casement, MD.; Swanson, LM.; (2012) A meta-analysis of imagery rehearsal for post-traumatic nightmares: Effects on nightmare frequency, sleep quality and posttraumatic stress. Clinical Psychology Review. 32 (6): 566-574Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract74Chemtob 1997bChemtob, C. M., Novaco, R. W., Hamada, R. S., & Gross, D. M. (1997). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for severe anger in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65, 184-189Sample size (N<10/arm)75Chen 2014Chen, Y-R.; Hung, K-W.; Tsai, J-C.; Chu, H.; Chung, M-H.; Chen, S-R.; Liao, Y-M.; Ou, K-L.; Chang, Y-C.; Chou, K-R.; (2014) Efficacy of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for patients with Posttraumatic-Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLOS-One 9 (8)Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract76Chen 2015Chen, L.; Zhang, G.; Hu M.; Liang, X.; (2015) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Versus Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Adult Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J of Nervous and Mental Disease. 203 (6):443-451Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract77Chiesa 2010Chiesa, A.; (2010) Vipassana Meditation: Systematic Review of Current Evidence. The Jornal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 (1): 37-46Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract78Christensen 2013Christensen C, Barabasz A, Barabasz M. Efficacy of abreactive ego state therapy for PTSD: Trauma resolution, depression, and anxiety. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 2013 Jan 1;61(1):20-37.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted79Church 2016bChurch D, Yount G, Rachlin K, Fox L, Nelms J. Epigenetic Effects of PTSD Remediation in Veterans Using Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2016 Aug 12:0890117116661154.Sample size (N<10/arm)80Cimpianu 2017Cimpianu, C-L.; Strube, W.; Falkai, P.; Palm, U.; Hasan, A.; (2017) Vagus nerve stimulation in psychiarty: a systematic review of the available evidence. J Nerual Transmission 124 (1): 145-158Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract81Clarke 2008Clarke SB, Rizvi SL, Resick PA. Borderline personality characteristics and treatment outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatments for PTSD in female rape victims. Behavior therapy. 2008 Mar 31;39(1):72-8.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included82Classen 2001Classen, C., Koopman, C., Nevill-Manning, K., & Spiegel, D. (2001). A preliminary report comparing trauma-focused and present-focused group therapy against a wait-listed condition among childhood sexual abuse survivors with PTSD. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 4, 265-288.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted83Clausen 2012Clausen, J., Ruff, S., Von Wiederhold, W., Heineman, T. (2012) For as long as it takes: Relationship-based play therapy for children in foster care, Psychoanalytic Social Work, 19, 43-53Non-RCT (no control group)84Cloitre 2012Cloitre M, Petkova E, Wang J. An examination of the influence of a sequential treatment on the course and impact of dissociation among women with PTSD related to childhood abuse. Depression and Anxiety. 2012 Aug 1;29(8):709-17.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included85Cloitre 2017Cloitre M, Garvert DW, Weiss BJ. Depression as a moderator of STAIR Narrative Therapy for women with post-traumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse. European journal of psychotraumatology. 2017 Jan 1;8(1):1377028.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included86Clond 2016Clond, M.; (2016) Emotional Freedom Techniques for Anxiety: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. J of Nervous and Mental disease 204 (5):388-395Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract87Connolly 2013Connolly SM, Roe-Sepowitz D, Sakai C, Edwards J. Utilizing community resources to treat PTSD: A randomized controlled study using Thought Field Therapy. African J Trauma Studies. 2013;3:24-32.Non-randomised group assignment88Coffey 2006Coffey SF, Stasiewicz PR, Hughes PM, Brimo ML. Trauma-focused imaginal exposure for individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence: Revealing mechanisms of alcohol craving in a cue reactivity paradigm. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2006 Dec;20(4):425.Sample size (N<10/arm)89Cohen 2004bCohen, H., Kaplan, Z., Kotler, M., Kouperman, I., Moisa, R., & Grisaru, N. (2004). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(3), 515-524.Sample size (N<10/arm)90Cook 2013Cook JM, Thompson R, Harb GC, Ross RJ. Cognitive? behavioral treatment for posttraumatic nightmares: An investigation of predictors of dropout and outcome. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2013 Nov;5(6):545.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant91Cooper 1989Cooper, N.A.; Clum, G.A. (1989) Imaginal flooding as a supplimentary treatment for PTSD in combat veterens: a controlled study. Behavior Therapy, 20, 381-391Sample size (N<10/arm)92Cooper 2017aCooper AA, Kline AC, Graham B, Bedard-Gilligan M, Mello PG, Feeny NC, Zoellner LA. Homework “dose,” type, and helpfulness as predictors of clinical outcomes in prolonged exposure for PTSD. Behavior therapy. 2017 Mar 1;48(2):182-94.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant93Cooper 2017bCooper AA, Zoellner LA, Roy-Byrne P, Mavissakalian MR, Feeny NC. Do changes in trauma-related beliefs predict PTSD symptom improvement in prolonged exposure and sertraline?. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2017 Sep;85(9):873.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant94Cort 2012Cort NA, Gamble SA, Smith PN, Chaudron LH, Lu N, He H, Talbot NL. Predictors of treatment outcomes among depressed women with childhood sexual abuse histories. Depression and anxiety. 2012 Jun 1;29(6):479-86.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included95Craft 2013Craft MA, Davis GC, Paulson RM. Expressive writing in early breast cancer survivors. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2013 Feb 1;69(2):305-15.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms96Craske 2011Craske MG, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Sherbourne C, Bystritsky A, Rose RD, Lang AJ, Welch S, Campbell-Sills L, Golinelli D, Roy-Byrne P. Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2011 Apr 4;68(4):378-88.Intervention outside protocol97Crawford 2016Crawford JJ, Vallance JK, Holt NL, Steed H, Courneya KS. A phase I/II pilot study assessing the preliminary efficacy of wall climbing for improving posttraumatic growth and quality of life in gynecologic cancer survivors. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2016 Oct 31;11:60-6.Outcomes are not of interest98Crespo 2010Crespo M, Arinero M. Assessment of the efficacy of a psychological treatment for women victims of violence by their intimate male partner. The Spanish journal of psychology. 2010 Nov;13(2):849-63.Non-randomised group assignment99Crumlish 2010Crumlish, N.; O'Rourke, K.; (2010) A systematic review of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees and asylum-seekers. J Nervous and Mental Disease 198 (4): 237-251Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract100Cuijpers 2009Cuijpers, P.; Marks, IM.; Van Straten, A.; Cavanagh, K.; Gega, L.; Andersson, G.; (2009) Computer-Aided Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review. Cog Beh Therapy 38(2): 66-82Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract101Cuijpers 2013Cuijpers, P.; Sijbrandij, M.; Koole, SL.; Andersson, G.; Beekman, AT.; Reynolds, CF.; (2013) The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry 12 (2): 137-148Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract102Cusack 1999Cusack, K. & Spates, C. R. (1999). The cognitive dismantling of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 87-99.Non-randomised group assignment103Cusack 2016Cusack, K.; Jonas, DE.; Forneris, CA.; Wines, C.; Sonis, J.; Middleton, JC.; Feltner, C.; Brownley, KA.; Olmsted, KR.; Greenblatt, A.; Weil, A.; Gaynes, BN.; (2016) Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Pscy Rev 43: 128-141Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract104Cyniak-Cieciura 2015Cyniak-Cieciura M, Popiel A, Zawadzki B. General self-efficacy level and changes in negative postttraumatic cognitions and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among motor vehicle accident survivors after PTSD therapy. Psychol Stud. 2015;53:18-29.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included105Da SilvaDa Silva, TL.; Ravindran, LN.; Ravindran, AV.; (2009) Yoga in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders: A review. Asian J Psychiatry 2 (1): 6-16Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract106Dalton 2013Dalton EJ, Greenman PS, Classen CC, Johnson SM. Nurturing connections in the aftermath of childhood trauma: A randomized controlled trial of emotionally focused couple therapy for female survivors of childhood abuse. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice. 2013 Sep;2(3):209.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted107Deacon 2004Deacon, BJ.; Abramowitz, JS.; (2004) Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings. J Clin Psyh 60 (4): 429-441Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract108Detweiler 2015Detweiler MB, Lane S, Spencer L, Lutgens B, Halling MH, Rudder TF, Lehmann L. Horticultural therapy: A pilot study on modulating cortisol levels and indices of substance craving, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and quality of life in veterans. Alternative therapies in health and medicine. 2015 Jul 1;21(4):36.Sample size (N<10/arm)109Devilly 1998Devilly, G. J., Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (1998). Statistical and reliable change with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Treating trauma within a veteran population. Behavior Therapy, 29, 435-455.Non-randomised group assignment110Devilly 1999Devilly GJ, Spence SH. The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive-behavior trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of anxiety disorders. 1999 Apr 30;13(1):131-57.Non-randomised group assignment111Devilly 2001Devilly GJ. The successful treatment of PTSD through overt cognitive behavioral therapy in non-responders to EMDR. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2001 Jan;29(1):57-70.Non-RCT (no control group)112Diehle 2014Diehle, J.; Schmitt, K.; Daams, JG.; Boer, F.; Lindauer, RJL.; (2014) Effects of Psychotherapy on Trauma-Related Cognitions in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. J Traumatic Stress 27 (3): 257-264Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract113Difede 2007aDifede J, Cukor J, Jayasinghe N, Patt I, Jedel S, Spielman L, Giosan C, Hoffman HG. Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following September 11, 2001. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2007 Nov 11;68(11):1639.Sample size (N<10/arm)114DiMauro 2014DiMauro, J.; (2014) Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Military Psychology 26(2):120-130Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract115Dinnen 2014Dinnen, S.; Simiola, V.; Cook, JM.; (2014) Post-traumatic stress disorder in older adults: a systematic review of the psychotherapy treatment literature. Aging and Mental Health 19 (2): 144-150Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract116Dodds 2015Dodds SE, Pace TW, Bell ML, Fiero M, Negi LT, Raison CL, Weihs KL. Feasibility of Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT) for breast cancer survivors: a randomized, wait list controlled pilot study. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2015 Dec 1;23(12):3599-608.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted117Dorrepaal 2010Dorrepaal E, Thomaes K, Smit JH, van Balkom AJ, van Dyck R, Veltman DJ, Draijer N. Stabilizing group treatment for complex posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse based on psycho-education and cognitive behavioral therapy: A pilot study. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2010 Apr 30;34(4):284-8.Non-RCT (no control group)118Dorrepaal 2013Dorrepaal E, Thomaes K, Smit JH, Veltman DJ, Hoogendoorn AW, van Balkom AJ, Draijer N. Treatment compliance and effectiveness in complex PTSD patients with co-morbid personality disorder undergoing stabilizing cognitive behavioral group treatment: A preliminary study. European journal of psychotraumatology. 2013 Dec 1;4(1):21171.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included119Dorrepaal 2014Dorrepaal, E.; Thomaes, K.; Hoogendoorn, AW.; Veltman, DJ.; Drijer, N.; Van Balkom, AJLM.; (2014) Evidence-based treatment for adult women with child abouse-related Complex PTSD: a quantitative review. Eur J Psychotraumatology 5(1):Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract120Dossa 2012Dossa, NI.; Hatem, M.; (2012) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy versus Other PTSD Psychotherapies as Treatment for Women Victims of War-Related Violence: A Systematic Review. The Scientific World Journal:ID, 181847Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract121Dro??ek 2010Dro??ek B, Bolwerk N. Evaluation of group therapy with traumatized asylum seekers and refugees—The Den Bosch Model. Traumatology. 2010 Dec;16(4):117.Non-randomised group assignment122Dro??ek 2012Dro?dek B, Kamperman AM, Bolwerk N, Tol WA, Kleber RJ. Group therapy with male asylum seekers and refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder: A controlled comparison cohort study of three day-treatment programs. The Journal of nervous and mental disease. 2012 Sep 1;200(9):758-65.Non-randomised group assignment123Drummond 2009Drummond SP. Treating Insomnia & Nightmares After Trauma: Impact on Symptoms & Quality of Life [NCT01009112]. Available from: [accessed 08.08.2017]Comparison outside protocol124Duan-Porter 2016Duan-Porter, W.; Coeytaux, RR.; McDuffie, JR.; Goode, AP.; Sharma, P.; Mennella, H.; Nagi, A.; Williams, JW.; (2016) Evidence Map of Yoga for Depression, Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Phsyical Activity Health 13: 281-288Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract125Dybdahl 2001Dybdahl, R. (2001) Children and mothers in war: an outcome study of a psychosocial intervention program. Child Development, 72, 4, 1214-1230Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted126Echeburua 1996Echeburua, E; Corral, P.; Sarasua, B; Zubizarreta, I. (1996) Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: an experimental study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 3, 185-199Non-randomised group assignment127Echeburua 1997Echeburua, E., de Corral, P., Zubizarreta, I., & Sarasua, B. (1997). Psychological treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of sexual aggression. Behavior Modification, 21, 433- 456.Sample size (N<10/arm)128Edzard 2012Edzard, E.; Snyder, J.; Dunlop, RA.; (2012) National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine-funded randomised controlled trials of acupuncture: a systematic review. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 17(1):15-22.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract129Ehring 2014Ehring, T.; Welboren, R.; Morina, N.; Wicherts, JM.; Freitag, J.; Emmelkamp, PMG.; (2014) Meta-analysis of psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Clin Pscyh Rev 34(8):645-657Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract130Elkjaer 2014Elkjaer H, Kristensen E, Mortensen EL, Poulsen S, Lau M. Analytic versus systemic group therapy for women with a history of child sexual abuse: 1‐Year follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 2014 Jun 1;87(2):191-208.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms131Engel 2015Engel CC, Litz B, Magruder KM, Harper E, Gore K, Stein N, Yeager D, Liu X, Coe TR. Delivery of self training and education for stressful situations (DESTRESS-PC): a randomized trial of nurse assisted online self-management for PTSD in primary care. General hospital psychiatry. 2015 Aug 31;37(4):323-8.Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service132Erford 2016Erford, BT.; Gunther, C.; Duncan, K.; Bardhoshi, G.; Dummett, B.; Kraft, J.; Deferio, K.; Falco, M.; Ross, M.; (2016) Meta-Analysis of Counseling Outcomes for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Couns Devplt 94 (1); 13-30Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract133Erickson 2007Erickson DH, Janeck AS, Tallman K. A cognitive-behavioral group for patients with various anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2007 Sep;58(9):1205-11.Population outside scope: <80% of the study's participants are eligible for the review and disaggregated data cannot be obtained134Falsetti 2001Falsetti, S.A.; Resnick, H.S. & Gallagher, N.G. (2001) Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with comorbid panic attacks: combining cognitive processing therapy with panic control treatment techniques. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5, 4, 252-260Cross-over study and first phase data not available135Feeny 2002Feeny, CC.; Zoellner, LA.; Foa, EB.; (2002) Treatment Outcome for Chronic PTSD Among Gemal Assault Victims with Borderline Personality Characteristics: A Preliminary Examination. J Personality Disorders 16 (1): 30-40Non-randomised group assignment136Feeny 2004NCT00127673. Effectiveness of PTSD Treatment: CBT Versus Sertraline. Available from: [accessed 06.01.17]Unpublished (registered on clinical and author contacted for full trial report but not provided)137Felmingham 2012Felmingham KL, Bryant RA. Gender differences in the maintenance of response to cognitive behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2012 Apr;80(2):parison outside protocol138Fernandez 2008Fernández I, Páez D. The benefits of expressive writing after the Madrid terrorist attack: Implications for emotional activation and positive affect. British Journal of Health Psychology. 2008 Feb 1;13(1):31-4.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms139Feske 2008Feske U. Treating low-income and minority women with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study comparing prolonged exposure and treatment as usual conducted by community therapists. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2008 Aug;23(8):1027-40.Sample size (N<10/arm)140Fetzner 2015Fetzner MG, Asmundson GJ. Aerobic exercise reduces symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Cognitive behaviour therapy. 2015 Jul 4;44(4):301-parison outside protocol141Foa (unpublished)Foa, E.B.; Zoellner, L.A. & Feeny, N.C. (unpublished) Recovery after trauma.Paper unavailable142Foa 1999Foa, EB.; Dancu CV.; Hembree EX.; Joycos LH.; Meadows EA.; Street,GP.; A comparison of exposure therapy, stress incoulation training, and their combination for reducing postraumatic stress disorder in female assult victims (1999). J Consult and Clin Psy 67 (2): 194-200Non-randomised group assignment143Foa 2004Foa EB, Rauch SA. Cognitive changes during prolonged exposure versus prolonged exposure plus cognitive restructuring in female assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2004 Oct;72(5):879.Outcomes are not of interest144Forbes 1994Forbes, D.; Creamer, M.; Rycroft, P. (1994) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study using assessment measures. Journal of Behaviour Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 2, 113-120Non-randomised group assignment145Forbes 2001Forbes, D., Phelps, A., & McHugh, T. (2001). Treatment of combat-related nightmares using imagery rehearsal: a pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 433-442Non-randomised group assignment146Ford 2016Ford J, Rosman L, Wuensch K, Irvine J, Sears SF. Cognitive–Behavioral Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of traumatic stress. 2016 Aug 1;29(4):388-92.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted147Forman 2012Forman EM, Shaw JA, Goetter EM, Herbert JD, Park JA, Yuen EK. Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial comparing acceptance and commitment therapy and standard cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior Therapy. 2012 Dec 31;43(4):801-11.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms148Forshay 2011Forshay, E. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for PTSD in Veterans With Co-Occurring SUDs [NCT01357577]. Available from: [accessed 02.08.2017]Protocol149Frank 1998bFrank, E.; Anderson, B.; Stewart, B.D.; Dancu, C.; Hughes, C.; West, D. (1988) Efficacy of cognitive behavior therpy and systematic desensitization in the treatment of rape trauma. Behavior therapy, 19, 403-420Non-randomised group assignment150Franklin 2017Franklin CL, Cuccurullo LA, Walton JL, Arseneau JR, Petersen NJ. Face to face but not in the same place: A pilot study of prolonged exposure therapy. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2017 Jan 1;18(1):116-30.Sample size (N<10/arm)151Fredette 2016Fredette, C.; El-Baalbaki, G.; Palardy, V.; Rizkallah, E.; Guay, S.; (2016) Social support and cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Traumatology 22(2): 131-144.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract152Fredman 2016Fredman SJ, Pukay-Martin ND, Macdonald A, Wagner AC, Vorstenbosch V, Monson CM. Partner accommodation moderates treatment outcomes for couple therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2016 Jan;84(1):79.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant153Frisman 2008Frisman L, Ford J, Lin HJ, Mallon S, Chang R. Outcomes of trauma treatment using the TARGET model. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery. 2008 Nov 3;3(3-4):285-303.Non-randomised group assignment154Frommberger 2004Frommberger U, Stieglitz RD, Nyberg E, Richter H, Novelli-Fischer U, Angenendt J, Zaninelli R, Berger M. Comparison between paroxetine and behaviour therapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a pilot study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 2004 Jan 1;8(1):19-23.Sample size (N<10/arm)155Frost 2014Frost, ND.; Laska, KM.; Wampold, BE.; (2014) The Evidence for Present-Centred Therapy as a Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Trau Stress 27(1):1-8Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract156Frueh 1996Frueh, B.C.; Turner, S.T.; Beidel, D.C.; Mirabella, R.F.; Jones, W.J. (1996) Trauma management therapy: a preliminary evaluation of a multicomponent behavioral treatment for combat-related PTSD. Behavior Research & Therapy, 34, 7, 533-543Non-randomised group assignment157Gallagher 2012Gallagher MW, Resick PA. Mechanisms of change in cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Preliminary evidence for the differential effects of hopelessness and habituation. Cognitive therapy and research. 2012 Dec 1;36(6):750-5.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included158Gallegos 2016Gallegos AM, Streltzov NA, Stecker T. Improving Treatment Engagement for Returning Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation. The Journal of nervous and mental disease. 2016 May 1;204(5):339-43.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included159Gallegos 2017Gallegos AM, Crean HF, Pigeon WR, Heffner KL. Meditation and yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Clinical psychology review. 2017 Oct 31.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract160Galovski 2009Galovski TE, Monson C, Bruce SE, Resick PA. Does cognitive–behavioral therapy for PTSD improve perceived health and sleep impairment?. Journal of traumatic stress. 2009 Jun 1;22(3):197-204.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included161Galovski 2012Galovski TE, Blain LM, Mott JM, Elwood L, Houle T. Manualized therapy for PTSD: Flexing the structure of cognitive processing therapy. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2012 Dec;80(6):968.Cross-over study and first phase data not available162Galovski 2014Galovski TE, Elwood LS, Blain LM, Resick PA. Changes in anger in relationship to responsivity to PTSD treatment. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy. 2014 Jan;6(1):56.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant163Gamito 2010Gamito P, Oliveira J, Rosa P, Morais D, Duarte N, Oliveira S, Saraiva T. PTSD elderly war veterans: A clinical controlled pilot study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2010 Feb 1;13(1):43-8.Sample size (N<10/arm)164Geiger-Brown 2015Geiger-Brown, JM.; Rogers, VE.; Liu, W.; Ludeman, EM.; Downton, KD.; Diaz-Abad, M.; (2015) Cognitive behavioral therapy in persons with comorbid insomnia: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews 23:54-67Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract165Gelkopf 2013Gelkopf M, Hasson-Ohayon I, Bikman M, Kravetz S. Nature adventure rehabilitation for combat-related posttraumatic chronic stress disorder: A randomized control trial. Psychiatry research. 2013 Oct 30;209(3):485-93.Outcome measures are not validated166Gerardi 2010Gerardi M, Rothbaum BO, Astin MC, Kelley M. Cortisol response following exposure treatment for PTSD in rape victims. Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma. 2010 May 27;19(4):349-56.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included167Gerger 2014aGerger, H.; Munder, T.; Barth, J.; (2014) Specific and Nonspecific psychological Interventions for PTSD Symptoms: A Meta-analysis with Problem Complexity as a Moderator. J Clink Psych 70(7): 601-615. Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract168Gerger 2014bGerger, H.; Munder, T.; Gemperli, A.; Nuesch, E.; Trelle, S.; Juni, P.; Barth,J.; (2014) Integrating fragmented evidence by network meta-analysis: relative effectiveness of psychological interventions for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder. Pscyh Med 44(15): 3151-3164Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract169Germain 2009Germain, V.; Marchand, A.; Bouchard, S.; Drouin, MS.; Guay, S.; (2009) Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Administered by Videoconference for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Cog Behav Therapy 38 (1): 42-53Non-randomised group assignment170Gham 2010Gham GA, Reger G. Comparing Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy to Prolonged Exposure in the Treatment of Soldiers With PTSD [NCT01193725]. 2010. Available from: [accessed 02.08.2017]Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service171Ginzburg 2009Ginzburg K, Butler LD, Giese-Davis J, Cavanaugh CE, Neri E, Koopman C, Classen CC, Spiegel D. Shame, guilt, and posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse at risk for human immunodeficiency virus: outcomes of a randomized clinical trial of group psychotherapy treatment. The Journal of nervous and mental disease. 2009 Jul 1;197(7):536-42.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included172Glavin 2017Glavin CE, Montgomery P. Creative bibliotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review. Journal of Poetry Therapy. 2017 Apr 3;30(2):95-107.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract173Glynn 1999Glynn, S. M., Eth, S., Randolph, E. T., Foy, D. W., Urbaitis, M., Boxer, L. et al. (1999). A test of behavioral family therapy to augment exposure for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67, 243-251.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted174Goetter 2015Goetter, EM.; bui, E.; Ojserkis, RA.; Zakarian, RJ.; Brendel, RW.; Simon, NM.; (2015) A systematic Review of Dropout From Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress disorder Among Iraq and Afanistan Combat Veterans. J Traum Stress 28(5): 401-409Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract175Goncalves 2011Goncalves, R.; Lages, AC.; Rodrigues, H.; Pedrozo, AL.; Coutinho, ESF.; Neylan, T.; Figueira, I.; Ventura, P.; (2011) Potenciais biomarcadores da terapia cognitivo-comportamental para o transtorno de estresse pos-traumatico: uma revisao sistematica. Arch of Clin Psyh Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract176Gonclaves 2012Gancalves, R.; Pedrozo, AL.; Coutinho, ESF.; Figueria, I.; Ventura, P.; (2012) Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of PTSD: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE 7(12): e48469. Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract177Goodson 2011Goodson, J.; Helstrom, A.; Halpern,JM.; Ferenschak, MP.; Gillihan,SJ.; Powers, MB.; (2011) Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in U.S. Combat Veterans: A Meta-Analytic Review. Pscyh Reports 109(2): 573-599Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract178Grainger 1997Grainger, R.D.; Levin, C.; Allen-Byrd, L.; Doctor, R.M., Lee, H. (1997) An empirical evaluation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with survivors of a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 4, 665-671Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted179Green 2006Green BL, Krupnick JL, Chung J, Siddique J, Krause ED, Revicki D, Frank L, Miranda J. Impact of PTSD comorbidity on one‐year outcomes in a depression trial. Journal of clinical psychology. 2006 Jul 1;62(7):815-35.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms180Gregg 2007Gregg, L.; Tarrier, N.; (2007) Virtual realisty in mental health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiactric Epidimilogy 42(5):343-354Non-systematic review181Griffiths 2010Griffiths, KM.; Farrer, L.; Christensen, H.; (2010) The efficacy of internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders: a review of randomised controlled trials. MJA 192:S4-S11Non-systematic review182Grist 2013Grist, R.; Cavanagh, K.; (2013) Computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Common Mental Health Disorders, What Works, for Whom Under What Circumstances? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Contemporary Pscyhotherapy 43(4):243-251Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract183Gutner 2013Gutner CA, Casement MD, Gilbert KS, Resick PA. Change in sleep symptoms across cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure: a longitudinal perspective. Behaviour research and therapy. 2013 Dec 31;51(12):817-22.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included184Gutner 2016aGutner CA, Gallagher MW, Baker AS, Sloan DM, Resick PA. Time course of treatment dropout in cognitive–behavioral therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2016 Jan;8(1):115.Non-primary study185Gutner 2016bGutner CA, Suvak MK, Sloan DM, Resick PA. Does timing matter? Examining the impact of session timing on outcome. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2016 Dec;84(12):1108.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included186Gwodzdziewycz 2013Gwozdziewycz, N.; Mehl-Madrona, L.; (2013) Meta-Analysis of the Use of Narrative Exposure Therapy for the Effects of Trauma Among Refuge Populations. Permanente Journal 17(1): 70-76Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract187Haagen 2015Haagen, JFG.; Smid, GE.; Knipscgeer, JW.; Kleber, RJ.; (2015) The efficacy of recommended treatments for veterans with PTSD: A metaregression analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 40:184-94.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract188Haagen 2016Haagen JF, Heide F, Mooren TM, Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ. Predicting post‐traumatic stress disorder treatment response in refugees: Multilevel analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2017 Mar 1;56(1):69-83.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant189Haller 2016Haller M, Norman SB, Cummins K, Trim RS, Xu X, Cui R, Allard CB, Brown SA, Tate SR. Integrated cognitive behavioral therapy versus cognitive processing therapy for adults with depression, substance use disorder, and trauma. Journal of substance abuse treatment. 2016 Mar 31;62:38-parison outside protocol190Halvorsen 2014Halvorsen J?, Stenmark H, Neuner F, Nordahl HM. Does dissociation moderate treatment outcomes of narrative exposure therapy for PTSD? A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled clinical trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2014 Jun 30;57:21-8.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant191Hansen 2013Hansen, K.; Hofling, V.; Kroner-Borowik, T.; Stangier, U.; Steil, R.; (2013) Efficacy of psychological interventions aiming to reduce chronic nightmares: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 33(1): 146-155Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract192Harned 2014Harned MS, Korslund KE, Linehan MM. A pilot randomized controlled trial of Dialectical Behavior Therapy with and without the Dialectical Behavior Therapy Prolonged Exposure protocol for suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder and PTSD. Behaviour research and therapy. 2014 Apr 30;55:7-17.Sample size (N<10/arm)193Hart 2011Hart J. Novel Treatment of Emotional Dysfunction in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) [NCT01391832]. 2011. Available from: [accessed 03.08.2017]Unpublished (registered on clinical and author contacted for full trial report but not provided)194Haug 2012Haug, t.; Nordgreen, T.; Ost, LG.; Havik, OE.; (2012) Self-help treatment of anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of effects and potential moderators. Clinical Psychology Review 32(5): 425-445.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract195Haugen 2012Haugen, PT.; Evces, M.; Weiss, DS.; (2012) Treating posttraumatic stress disorder in first responders: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review 32(5): 370-380Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract196Hembree 2003Hembree EA, Foa EB, Gaulin AE. Effectiveness of treatment for PTSD in community agencies [NCT00057629]. 2003. Available from: [accessed 03.08.2017]Unpublished (registered on clinical trials registry and author contacted for full trial report but not provided)197Hembree 2004Hembree EA, Cahill SP, Foa EB. Impact of personality disorders on treatment outcome for female assault survivors with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders. 2004 Feb 1;18(1):117-parison outside protocol198Hertlein 2004Hertlein, KM.; Ricci, RJ.; (2004) A Systematic Research Synthesis of EMDR Studies. Implementation of the Platinum Standard. Trauma, Violence and Abuse 5(3): 285-300Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract199Hickling 1997Hickling, E.J.; Blanchard, E.B. (1997) The private practice psychologist and manual-based treatments: post-traumatic stress disorder secondary to motor vehicle accidents. Behavior Research & Therapy, 35, 3, 191-203Non-randomised group assignment200Hien 2004Hien DA, Cohen LR, Miele GM, Litt LC, Capstick C. Promising treatments for women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. American journal of Psychiatry. 2004 Aug 1;161(8):1426-parison outside protocol201Hien 2010a/2010b/2010c/2012Hien DA, Campbell AN, Killeen T, Hu MC, Hansen C, Jiang H, Hatch-Maillette M, Miele GM, Cohen LR, Gan W, Resko SM. The impact of trauma-focused group therapy upon HIV sexual risk behaviors in the NIDA Clinical Trials Network “Women and trauma” multi-site study. AIDS and Behavior. 2010 Apr 1;14(2):421-30.Hien DA, Campbell AN, Ruglass LM, Hu MC, Killeen T. The role of alcohol misuse in PTSD outcomes for women in community treatment: A secondary analysis of NIDA's Women and Trauma Study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2010 Sep 1;111(1):114-9.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included202Hien 2017Hien DA, Lopez-Castro T, Papini S, Gorman B, Ruglass LM. Emotion dysregulation moderates the effect of cognitive behavior therapy with prolonged exposure for co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2017 Dec 31;52:53-61.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included203Hilton 2017Hilton, L.; Maher, AR.; Colaiaco, B.; Apaydin, E.; Sorbero, ME.; Booth, M.; Shanman, RM.; Hempel, S.; (2017) Meditation for Posttraumatic Stress: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy 9(4): 453-460Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract204Hirai 2012Hirai M, Skidmore ST, Clum GA, Dolma S. An investigation of the efficacy of online expressive writing for trauma-related psychological distress in Hispanic individuals. Behavior therapy. 2012 Dec 31;43(4):812-parison outside protocol205Ho 2012Ho, MSK.; Lee, CW.; (2012) Cognitive behaviour therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic disorder- is it all in the homework then? European Review of Applied Psychology 62 (4): 253-260Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract206Ho 2016Ho, FY-Y.; Chan, CS.; Tang,KN-S.; (2016) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for sleep disturbances in treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A met-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clinical Pscyhology Review 43: 90-102Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract207Hoffart 2015Hoffart A, ?ktedalen T, Langkaas TF. Self-compassion influences PTSD symptoms in the process of change in trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapies: a study of within-person processes. Frontiers in psychology. 2015;parison outside protocol208Holder 2017Holder N, Holliday R, Pai A, Surís A. Role of Borderline Personality Disorder in the Treatment of Military Sexual Trauma-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Cognitive Processing Therapy. Behavioral Medicine. 2017 Jul 3;43(3):184-90.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included209Hopwood 2017Hopwood TL, Schutte NS. A meta-analytic investigation of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on post traumatic stress. Clinical psychology review. 2017 Nov 1;57:12-20.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract210Hinsberger 2016Hinsberger, M., Holtzhausen, L., Sommer, J., Kaminer, D., Elbert, T., Seedat, S., ... & Weierstall, R. (2016). Feasibility and Effectiveness of Narrative Exposure Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in a Context of Ongoing Violence in South Africa.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted211Hofman 2008Hofman, SG.; Smits,JAJ.; (2008) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. J Clinical Psychiatry 69(4): 621-632Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract212Hofman 2014Hofman, SG.l Wu, JQ.; Boettcher, H.; (2014) Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders on Quality of Life: A Meta-Analysis. J Cons and Clin Psychology 82(3): 375-391Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract213Hofmann 1996Hofmann, A. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new treatment method for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapeut, 41, 368-372.Non-randomised group assignment214Hogberg 2007H?gberg G, Pagani M, Sundin ?, Soares J, ?berg-Wistedt A, T?rnell B, H?llstr?m T. On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers–A randomized controlled trial. Nordic journal of psychiatry. 2007 Jan 1;61(1):54-61.Sample size (N<10/arm)215Holliday 2014Holliday R, Link-Malcolm J, Morris EE, Surís A. Effects of cognitive processing therapy on PTSD-related negative cognitions in veterans with military sexual trauma. Military medicine. 2014 Oct;179(10):1077-82.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted216Holliday 2015Holliday R, Williams R, Bird J, Mullen K, Surís A. The role of cognitive processing therapy in improving psychosocial functioning, health, and quality of life in veterans with military sexual trauma-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological services. 2015 Nov;12(4):428.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted217Holliday 2017Holliday RP, Holder ND, Williamson ML, Surís A. Therapeutic response to Cognitive Processing Therapy in White and Black female veterans with military sexual trauma-related PTSD. Cognitive behaviour therapy. 2017 Sep 3;46(5):432-46.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted218Hollifield 2016Hollifield, M.; Gory, A.; Siedjak, J.; Nguyen, L.; Holmgreen, L.; Hobfoll, S.; (2016) The Benefit of Conserving and Gaining Resources after Trauma: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 5(11: 104Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract219Hossack 1996Hossack, Alex and Bentall, Richard P. (1996) Elimination of Post-traumatic Symptomatology by Relaxation and Visual-Kinesthetic Dissociation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol 9, No1, 99-110Non-randomised group assignment220Hunt 2014Hunt, M., Chizkov, R. (2014) Are therapy dogs like Xanax? Does animal-assisted therapy impact processes relevant to cognitive behavioral psychotherapy?, Anthrozoos, 27, 457-469Population outside scope: Trials of people without PTSD221Igreja 2004Igreja, V., Kleijn, W. C., Schreuder, B. J., Van Dijk, J. A., & Verschuur, M. (2004). Testimony method to ameliorate post-traumatic stress symptoms. Community-based intervention study with Mozambican civil war survivors. Br.J.Psychiatry, 184, 251-257Non-randomised group assignment222Imel 2013Imel, ZE.; Laska, K.; Jakupcak, M.; Simpson, TL.; (2013) Meta-Analysis of Dropout in Treatment for Posttrumatic Stress Disorder. J Cons and Clin Psyh 81(3): 394-404Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract223Ironson 2002Ironson, G.I., Freund, B., Strauss, J.L., & Williams, J. (2002). A comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 113-128Sample size (N<10/arm)224Isserles 2013Isserles M, Shalev AY, Roth Y, Peri T, Kutz I, Zlotnick E, Zangen A. Effectiveness of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with a brief exposure procedure in post-traumatic stress disorder–a pilot study. Brain stimulation. 2013 May 31;6(3):377-83.Sample size (N<10/arm)225Iverson 2011Iverson KM, Gradus JL, Resick PA, Suvak MK, Smith KF, Monson CM. Cognitive–behavioral therapy for PTSD and depression symptoms reduces risk for future intimate partner violence among interpersonal trauma survivors. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2011 Apr;79(2):193.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant226Jayakody 2013Jayakody, K.; Gunadasa, S.; Hosker, C.; (2013) Exercise for anxiety disorders: systematic review. Br J Sports Med 00:1-11 Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract227Jayawickreme 2014Jayawickreme, N.; Cahill, SP.; Riggs, DS.; Rauch, SAM.; Resick, PA.; Rothbaum, BO.; Foa, EB.; (2014) Primum non nocere (first do no harm): Symptom worsening and improvement in female assault victims after prolonged exposure for PTSD. Depression and Anxiety 31(5): 412-419Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract228Jerud 2016Jerud AB, Pruitt LD, Zoellner LA, Feeny NC. The effects of prolonged exposure and sertraline on emotion regulation in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour research and therapy. 2016 Feb 29;77:62-7.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant229Johnson 2002Johnson, D. R. & Lubin, H. (2002). Effect of brief versus long-term inpatient treatment on homecoming stress in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Three-year follow-up. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 190, 47-51Non-randomised group assignment230Johnson 2006Johnson DR, Lubin H. The Counting Method: Applying the Rule of Parsimony to the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Traumatology. 2006 Mar;12(1):83.Sample size (N<10/arm)231Johnson 2018Johnson RA, Albright DL, Marzolf JR, Bibbo JL, Yaglom HD, Crowder SM, Carlisle GK, Willard A, Russell CL, Grindler K, Osterlind S. Effects of therapeutic horseback riding on post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans. Military Medical Research. 2018 Dec;5(1):3.Cross-over study and first phase data not available232Jonas 2013Jonas, DE.; Cusack, K.; Forneris, CA.; (2103) Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Comparative Effectiveness Reviews 92Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract233Jun 2013Jun JJ, Zoellner LA, Feeny NC. Sudden gains in prolonged exposure and sertraline for chronic PTSD. Depression and anxiety. 2013 Jul 1;30(7):607-13.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted234Kar 2011Kar, N.; (2011) Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review. Neuropsychiatric Disase and Treatment 7: 167-181Non-systematic review235Karatzias 2007Karatzias A, Power K, McGoldrick T, Brown K, Buchanan R, Sharp D, Swanson V. Predicting treatment outcome on three measures for post-traumatic stress disorder. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 2007 Feb 1;257(1):40-6.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included236Keane 1982Keane TM, Kaloupek DG. Imaginal flooding in the treatment of a posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1982 Feb;50(1):138.Non-RCT (no control group)237Keane 1989Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., & Zimering, R. T. (1989). Implosive (flooding) therapy reduces symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Behavior Therapy, 20, 245-260.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted238Keefe 2014Keefe, JR.; McCarthy, KS.; Dinger, U.; Zilcha-Mano, S.; Barber, JP.; (2014) A meta-analytic review of psychodynamic therapies for anxiety disorders. Clinc Psych Rev 34(4): 309-323Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract239Kehle-Forbes 2013Kehle-Forbes, SM.; Polusny, MA.; MacDonald, R.; Murdoch, M.; Meis, LA.; Wilt, TJ.; (2013) A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Adding Nonexposure Components to Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy 5(4): 317-322.?Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract240Killeen 2008Killeen T, Hien D, Campbell A, Brown C, Hansen C, Jiang H, Kristman-Valente A, Neuenfeldt C, Rocz-de la Luz N, Sampson R, Suarez-Morales L. Adverse events in an integrated trauma-focused intervention for women in community substance abuse treatment. Journal of substance abuse treatment. 2008 Oct 31;35(3):304-11.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted241Kim 2013Kim, Y-D.; Heo, I.; Shin, B-C.; Crawford, C.; Kang, H-W.; Lim, J-H.; (2013) Acupuncture for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A systematic Reivew of Randomised Controlled Trials and Prospective Clinical Trials. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: ID 615857Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract242Kimbrell 2009Kimbrell TA. Adjunctive Biofeedback Intervention for OIF-OEF PTSD [NCT00920036]. Available from: [accessed 08.08.2017]Sample size (N<10/arm)243King 2013King AP, Erickson TM, Giardino ND, Favorite T, Rauch SA, Robinson E, Kulkarni M, Liberzon I. A pilot study of group mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Depression and anxiety. 2013 Jul 1;30(7):638-45.Non-randomised group assignment244King 2015King HC, Spence DL, Hickey AH, Sargent P, Elesh R, Connelly CD. Auricular acupuncture for sleep disturbance in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a feasibility study. Military medicine. 2015 May;180(5):582-90.Sample size (N<10/arm)245Kip 2013Kip KE, Rosenzweig L, Hernandez DF, Shuman A, Sullivan KL, Long CJ, Taylor J, McGhee S, Girling SA, Wittenberg T, Sahebzamani FM. Randomized controlled trial of accelerated resolution therapy (ART) for symptoms of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Military Medicine. 2013 Dec;178(12):1298-309.Cross-over study and first phase data not available246Kip 2014Kip KE, Rosenzweig L, Hernandez DF, Shuman A, Diamond DM, Ann Girling S, Sullivan KL, Wittenberg T, Witt AM, Lengacher CA, Anderson B. Accelerated Resolution Therapy for treatment of pain secondary to symptoms of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. European journal of psychotraumatology. 2014 Dec 1;5(1):24066.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant247Kitchiner 2012Kitchiner, NP.; Roberts, NJ.; Wilcox, D.; Bisson, JI.; (2012) Systematic review and meta-analsyis of psychosocial interventions for veterans of the military. Eur J Pscyhotraumatology 3(1)Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract248Kline 2018Kline AC, Cooper AA, Rytwinksi NK, Feeny NC. Long-term efficacy of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical psychology review. 2017 Nov 21.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract249Knaevelsrud 2011Knaevelsrud C. Additive Effect of Cognitive Restructuring in a Web-based Treatment for Traumatized Arab People [NCT01508377]. 2011. Available from: [accessed 04.08.2017]Comparison outside protocol250Kobach 2015K?bach, A., Schaal, S., Hecker, T., & Elbert, T. (2015). Psychotherapeutic Intervention in the Demobilization Process: Addressing Combat‐related Mental Injuries with Narrative Exposure in a First and Second Dissemination Stage. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy.Non-randomised group assignment251Konig 2014K?nig J, Karl R, Rosner R, Butollo W. Sudden gains in two psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour research and therapy. 2014 Sep 30;60:15-22.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant252Konuk 2006Konuk E, Knipe J, Eke I, Yuksek H, Yurtsever A, Ostep S. The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the 1999 Marmara, Turkey, earthquake. International Journal of Stress Management. 2006 Aug;13(3):291.Non-randomised group assignment253Korte 2017Korte KJ, Bountress KE, Tomko RL, Killeen T, Moran-Santa Maria M, Back SE. Integrated Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders: The Mediating Role of PTSD Improvement in the Reduction of Depression. Journal of clinical medicine. 2017 Jan 13;6(1):9.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted254Krakow 2001aKrakow B, Hollifield M, Johnston L, Koss M, Schrader R, Warner TD, Tandberg D, Lauriello J, McBride L, Cutchen L, Cheng D. Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2001 Aug 1;286(5):537-45.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted255Krakow 2001bKrakow, B., Johnston, L., Melendrez, D., Hollifield, M., Warner, T. D., Chavez-Kennedy, D. et al. (2001). An open-label trial of evidence-based cognitive behavior therapy for nightmares and insomnia in crime victims with PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 2043-2047.Non-RCT (no control group)256Kredlow 2017Kredlow MA, Szuhany KL, Lo S, Xie H, Gottlieb JD, Rosenberg SD, Mueser KT. Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in individuals with severe mental illness and borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry research. 2017 Mar 31;249:86-93.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant257Krinsley 2011Krinsley K. Pilot Study of an Integrated Exposure-Based Model for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorder [NCT01274741]. Available from: [accessed 08.08.2017]Unpublished (registered on clinical and author contacted for full trial report but not provided)258Kruger 2014aKrüger A, Ehring T, Priebe K, Dyer AS, Steil R, Bohus M. Sudden losses and sudden gains during a DBT-PTSD treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder following childhood sexual abuse. European journal of psychotraumatology. 2014 Dec 1;5(1):24470.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included259Kruger 2014bKrüger A, Kleindienst N, Priebe K, Dyer AS, Steil R, Schmahl C, Bohus M. Non-suicidal self-injury during an exposure-based treatment in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline features. Behaviour research and therapy. 2014 Oct 31;61:136-41.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included260Krupnick 2017Krupnick JL, Green BL, Amdur R, Alaoui A, Belouali A, Roberge E, Cueva D, Roberts M, Melnikoff E, Dutton MA. An Internet-based writing intervention for PTSD in veterans: A feasibility and pilot effectiveness trial. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2017 Jul;9(4):461.Sample size (N<10/arm)261Kruse 2009Kruse J, Joksimovic L, Cavka M, W?ller W, Schmitz N. Effects of trauma‐focused psychotherapy upon war refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2009 Dec 1;22(6):585-92.Non-randomised group assignment262Kuckertz 2014Kuckertz JM, Amir N, Boffa JW, Warren CK, Rindt SE, Norman S, Ram V, Ziajko L, Webb-Murphy J, McLay R. The effectiveness of an attention bias modification program as an adjunctive treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour research and therapy. 2014 Dec 31;63:25-35.Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service263Kuester 2016Kuester, A. Niemeyer, H.; Knaevelsrud, C.; (2016) Internet-based interventions for posttraumatic stress: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Pscyh Rev 43:1-16Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract264Lambert 2015Lambert, JE.; Alhassoon, OM.; (2015) Trauma-Focused therapy for Refugees: Meta-Analytic Findings. J Counseling Pscychology 62(1): 28-37Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract265Lamprecht 2004Lamprecht F, K?hnke C, Lempa W, Sack M, Matzke M, Münte TF. Event-related potentials and EMDR treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience Research. 2004 Jun 30;49(2):267-72.Non-randomised group assignment266Lancee 2010Lancee J, Van Den Bout J, Spoormaker VI. Expanding self-help imagery rehearsal therapy for nightmares with sleep hygiene and lucid dreaming: a waiting-list controlled trial. Universit?tsbibliothek der Universit?t Heidelberg; 2010Population outside scope: <80% of the study's participants are eligible for the review and disaggregated data cannot be obtained267Langkaas 2017Langkaas TF, Hoffart A, ?ktedalen T, Ulvenes PG, Hembree EA, Smucker M. Exposure and non-fear emotions: A randomized controlled study of exposure-based and rescripting-based imagery in PTSD treatment. Behaviour research and therapy. 2017 Oct 1;97:33-parison outside protocol268Lau 2007Lau M, Kristensen E. Outcome of systemic and analytic group psychotherapy for adult women with history of intrafamilial childhood sexual abuse: a randomized controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2007 Aug 1;116(2):96-parison outside protocol269Lawrence 2010Lawrence, S., De Silva, M., Henley, R. (2010) Sports and games for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Cochrane database of systematic reviews, CD007171Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract270Le 2013/2014Le QA, Doctor JN, Zoellner LA, Feeny NC. Minimal clinically important differences for the EQ-5D and QWB-SA in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): results from a Doubly Randomized Preference Trial (DRPT). Health and quality of life outcomes. 2013 Apr 12;11(1):1.Le QA, Doctor JN, Zoellner LA, Feeny NC. Cost-effectiveness of prolonged exposure therapy versus pharmacotherapy and treatment choice in posttraumatic stress disorder (the Optimizing PTSD Treatment Trial): a doubly randomized preference trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2014 Mar 15;75(3):222-30.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted271LeBouthillier 2016LeBouthillier DM, Fetzner MG, Asmundson GJ. Lower cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with greater reduction in PTSD symptoms and anxiety sensitivity following aerobic exercise. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2016 Mar 31;10:33-9.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant272Lee 2002Lee, C., Gavriel, H., Drummond, P., Richards, J., & Greenwald, R. (2002). Treatment of PTSD: stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure compared to EMDR. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1071-1089.Non-randomised group assignment273Lee 2016Lee, DJ.; Schnitzlein, CW.; Wolf, JP.; Vythilingam, M.; Rasmusson, AM.; Hoge,CW.; (2016) Psychotherapy versus Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Systemic Review and meta-analyses to determine first line treatments. Depression and Anxiety. 33: 792-806Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract274Leeman 2017Leeman, RF.; Hefner, K.; Frohe, T.; Murrany, A.; Rosenheck, RA.; Watts, BV.; Sofuoglu, M.; (2017) Exclusion of participants based on substance use status: Findings from randomized controlled trials of treatments for PTSD. Behviour Research and Therapsy 89: 33-40Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract275Leichsenring 2005Leichsenring, F.; 92005) Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies effective? A review of empirical data. Int j Psychoanalysis 86(3): 841-868.Non-systematic review276Leichsenring 2014Leichsenring, F.; Klein, S.; (2014) Evidence for psychodynamic psychotherapy in specific mental disorders: a systematic review. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 28(1): 4-32Non-systematic review277Leichsenring 2015Leichsenring, F.; Luyten, P.; Hilsenroth, MJ.; Abbas, A.; Barber, JP.; Keefe, JR.; Leweke, F.; Rabung, S.; Steinert, C.; (2015) Psychodynamic therapy meets evidence-based medicine: a systematic review using updated criteria. The Lancet 2(7): 648-660.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract278Leiner 2012Leiner AS, Kearns MC, Jackson JL, Astin MC, Rothbaum BO. Avoidant coping and treatment outcome in rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2012 Apr;80(2):317.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included279Lenz 2016Lenz, SA.; Henesy, R.; Callender, K.; (2016) Effectiveness of Seeking Safety for Co-Occurning Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use. J Counseling and Development 94(1): 51-61Non-systematic review280Lenz 2017Lenz AS, Haktanir A, Callender K. Meta‐Analysis of Trauma‐Focused Therapies for Treating the Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Counseling & Development. 2017 Jul 1;95(3):339-53.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract281Lester 2010Lester K, Artz C, Resick PA, Young-Xu Y. Impact of race on early treatment termination and outcomes in posttraumatic stress disorder treatment. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2010 Aug;78(4):480.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant282Lester 2016Lester P, Liang LJ, Milburn N, Mogil C, Woodward K, Nash W, Aralis H, Sinclair M, Semaan A, Klosinski L, Beardslee W. Evaluation of a family-centered preventive intervention for military families: parent and child longitudinal outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2016 Jan 31;55(1):14-24.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant283Liedl 2011Liedl A, Müller J, Morina N, Karl A, Denke C, Knaevelsrud C. Retracted: physical activity within a CBT intervention improves coping with pain in traumatized refugees: results of a randomized controlled design. Pain Medicine. 2011 Feb 1;12(2):234-45.Article has been retracted284Lindauer 2006Lindauer RT, van Meijel EP, Jalink M, Olff M, Carlier IV, Gersons BP. Heart rate responsivity to script-driven imagery in posttraumatic stress disorder: specificity of response and effects of psychotherapy. Psychosomatic medicine. 2006 Jan 1;68(1):33-40.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant285Litz 2007Litz BT, Engel CC, Bryant RA, Papa A. A randomized, controlled proof-of-concept trial of an Internet-based, therapist-assisted self-management treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;164(11):1676-parison outside protocol286Liverant 2012Liverant GI, Suvak MK, Pineles SL, Resick PA. Changes in posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms during cognitive processing therapy: Evidence for concurrent change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2012 Dec;80(6):957.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant287Lloyd 2014Lloyd D, Nixon RD, Varker T, Elliott P, Perry D, Bryant RA, Creamer M, Forbes D. Comorbidity in the prediction of Cognitive Processing Therapy treatment outcomes for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2014 Mar 31;28(2):237-40.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted288Lopez-Castro 2015López‐Castro T, Hu MC, Papini S, Ruglass LM, Hien DA. Pathways to change: Use trajectories following trauma‐informed treatment of women with co‐occurring post‐traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. Drug and alcohol review. 2015 May 1;34(3):242-51.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant289Lunney 2007Lunney CA, Schnurr PP. Domains of quality of life and symptoms in male veterans treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress. 2007 Dec 1;20(6):955-64.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included290Macdonald 2011Macdonald A, Monson CM, Doron‐Lamarca S, Resick PA, Palfai TP. Identifying patterns of symptom change during a randomized controlled trial of cognitive processing therapy for military‐related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2011 Jun 1;24(3):268-76.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included291Macdonald 2016bMacdonald A, Pukay-Martin ND, Wagner AC, Fredman SJ, Monson CM. Cognitive–behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD improves various PTSD symptoms and trauma-related cognitions: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Psychology. 2016 Feb;30(1):157.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included292Marcus 1997/2004Marcus, S. V., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1997). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34, 307-315.Marcus S, Marquis P, Sakai C. Three-and 6-Month Follow-Up of EMDR Treatment of PTSD in an HMO Setting. International Journal of Stress Management. 2004 Aug;11(3):195.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted293Markowitz 2014Markowitz, JC.; Lipsitz, J.; Milrod, BL.; (2014) Critical review of outcome research on interpersonal psychotherapy for anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety 31(4): 316-325Non-systematic review294Markowitz 2015bMarkowitz JC, Petkova E, Biyanova T, Ding K, Suh EJ, Neria Y. Exploring personality diagnosis stability following acute psychotherapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and anxiety. 2015 Dec 1;32(12):919-26.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included295Markowitz 2017Markowitz JC, Neria Y, Lovell K, Meter PE, Petkova E. History of sexual trauma moderates psychotherapy outcome for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and anxiety. 2017 Aug 1;34(8):692-700.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included296Markowitz 2018Markowitz, J. C., Choo, T. H., & Neria, Y. (2018). Do Acute Benefits of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Endure?. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(1), 37-43 .Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted297Marks 1998/Lovell 2001Marks, I., Lovell, K., Noshirvani, H., Livanou, M., & Thrasher, S. (1998). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: a controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 317-325.Lovell, K., Marks, I. M., Noshirvani, H., Thrasher, S., & Livanou, M. (2001). Do cognitive and exposure treatments improve various PTSD symptoms differently? A randomized controlled trial. Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 107-112.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted298Martin 2015Martin EC, Dick AM, Scioli-Salter ER, Mitchell KS. Impact of a yoga intervention on physical activity, self-efficacy, and motivation in women with PTSD symptoms. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2015 Jun 1;21(6):327-32.Outcomes are not of interest299Marzabadi 2014Marzabadi A, SM HZ. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training in Improving the Quality of Life of the War Victims with Post Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Iranian journal of psychiatry. 2014 Oct;9(4):228-36.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms300Maxwell 2016Maxwell K, Callahan JL, Holtz P, Janis BM, Gerber MM, Connor DR. Comparative study of group treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy. 2016 Dec;53(4):433.Sample size (N<10/arm)301Mayo-Wilson 2013Mayo-Wilson, E.; Montgomery, P.; (2013) Media-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural therapy (self-help) for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane database of Systematic Reviews.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract302McCann 2014McCann, RA.; Armstrong, CM.; Skopp, NA.; Edwards-Stewart, A.; Smolenshi, DJ.; June, JD.; Metger-Abamukong, M.; Reger, GM.; (2014) Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders: An evaluation of research quality. J of Anxiety Disorders 28(6): 625-631Non-systematic review303McFarlane 2012McFarlane, CA.; Kaplan, I.; (2012) Evidence-based psychological interventions for adult survivors of torture and trauma: A 30-year review. Transcultural Psychiatry 49: 3-4Non-systematic review304McHugh 2014McHugh RK, Hu MC, Campbell AN, Hilario E, Weiss RD, Hien DA. Changes in sleep disruption in the treatment of co‐occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. Journal of traumatic stress. 2014 Feb 1;27(1):82-9.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant305McLay 2009McLay RN. A Head-to-head Comparison of Virtual Reality Treatment for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [NCT00978484]. 2009. Available from: [accessed 08.08.2017]Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service306McLay 2011McLay RN, Wood DP, Webb-Murphy JA, Spira JL, Wiederhold MD, Pyne JM, Wiederhold BK. A randomized, controlled trial of virtual reality-graded exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in active duty service members with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking. 2011 Apr 1;14(4):223-9.Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service307McLay 2017McLay RN, Baird A, Webb-Murphy J, Deal W, Tran L, Anson H, Klam W, Johnston S. A randomized, head-to-head study of virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2017 Apr 1;20(4):218-parison outside protocol308McLean 2016McLean, CP.; Fitzgerald, H.; (2016) Treating Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among people Living with HIV: a Critical Review of Intervention Trials. Current Psychiatry ReportsNon-systematic review309McPherson 2011McPherson, J.; (2011) Does Narrative Exposure Therapy Reduce PTSD in Survivors of Mass Violence? Reseach on Social Work Practice 22(1): 29-42Non-systematic review310Meffert 2014Meffert SM, Abdo AO, Alla OA, Elmakki YO, Omer AA, Yousif S, Metzler TJ, Marmar CR. A pilot randomized controlled trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for Sudanese refugees in Cairo, Egypt. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2014 May;6(3):240.Sample size (N<10/arm)311Meier 2015Meier A, McGovern MP, Lambert-Harris C, McLeman B, Franklin A, Saunders EC, Xie H. Adherence and competence in two manual-guided therapies for co-occurring substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders: clinician factors and patient outcomes. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse. 2015 Nov 2;41(6):527-34.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant312Mello 2014Mello, PG.; Silva, GR.; Donat, JC.; Kristensen, CH.; (2014) An Update on the Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Int J Psychiatry in Med 46(4): 339-357Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract313Mendes 2008Mendes, DD.; Mello, MF.; Ventura, P.; Passarela, CDM.; Mari,JDJ.; (2008) A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Int J Psychiatry in Med 38(3): 241-259Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract314Metcalf 2016Metcalf, O.; Varker, T.; Forbes, D.; Phelps, A.; Dell, L.; DiBattista, A.; Ralph, N.; O'Donnell, M.; (2016) Efficacy of Fifteen Emerging Interventions for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review. 29(1): 88-92Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract315Meyerbroker 2010Meyerbroker, K.; Emmelkamp, PMG.; (2010) Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a systematic review of the process-and-outcome studies. Depresion and Aniety 27(10): 9330944Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract316Mills 2016Mills KL, Barrett EL, Merz S, Rosenfeld J, Ewer PL, Sannibale C, Baker AL, Hopwood S, Back SE, Brady KT, Teesson M. Integrated Exposure-Based Therapy for Co-Occurring Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Substance Dependence: Predictors of Change in PTSD Symptom Severity. Journal of clinical medicine. 2016 Nov 15;5(11):101.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included317Minnen 2006Minnen AV, Foa EB. The effect of imaginal exposure length on outcome of treatment for PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2006 Aug 1;19(4):427-38.Non-randomised group assignment318Mitchell 2012Mitchell KS, Wells SY, Mendes A, Resick PA. Treatment improves symptoms shared by PTSD and disordered eating. Journal of traumatic stress. 2012 Oct 1;25(5):535-42.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant319Miyahira 2012Miyahira SD, Folen RA, Hoffman HG, Garcia-Palacios A, Spira JL, Kawasaki M. The effectiveness of VR exposure therapy for PTSD in returning warfighters. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine. 2012 Sep 14;181:128-32.Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service320Mogk 2006Mogk, C.; Otte, S.; Reinhold-Hurley, B.; Kroner-Herwig, B.; (2006) Health effects of expressive writing on stressful or traumatic experiences - a meta-analysis. Psychosoc Med, 3 Doc06Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract321Monson 2005Monson CM, Rodriguez BF, Warner R. Cognitive‐Behavioral therapy for PTSD in the real world: Do interpersonal relationships make a real difference?. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2005 Jun 1;61(6):751-61.Non-randomised group assignment322Moradi 2014Moradi AR, Moshirpanahi S, Parhon H, Mirzaei J, Dalgleish T, Jobson L. A pilot randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of MEmory Specificity Training in improving symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour research and therapy. 2014 May 31;56:68-74.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted323Morgan-Lopez 2014Morgan‐Lopez AA, Saavedra LM, Hien DA, Campbell AN, Wu E, Ruglass L, Patock‐Peckham JA, Bainter SC. Indirect effects of 12‐session seeking safety on substance use outcomes: Overall and attendance class‐specific effects. The American journal on addictions. 2014 May 1;23(3):218-25.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included324Morina 2014Mornina, N.; Wicherts, JM.; Lobbrecht, J.; Priebe, S.; (2014) Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies. Clin Psych Rev 34(3): 249-255Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract325Morina 2017aMornina, N.; Lancee, J.; Arntz, A.; (2017) Imagery rescripting as a clinical intervention for aversive memories: A meta-analysis. J Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 55: 6-15Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract326Morina 2017cMorina N, Malek M, Nickerson A, Bryant RA. Meta‐analysis of interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in adult survivors of mass violence in low‐and middle‐income countries. Depression and anxiety. 2017 Apr 1.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract327Morkved 2014Morkved, N.; Hartmann, K.; Aarsheim, LM.; Holen, D.; Milde, AM.; Bomyea, J.; Thorp SR.; (2014) A comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy and Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review 34(6): 453-467Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract328Moser 2010Moser JS, Cahill SP, Foa EB. Evidence for poorer outcome in patients with severe negative trauma-related cognitions receiving prolonged exposure plus cognitive restructuring: implications for treatment matching in posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of nervous and mental disease. 2010 Jan 1;198(1):72-5.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant329Motraghi 2013Motraghi, TE.; Seim, RW.; Meyer, EC.; Morissette, SB.; (2014) Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Methodological Review Using CONSORT Guidelines. J Clin Psyh 70(3): 197-208Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract330Muss 1991Muss D.C. (1991) A New Technique for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol 30, pp 91-92.Non-randomised group assignment331Myers 2015Myers US, Browne KC, Norman SB. Treatment engagement: female survivors of intimate partner violence in treatment for PTSD and alcohol use disorder. Journal of dual diagnosis. 2015 Oct 2;11(3-4):238-47.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included332Nacasch 2015Nacasch N, Huppert JD, Su YJ, Kivity Y, Dinshtein Y, Yeh R, Foa EB. Are 60-minute prolonged exposure sessions with 20-minute imaginal exposure to traumatic memories sufficient to successfully treat PTSD? A randomized noninferiority clinical trial. Behavior therapy. 2015 May 31;46(3):328-parison outside protocol333Nakeyar 2016Nakeyar, C.; Frewen, PA.; (2016) Evidence-Based Care for Iraqi, Kurdish, and Syrian Asylum Seekers and Refugees of the Syrian Civil War: A systematic review. Canadian Psychology 57(4): 233-245Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract334Nelson 2013Nelson, RJ.; (2013) Is Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Effective for Service Members and Veterans Experiencing Combat-Related PTSD? Traumatology 19(3): 171-178Non-systematic review335Nemiro 2015Nemiro, A., & Papworth, S. (2015). Efficacy of two evidence-based therapies, emotional freedom techniques (EFT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of gender violence in the congo: a randomized controlled trial. Energy Psychol, 7(2), 13-25.Paper unavailable336Nicholl 2009Nicholl, C.; Thompson, A.; (2004) The psychological treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adult refugees: A review of the current state of psychological therapies. J Ment Health 13(4): 351-362Non-systematic review337Nijdam 2015Nijdam MJ, Van Amsterdam JG, Gersons BP, Olff M. Dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol awakening response predicts treatment outcome in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of affective disorders. 2015 Sep 15;184:205-8.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included338Nijdam 2018Nijdam MJ, van der Meer CA, van Zuiden M, Dashtgard P, Medema D, Qing Y, Zhutovsky P, Bakker A, Olff M. Turning wounds into wisdom: Posttraumatic growth over the course of two types of trauma-focused psychotherapy in patients with PTSD. Journal of affective disorders. 2018 Feb 1;227:424-31.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included339Niles 2012Niles BL, Klunk-Gillis J, Ryngala DJ, Silberbogen AK, Paysnick A, Wolf EJ. Comparing mindfulness and psychoeducation treatments for combat-related PTSD using a telehealth approach. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2012 Sep;4(5):parison outside protocol340Nolan 2016Nolan CR. Bending without breaking: A narrative review of trauma-sensitive yoga for women with PTSD. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2016 Aug 1;24:32-40.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract341Noordik 2010Noordik, E.; Van der Kling, JJL.; Klingen, EF.; Nieuwenhuijsen, K.; Van Dijk, FJH.; (2010) Exposure-in-vivo containing interventions to improve work functioning of workers with anxiety disorder: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 10:598Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract342Norman 2007Norman S. AUDs and PTSD Treatment for Victims of Partner Violence [NCT00607412]. 2007. Available from: [accessed 08.08.2017]Unpublished (registered on clinical and author contacted for full trial report but not provided)343Norton 2007Norton, P.; Price, EC.; (2007) A Meta-Analytic Review of Adult Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Outcome Across the Anxiety Disorders. The J Nervous and Mental Disease 195(6): 521-531Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract344Nose 2017Nosè M, Ballette F, Bighelli I, Turrini G, Purgato M, Tol W, Priebe S, Barbui C. Psychosocial interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers resettled in high-income countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2017 Feb 2;12(2):e0171030.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract345Nosen 2014Nosen E, Littlefield AK, Schumacher JA, Stasiewicz PR, Coffey SF. Treatment of co-occurring PTSD–AUD: Effects of exposure-based and non-trauma focused psychotherapy on alcohol and trauma cue-reactivity. Behaviour research and therapy. 2014 Oct 31;61:35-42.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included346Nyssen 2016Nyssen, OP.; Taylor, SJ.; Wong, G.; Steed, E.; Bourke, L.; Lord, J.; Ross, CA.; Hayman, S.; Field, V.; Higgins, A.; Greenhalgh, T.; Meads, C.; (2016) Does herapeutic writing help people with long-term conditions? Systematic review, realist synthesis and economic considerations. Health Technlogy Assessment 20(27)Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract347Oktedalen 2015?ktedalen T, Hoffart A, Langkaas TF. Trauma-related shame and guilt as time-varying predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during imagery exposure and imagery rescripting—A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research. 2015 Sep 3;25(5):518-parison outside protocol348Olatunji 2010aOlatunji, B.; Cisler, JM.; Deacon, BJ.; (2010) Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Meta-Analytic Findings. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 33(3): 557-577Paper unavailable349Olatunji 2010bOlatunji, BO.; Cisler, JM.; Tolin, DF.; (2010) A meta-analysis of the influence of comorbidity on treatment outcome in the anxiety disorders. Clin Psych Rew 30(6): 642-654Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract350Olthuis 2016Olthuis JV, Wozney L, Asmundson GJ, Cramm H, Lingley-Pottie P, McGrath PJ. Distance-delivered interventions for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2016 Dec 1;44:9-26.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract351Oman 2015Oman D, Bormann JE. Mantram repetition fosters self-efficacy in veterans for managing PTSD: A randomized trial. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 2015 Feb;7(1):34.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted352Omidi 2013Omidi A, Mohammadi A, Zargar F, Akbari H. Efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction on mood States of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Archives of trauma research. 2013;1(4):151.Outcome measures are not validated353Onton 2012Onton JA. Placebo-controlled Study of EEG Biofeedback Therapy as an Adjunct Treatment for PTSD, Evaluating Symptoms and EEG Dynamics [NCT01591408]. 2012. Available from: [accessed 08.08.2017]Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service354Ost 2003Ost, L.G.; Paunovic, N.; Gillow, A.M. (Unpublished) Cognitive behavior therapy in the prevention of chronic PTSD in crime victims. Paper unavailable355Ost 2009Ost, LG.; (2009) Cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety disorders: 40 years of progress. Nordic J Psychiatry 62(S47): 5-10Non-systematic review356Otis 2005Otis J. Integrated Treatment for Chronic Pain and PTSD [NCT00127413]. 2005. Available from: [accessed 11.05.2017]Sample size (N<10/arm)357Otis 2010Otis J. Intensive Treatment of Chronic Pain and PTSD for OEF/OIF Veterans [NCT01120067]. 2010. Available from: [accessed 08.08.2017]Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms358O'Toole 2016O'Toole, SK.; Solomon, SL.; Bergdahl, SA.; (2016) A Meta-Analysis of Hypnotherapeutic Techniques in the Treatment of PTSD Symptoms. J Traumatic Stress 29(1): 97-100Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract359Otto 2003Otto, M.W. et al (2003) Treatment of pharmacotherapy-refratory posttraumatic stress disorder among Cambodian refugees: a pilot study of combination treatment with cognitive-behavior therapy vs sertraline alone. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1271-1276Sample size (N<10/arm)360Ougrin 2011Ougrin, D.; (2011) Efficacy of exposure versus cognitive therapy in anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 11:200Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract361Ovaert 2003Ovaert, L. B., Cashel, M. L., & Sewell, K. W. (2003). Structured group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated male juveniles. Am.J.Orthopsychiatry, 73, 294-301.Non-randomised group assignment362Pacella 2014Pacella ML, Feeny N, Zoellner L, Delahanty DL. The impact of PTSD treatment on the cortisol awakening response. Depression and anxiety. 2014 Oct 1;31(10):862-9.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted363Paivio 2010Paivio SC, Jarry JL, Chagigiorgis H, Hall I, Ralston M. Efficacy of two versions of emotion-focused therapy for resolving child abuse trauma. Psychotherapy Research. 2010 May 1;20(3):353-parison outside protocol364Palic 2011Palic, S.; Elklit, A.; (2011) Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in adult refugees. A systematic review of prospective treatment outcome studies and a critique. J Affective Disorders 131(1-3): 8-23Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract365Pantalon 1998Pantalon, M. V. & Motta, R. W. (1998). Effectiveness of anxiety management training in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 29, 21-29.Non-randomised group assignment366Parcesepe 2015Parcesepe, AM>; Martin, SL.; Pollock, MD.; Garcia-Moreno, C.; (2015) The effectiveness of mental health interventions for adult female survivors of sexual assault: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behvior 25(A): 15-25Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract367Paunovic 2001Paunovic, N. & Ost, L. G. (2001). Cognitive-behavior therapy vs exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD in refugees. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 39, 1183-1197.Sample size (N<10/arm)368Pease 2009Pease, M., Sollom, R., Wayne, P. (2009) Acupuncture for Refugees With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Initial Experiences Establishing a Community Clinic, Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 5, 51-54Non-RCT (no control group)369Peleikis 2005Peleikis, DE.; Dahl, AA.; (2005) A systematic review of empirical studies of psychotherapy with women who were sexually abused as children. Psychotherapy Research 15(3): 304-315Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract370Peniston 1991Peniston, E.G. & Kulkosky, P.J. (1991) Alpha-theta brainwave neuro-feedback therapy for Vietnam veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical Psychotherapy, 4, 47-60Outcomes are not of interest371Pigeon 2015Pigeon WR, Heffner KL, Crean H, Gallegos AM, Walsh P, Seehuus M, Cerulli C. Responding to the need for sleep among survivors of interpersonal violence: A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive–behavioral insomnia intervention followed by PTSD treatment. Contemporary clinical trials. 2015 Nov 30;45:252-60.Protocol372Pitman 1996Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Altman, B., Longpre, R. E., Poire, R. E., & Macklin, M. L. (1996). Emotional processing during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 419-429.Non-randomised group assignment373Possemato 2010Possemato K, Ouimette P, Geller PA. Internet-based expressive writing for kidney transplant recipients: Effects on posttraumatic stress and quality of life. Traumatology. 2010 Mar;16(1):49-54.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted374Postel 2008Postel MG.; de Hann, HA.; De Jong, CAJ.; (2008) E-Therapy for Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review. Telemedicine and e-Health 14(7):707-714Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract375Powers 2010Powers, MB.; Halpern, JM.; Ferenschak, MP.; Gilihan, SJ.; Foa, EB.; (2010) A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Psych Rev 30(6): 635-641Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract376Pratchett 2011Pratchett, LC.; Daly, K.; Bierer, LM.; Yehuda, R.; (2011) New approaches to combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12(15): 2339-2354Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract377Prisco 2013Prisco MK, Jecmen MC, Bloeser KJ, McCarron KK, Akhter JE, Duncan AD, Balish MS, Amdur RL, Reinhard MJ. Group auricular acupuncture for PTSD-related insomnia in veterans: a randomized trial. Medical Acupuncture. 2013 Dec 1;25(6):407-22.Sample size (N<10/arm)378Pruiksma 2016Pruiksma, K. E., Cranston, C. C., Rhudy, J. L., Micol, R. L., & Davis, J. L. (2016, December 15). Randomized Controlled Trial to Dismantle Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT) for Trauma-Related Nightmares. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. outside protocol379Rabe 2006Rabe S, D?rfel D, Z?llner T, Maercker A, Karl A. Cardiovascular correlates of motor vehicle accident related posttraumatic stress disorder and its successful treatment. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. 2006 Dec 1;31(4):315-30.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included380Rabe 2008Rabe S, Zoellner T, Beauducel A, Maercker A, Karl A. Changes in brain electrical activity after cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients injured in motor vehicle accidents. Psychosomatic medicine. 2008 Jan 1;70(1):13-9.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included381Ragsdale 1996Ragsdale, K. G., Cox, R. D., Finn, P., & Eisler, R. M. (1996). Effectiveness of short-term specialized inpatient treatment for war-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A role for adventure-based counseling and psychodrama. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 269-283.Non-randomised group assignment382Rauch 2009Rauch SA, Grunfeld TE, Yadin E, Cahill SP, Hembree E, Foa EB. Changes in reported physical health symptoms and social function with prolonged exposure therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and anxiety. 2009 Aug 1;26(8):732-8.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included383Ready 2010Ready DJ, Gerardi RJ, Backscheider AG, Mascaro N, Rothbaum BO. Comparing virtual reality exposure therapy to present-centered therapy with 11 US Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2010 Feb 1;13(1):49-54.Sample size (N<10/arm)384Rees 2013Rees B, Travis F, Shapiro D, Chant R. Reduction in posttraumatic stress symptoms in Congolese refugees practicing transcendental meditation. Journal of traumatic stress. 2013 Apr 1;26(2):295-8.Non-randomised group assignment385Reiter 2016Reiter, K.; Anderson, S.; Carlsson, J.; (2016) Neurofeedback Treatment and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Efectiveness of Neurofeedback on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Optimal Choice of Protocol. J Nervous and Mental Disease 204(2): 69-77Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract386Renfrey 1994Renfrey, G. & Spates, C. R. (1994). Eye movement desensitization: a partial dismantling study. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 231-239.Non-randomised group assignment387Renner 2011Renner, W., Banninger-Huber, E. & Peltzer, K. (2011) Culture-sensitive and resource oriented peer (CROP) - groups as a community based intervention for trauma survivors: a randomized controlled pilot study with refugees and asylum seekers from Chechnya. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies. 2011-1:1-13Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted388Resick 1992Resick, P.A.; Schnicke, M.K. (1992) Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 60, 5, 748-756Non-randomised group assignment389Resick 2003Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., & Griffin, M. G. (2003). How well does cognitive-behavioral therapy treat symptoms of complex PTSD? An examination of child sexual abuse survivors within a clinical trial. CNS.Spectr, 8, 340-355.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included390Resick 2008Resick PA, Galovski TE, Uhlmansiek MO, Scher CD, Clum GA, Young-Xu Y. A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2008 Apr;76(2):parison outside protocol391Resick 2012aResick PA, Suvak MK, Johnides BD, Mitchell KS, Iverson KM. The impact of dissociation on PTSD treatment with cognitive processing therapy. Depression and Anxiety. 2012 Aug 1;29(8):718-parison outside protocol392Resick 2012bResick PA, Suvak MK, Johnides BD, Mitchell KS, Iverson KM. The impact of dissociation on PTSD treatment with cognitive processing therapy. Depression and Anxiety. 2012 Aug 1;29(8):718-30.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant393Resick 2015Resick PA, Wachen JS, Mintz J, Young-McCaughan S, Roache JD, Borah AM, Borah EV, Dondanville KA, Hembree EA, Litz BT, Peterson AL. A randomized clinical trial of group cognitive processing therapy compared with group present-centered therapy for PTSD among active duty military personnel. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2015 Dec;83(6):1058.Population outside scope: Trials of soldiers on active service394Rhodes 2016Rhodes A, Spinazzola J, van der Kolk B. Yoga for adult women with chronic PTSD: A long-term follow-up study. The journal of alternative and complementary medicine. 2016 Mar 1;22(3):189-96.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted395Rhudy 2010Rhudy JL, Davis JL, Williams AE, McCabe KM, Bartley EJ, Byrd PM, Pruiksma KE. Cognitive‐behavioral treatment for chronic nightmares in trauma‐exposed persons: assessing physiological reactions to nightmare‐related fear. Journal of clinical psychology. 2010 Apr 1;66(4):365-82.Outcomes are not of interest396Richards 1994Richards, D. A., Lovell, K., & Marks, I. M. (1994). Post-traumatic stress disorder: evaluation of a behavioral treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 669-680.Non-randomised group assignment397Rizvi 2009Rizvi SL, Vogt DS, Resick PA. Cognitive and affective predictors of treatment outcome in cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2009 Sep 30;47(9):737-43.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included398Roberts 2015Roberts, NP.; Roberts, PA.; Jones, N.; Bisson, JI.; (2015) Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psyc Rev 38: 25-38Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract399Roberts 2016Roberts, NP.; Roberts, PA.; Jones, N.; Bisson, JI.; (2016) Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract400Robjant 2010Robjant, K., Fazel, M. (2010) The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review, Clinical Psychology Review, 1030-1039Non-systematic review401Rodrigues 2011Rodrigues, H.; Figueira, I.; Goncalves, R.; Mendlowicz, M.; Macedo, T.; Ventura, P.; (2011) CBT for pharmacotherapy non-remitters - a systetmatic review of a next-step strategy. J Affective Disorders 129(1-3): 219-228Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract402Rogers 1999Rogers, S.; Silver, S.M.; Goss, J.; Obenchain, J.; Willis, A.; Whitney, R.L. (1999) A single session, group study of exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in treating posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam war veterens: Preliminary data. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 1-2, 119-130Sample size (N<10/arm)403Ronconi 2015Ronconi, JM.; Shiner, B.; Watts, BV.; (2015) A Meta-Analysis of Depresive Symptom Outcomes in Randomized, Controlled Trials for PTSD. J Nervous and Mental Disease 203(7): 522-529.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract404Rosendbaum 2015Rosenbaum, S.; Vancampfort, D.; Steel, Z.; Newby, J.; Ward, PB.; Stubbs, B.; (2015) Physical activity in the treatment of Post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry resarch 230(2): 130-136Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract405Rotaru 2016Rotaru,T-S.; Rusu A.; (2016) A Meta-Analysis for the Efficacy of Hypnotherapy in Alleviating PTSD Symptoms. Int J Clin and Expt Hypnosis 64(1): 116-136Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract406Rothbaum (unpublished)Rothbaum, B, et al. Randomised controlled trial of Exposure, EMDR and waitlist treatment for rape survivors with PTSD. (unpublished)Paper unavailable407Rothbaum 1997Rothbaum, B. O. (1997). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61, 317-334.Sample size (N<10/arm)408Rothbaum 2001Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Ready, D., Graap, K., & Alarcon, R. D. (2001). Virtual reality exposure therapy for Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 617-622Non-randomised group assignment409Roy 2006Roy MJ, Law W, Patt I, Difede J, Rizzo A, Graap K, Rothbaum B. Randomized controlled trial of CBT with virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD. Annu. Rev. Cyberther. Telemed. 2006;4:39-44.Protocol410Ruglass 2012Ruglass LM, Miele GM, Hien DA, Campbell AN, Hu MC, Caldeira N, Jiang H, Litt L, Killeen T, Hatch-Maillette M, Najavits L. Helping alliance, retention, and treatment outcomes: A secondary analysis from the NIDA clinical trials network women and trauma study. Substance use & misuse. 2012 Apr 17;47(6):695-707.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included411Ruglass 2014aRuglass LM, Hien DA, Hu MC, Campbell AN. Associations between post‐traumatic stress symptoms, stimulant use, and treatment outcomes: A secondary analysis of NIDA's women and trauma study. The American journal on addictions. 2014 Jan 1;23(1):90-5.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included412Ruglass 2014bRuglass LM, Hien DA, Hu MC, Campbell AN, Caldeira NA, Miele GM, Chang DF. Racial/ethnic match and treatment outcomes for women with PTSD and substance use disorders receiving community-based treatment. Community mental health journal. 2014 Oct 1;50(7):811-22.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted413Russell (unpublished)Russell, M.C., Treating combat related stress disorder: A multiple case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing procedure with battlefield casualties from the Iraqi warNon-randomised group assignment414Ryan 2005Ryan M, Nitsun M, Gilbert L, Mason H. A prospective study of the effectiveness of group and individual psychotherapy for women CSA survivors. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 2005 Dec 1;78(4):465-parison outside protocol415Sack 2016Sack M, Zehl S, Otti A, Lahmann C, Henningsen P, Kruse J, Stingl M. A Comparison of Dual Attention, Eye Movements, and Exposure Only during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2016;85(6):357-parison outside protocol416Salcioglu 2007?alc?o?lu E, Ba?o?lu M, Livanou M. Effects of live exposure on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of reduced behavioral avoidance in improvement. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2007 Oct 31;45(10):2268-79.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included417Salcioglu 2010?alc?o?lu E, Ba?o?lu M. Control-focused behavioral treatment of earthquake survivors using live exposure to conditioned and simulated unconditioned stimuli. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2010 Feb 1;13(1):13-9.Non-systematic review418Saunders 2015Saunders EC, McGovern MP, Lambert‐Harris C, Meier A, McLeman B, Xie H. The impact of addiction medications on treatment outcomes for persons with co‐occurring PTSD and opioid use disorders. The American journal on addictions. 2015 Dec 1;24(8):722-31.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included419Saunders 2016Saunders EC, McLeman BM, McGovern MP, Xie H, Lambert-Harris C, Meier A. The influence of family and social problems on treatment outcomes of persons with co-occurring substance use disorders and PTSD. Journal of substance use. 2016 May 3;21(3):237-43.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included420Sautter 2016Sautter FJ, Glynn SM, Becker‐Cretu JJ, Senturk D, Armelie AP, Wielt DB. Structured Approach Therapy for Combat‐Related PTSD in Returning US Veterans: Complementary Mediation by Changes in Emotion Functioning. Journal of traumatic stress. 2016 Aug 1;29(4):384-7.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included421Schaal 2009Schaal S, Elbert T, Neuner F. Narrative exposure therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2009;78(5):298-306.Non-randomised group assignment422Scher 2017Scher CD, Suvak MK, Resick PA. Trauma cognitions are related to symptoms up to 10 years after cognitive behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy. 2017 Nov;9(6):750.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted423Schnurr 2001Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Lavori, P. W., & Hsieh, F. Y. (2001). Design of Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study no. 420: group treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Controlled Clinical Trials, 22, 74-88.Non-randomised group assignment424Schnurr 2009Schnurr PP, Lunney CA, Forshay E, Thurston VL, Chow BK, Resick PA, Foa EB. Sexual function outcomes in women treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Oct 1;18(10):1549-57.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included425Schnurr 2012Schnurr PP, Lunney CA. Work-related outcomes among female veterans and service members after treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Services. 2012 Nov;63(11):1072-9.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included426Schnurr 2015Schnurr PP, Lunney CA. Differential effects of prolonged exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in female veterans. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2015 Dec;83(6):1154.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included427Schnurr 2016Schnurr PP, Lunney CA. Symptom benchmarks of improved quality of life in PTSD. Depression and anxiety. 2016 Mar 1;33(3):247-55.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included428Schnyder 2011Schnyder U, Müller J, Maercker A, Wittmann L. Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2011 Apr;72(4):564.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted429Schouten 2014Schouten, KA.; de Niet, GJ.; Knipscheer, JW.; Kleber, RJ.; Hutschemaekers, GJM.; (2014) The Effectiveness of Art Therapy in the Treatment of Traumatized Adults. A Systematic Review on Art Therapy and Trauma. Trauma, Viloence and Abuse 16(2): 220-228Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract430Sciarrino 2017Sciarrino NA, DeLucia C, O'Brien K, McAdams K. Assessing the Effectiveness of Yoga as a Complementary and Alternative Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review and Synthesis. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2017 Oct 1;23(10):747-55.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract431Scott 2017Scott JC, Harb G, Brownlow JA, Greene J, Gur RC, Ross RJ. Verbal memory functioning moderates psychotherapy treatment response for PTSD-Related nightmares. Behaviour research and therapy. 2017 Apr 30;91:24-32.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant432Seal 2010Scott K. Enhancing Cognitive Function and Reintegration in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans With PTSD Using Computer-Based Cognitive Training [NCT01087775]. 2010. Available from: [accessed 09.08.2017]Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms433Seal 2012Seal, K. H., Abadjian, L., McCamish, N., Shi, Y., Tarasovsky, G., Weingardt, K. (2012) A randomized controlled trial of telephone motivational interviewing to enhance mental health treatment engagement in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, General Hospital Psychiatry, 34, 450-459Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms434Sebastian 2017Sebastian, B.; Nelms, J.; (2017) the Effectiveness of Emotional Freedom Techniques in te Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. EXPOLRE: the J of Science and Healing 13(1): 16-25Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract435Seda 2015Seda, G.; Sanchez-Ortuno, MM.; Welsh, CH.; Halbower, AC.; Edinger, JD.; (2015) Comparative Meta-Analysis of Prazosin and Imagery Rehersal Therapy for Nightmare Frequency, Sleep Quality, and Posttraumatic Stress. J Clin Sleep Med 11)1): 11-22Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract436Seehausen 2015Seehausen A, Ripper S, Germann G, Hartmann B, Wind G, Renneberg B. Efficacy of a burn-specific cognitive-behavioral group training. Burns. 2015 Mar 31;41(2):308-16.Non-randomised group assignment437Seidler 2006Seidler, GH.; Wagner, FE.; (2006) Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: a meta-analytic study. Psychological medicine 36: 1515-1522Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract438Seligowski 2015Seligowski, AV.; Lee, DJ.; Bardeen, JR.; Orcutt, HK.; (2015) Emotion Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 44(2): 87-102Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract439Serfaty 2016Serfaty M, Ridgewell A, Drennan V, Kessel A, Brewin CR, Wright A, Laycock G, Blanchard M. Helping Aged Victims of Crime (the HAVoC Study): Common crime, older people and mental illness. Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy. 2016 Mar;44(2):140-55.Sample size (N<10/arm)440Servan-Schreiber 2006Servan-Schreiber D, Schooler J, Dew MA, Carter C, Bartone P. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot blinded, randomized study of stimulation type. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2006;75(5):290-parison outside protocol441Shapiro 1989Shapiro, F. Eye movement desensitization: a new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (1989) Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20, 3, 211-217Non-RCT (no control group)442Shapiro 2002Shapiro, F. & Maxfield, L. (2002). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Information processing in the treatment of trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 933-946Non-RCT (no control group)443Shemesh 2011Shemesh E, Annunziato RA, Weatherley BD, Cotter G, Feaganes JR, Santra M, Yehuda R, Rubinstein D. A randomized controlled trial of the safety and promise of cognitive-behavioral therapy using imaginal exposure in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder resulting from cardiovascular illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2011 Feb 1;72(2):168.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted444Sherr 2011Sherr, L.; Nagra, N.; Kulubya, G.; Catalan, J.; Clucas, C.; Harding, R.; (2011) HIV infection associated post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth - A systematic review. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 16(5): 612-629Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract445Shnaider 2017Shnaider P, Sijercic I, Wanklyn SG, Suvak MK, Monson CM. The Role of Social Support in Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Behavior Therapy. 2017 May 31;48(3):285-94.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included446Sijbrandik 2016Sijbrandij, M.; Kunovski, I.; Cuijpers, P.; (2016) Effectiveness of internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety 33: 783-791Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract447Silver 2005Silver SM, Rogers S, Knipe J, Colelli G. EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: a community-based intervention project in New York City. International Journal of Stress Management. 2005 Feb;12(1):29.Non-randomised group assignment448Skowronek 2014Skowronek, IB.; Handler, L.; Guthmann, R.; (2014) Can yoga reduce symtpoms of anxiety and depression? J Fam Prac 63(7): 398-399Non-systematic review449Sloan 2011Sloan, DM.; Gallagher, MW.; Feinstein, BA.; Lee, DJ.; Pruneau, GM.; (2011) Efficacy of Telehealth Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress-Related Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 40(2): 111-125Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract450Sloan 2013Sloan, DM.; Feinstein, BA.; Gallagher, MW.; Beck, GJ.; Keane, TM.; (2013) Efficacy of Group Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 5(2): 176-183Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract451Slobodin 2015Slobodin, O.; De Jong JTVM.; (2015) Mental health interventions for traumatized asylum seekers and refugees: What do we know about their efficacy? Int J Social Psychiartry 61(1): 17-26Non-systematic review452Smith 2005Smith, MT.; Huany, MI.; Manber, R.; (2005) Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic insomnia occurring within the context of medical and psychiatric disorders. Clin Psych Rev 25(5): 559-592Non-systematic review453Smith 2015Smith MJ, Boteler Humm L, Fleming MF, Jordan N, Wright MA, Ginger EJ, Wright K, Olsen D, Bell MD. Virtual reality job interview training for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of vocational rehabilitation. 2015 Jan 1;42(3):271-9.Outcomes are not of interest454Smyth 2008Smyth JM, Hockemeyer JR, Tulloch H. Expressive writing and post‐traumatic stress disorder: Effects on trauma symptoms, mood states, and cortisol reactivity. British Journal of Health Psychology. 2008 Feb 1;13(1):85-93.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted455Soo 2007Soo, C.; Tate, RL.; (2007) Psychological treatment for anxiety in people with traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. CD005239Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract456Spence 2014Spence J, Titov N, Johnston L, Jones MP, Dear BF, Solley K. Internet-based trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for PTSD with and without exposure components: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of affective disorders. 2014 Jun 20;162:73-parison outside protocol457Stalker 1999Stalker CA, Fry R. A comparison of short-term group and individual therapy for sexually abused women. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 Mar 1;44(2):168-parison outside protocol458Stapleton 2006Stapleton, JA.; Taylor, S.; Asmundson, GJG.; (2006) Effects of Three PTSD Treatments on Anger and Guilt: Exposure Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and Relaxation. J Traumatic Stress 19 (1): 19-28Outcomes are not of interest459Steenkamp 2015Steenkamp, MM.; Litz, BT.; Hoge, CW.; (2015) Psychotherapy for Military-Related PTSD. A Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA 314(5): 489-500Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract460Steinmetz 2012Steinmetz SE, Benight CC, Bishop SL, James LE. My Disaster Recovery: a pilot randomized controlled trial of an Internet intervention. Anxiety, Stress & Coping. 2012 Sep 1;25(5):593-parison outside protocol461Stephenson 2017Stephenson KR, Simpson TL, Martinez ME, Kearney DJ. Changes in mindfulness and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among veterans enrolled in mindfulness‐based stress reduction. Journal of clinical psychology. 2017 Mar 1;73(3):201-17.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted462Stergiopoulos 2011Stergiopoulos, E.; Cimo, A.; Cheng, C.; Bonato, S.; Dewa, CS.; (2011) Interventions to improve work outcomes in wrok-related PTSD: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 11:838Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract463Stewart 2009aStewart, CL.; Wrobel, TA.; (2009) Evaluation of the Efficacy of Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy in Treatment of Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review of Outcome Studies. Military Medicine 174.5: 460-469Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract464Stewart 2009bStewart, RE.; Chambless, DL.; (2009) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult Anxiety Disorders in Clinical Practice: A Meta-Analysis of Effectiveness Studies. J Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77(4): 595-606Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract465Strauss 2009Strauss JL, Calhoun PS, Marx CE. Guided Imagery as a Therapeutic Tool in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. InPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder 2009 (pp. 363-373). Humana Press.Non-RCT (no control group)466Stubbs 2017Stubbs, B.; Vancampfort, D.; Rosenbaum, S.; Firth, J.; Cosco, T.; Veronese, N.; Salum, GA.; Schuch, FB.; (2017) An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research 249: 102-108Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract467Swift 2014Swift, JK.; Greenberg, RP.; (2014) A Treatment by Disorder Meta-Analysis of Dropout From Psychotherapy. J Psychotherapy Integration 24(3): 193-207Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract468Tarrier 1999a/1999bTarrier, N., Sommerfield, C., Pilgrim, H., & Humphreys, L. (1999). Cognitive therapy or imaginal exposure in the treatment of post- traumatic stress disorder: Twelve-month follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 571-575.Tarrier, N., Pilgrim, H., Sommerfield, C., Faragher, B., Reynolds, M., Graham, E. et al. (1999). A randomized trial of cognitive therapy and imaginal exposure in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67, 13-parison outside protocol469Tarrier 2004Tarrier N, Sommerfield C. Treatment of chronic PTSD by cognitive therapy and exposure: 5-year follow-up. Behavior Therapy. 2004 May 31;35(2):231-46.Subgroup/secondary analysis that is not relevant470Taylor 2009Taylor, JE.; Harvey, ST.; (2009) Effects of psychotherapy with people who have been sexually assaulted: A meta-analysis. 14(5): 273-285Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract471Taylor 2010Taylor, JE.; Harvey, ST.; (2010) A meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy with adults sexually abused in childhood. Clinical Psychology Review 30(6): 749-767Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract472Taylor 2014Taylor, DJ.; Pruiksma, KE.; (2014) Cognitive and behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in psychiatric populations: A systematic review. Int Rev Psychiatry 26(2): 205-213Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract473Taylor 2017Taylor M, Petrakis I, Ralevski E. Treatment of alcohol use disorder and co-occurring PTSD. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse. 2017 Jul 4;43(4):391-401.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract474Teng 2008Teng, EJ.; Bailey, SD.; Chaison, AD.; Peterson, NJ.; Hamilton, JD.; Dunn, NJ.; (2008) Treating Comorbid Panic Disorder in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Consul and Clin Psych 76(4): 704-710Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms475Teng 2013Teng, EJ.; Hiatt, EL.; McClair, V.; Kunik, ME.; Frueh, BC.; Stanley, MA.; (2013) Efficacy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment for Comorbid Panic Disorder: A Critical Review and Future Directions for Treatment Research. Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice 20(3): 268-284Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract476Ter Heide 2011Ter Heide FJ, Mooren T, Kleijn W, de Jongh A, Kleber R. EMDR versus stabilisation in traumatised asylum seekers and refugees: Results of a pilot study. European journal of psychotraumatology. 2011 Jan 1;2(1):5881.Sample size (N<10/arm)477Thompson 1995Thompson J, Chung MC, Jackson G, Rosser R. A comparative trial of psychotherapy in the treatment of post‐trauma stress reactions. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 1995 Oct 1;2(3):168-76.Intervention outside protocol478Thrasher 2010Thrasher S, Power M, Morant N, Marks I, Dalgleish T. Social support moderates outcome in a randomized controlled trial of exposure therapy and (or) cognitive restructuring for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;55(3):187-90.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included479Thunker 2012Thünker J, Pietrowsky R. Effectiveness of a manualized imagery rehearsal therapy for patients suffering from nightmare disorders with and without a comorbidity of depression or PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2012 Sep 30;50(9):558-64.Sample size (N<10/arm)480Tirado-Munoz 2014Tirado-Munoz, J.; Gilchrist, G.; Farre, M.; Hegarty, K.; Torrens, M.; (2014) The efficay of cognitive behavioural therap and advocacy interventions for women who have experienced intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Medicine 46(8): 567-586Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract481Torchalla 2012Torchally, I.; Nosen, L.; Rostam, H.; Allen, P.; (2012) Integrated treatment programs for individulas with concurrent substance use disorders and trauma experiences: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Substance Abuse Treatment 42(1): 65-77Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract482Tran 2016Tran, US.; Gregor, B.; (2016) The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analytical evaluatoin of randomized controlled trials. BMC Psychiatry 16:266Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract483Triffleman 2000Triffleman, E. (2000). Gender differences in a controlled pilot study of psychosocial treatments in substance dependent patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Design considerations and outcomes. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 18, 113-126.Sample size (N<10/arm)484Turner 2014Turner, WA.; Casey, LM.; (2014) Outcomes associated with virtual reality in psychological interventions: where are we now? Clinical Psychology Review 34(8): 634-644Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract485Ulmer 2008/2011Ulmer CS.Treating Co-Morbid Sleep Difficulties in Veterans With PTSD: A Pilot Study [NCT00734799]. 2008. Available from: [accessed 09.08.2017]Ulmer CS, Edinger JD, Calhoun PS. A multi-component cognitive-behavioral intervention for sleep disturbance in veterans with PTSD: a pilot study. Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2011 Feb 15;7(1):57.Sample size (N<10/arm)486Uttley 2015Uttley, L.; Stevenson, M.; Scope, A.; Rawdin, A.; Sutton, A.; (2015) The clinical and cost effectiveness of group art therapy for people with non-psychotic mental health disorders: a systematic review and cost effectiveness analysis. BMS Psychiatry 15:151Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract487Valentine (unpublished a)Valentine, P. V. & Smith, T. E. (US). Evaluating traumatic incident reduction therapy with female inmates: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Research on Social Work Practice, 11, Jan-52.Paper unavailable488Valentine (unpublished b)Valentine, P. V. (US). Traumatic Incident Reduction I: Traumatized women inmates: Particulars of practice and research. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 31, 2000-2015.Paper unavailable489Vally 2016Vally Z, Abrahams L. The effectiveness of peer-delivered services in the management of mental health conditions: a meta-analysis of studies from low-and middle-income countries. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2016 Dec 1;38(4):330-44.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract490Valmaggia 2016Valmaggia, LR.; Latif, L.; Kempton, MJ.; Rus-Calafell, MR.; (2016) Virtual reality in the psychological treatment for mental health problems: An systematic review of recent evidence. Psychiatry Research 236(28): 189-195Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract491Van Dam 2012Van Dam, D.; Vedel, E.; Ehring, T.; Emmelkamp, PMG.; (2012) Psychological treatments for concurrent posttraumatic stess disorder and substance use disorder: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review 32(3): 202-214Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract492Van Emmerik 2013Van Emmerik, AP.; Reijntes, A.; Kamphuis, JH.; (2013) Writing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress: A Meta-Analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 82(2): 82-88Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract493Van Loon 2013Van Loon, A.; Van Schaik, A.; Dekker, J.; Beekman, A.; (2013) Bridging the gap for ethnic minority adult outpatients with depression and anxiety disorders by culturally adapted treatments. J Affective Disorders 147(1-3): 9-16Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract494van Minnen 2006van Minnen A, Foa EB. The effect of imaginal exposure length on outcome of treatment for PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2006 Aug 1;19(4):427-parison outside protocol495Van Minnen 2015Van Minnen, A.; Zoellner, LA.; Harned, MS.; Mills, K.; (2015) Changes in Comorbid Conditions After Prolonged Exposure for PTSD: a Literature Review. Current Psychiatry Reports 17:17Non-systematic review496Van Til 2013Van Til, L.; Fikretogul, D.; Pranger, T.; Patten, S.; Wang, J.; Wong, M.; Zamorski, M.; Loisel, P.; Corbiere, M.; Shields, N.; Thompson, J.; Pedler, D. (2013) Work Reintegration for Veterans With Mental Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review to Inform Research. Physical Therapy 93(9): 1163-1174Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract497Van't Hof 2011Van't Hof, E.; Stein, DJ.; Van't Hof, E.; Cuijpers, P.; Waheed, W.; (2011) Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety disorders in low- and middle- income countries: a meta-analysis: a review. African Journal of Psychiatry 14(3): 200-207Paper unavailable498Vaughan 1994aVaughan, K., Armstrong, M. S., Gold, R., O'Connor, N., Jenneke, W., & Tarrier, N. (1994). A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 283-291.Cross-over study and first phase data not available499Vaughan 1994bVaughan, K.; Wiese, M.; Gold, R, Tarrier, N. (1994) Eye movement desensitization. Symptom change in post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 533-541Non-randomised group assignment500Verhey 2016Verhey, R.; Chibanda, D.; Brakarsh, J.; Seedat, S.; (2016) Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in peple living with HIV in Resource poor settings: a systematic review. Tropical Medicine and and Int Health 21(10): 1198-1208Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract501Voshaar 2009Voshaar, RCO.; Hendriks, GJ.; Keijsers, G.; Van Balkom, AJ.; (2009) Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in later life. Cochrane Database for Systematic Reveiws. CD007674Non-systematic review502Wade 2016Wade, D.; Varker, T.; Kartal, D.; Hetrick, S.; O'Donnell, M.; Forbes, D.; (2016) Gender Differences in Outcomes Following Trauma-Focused Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy. 8(3): 356-364Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract503Wagner 2016Wagner AC, Torbit L, Jenzer T, Landy MS, Pukay‐Martin ND, Macdonald A, Fredman SJ, Monson CM. The Role of Posttraumatic Growth in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive–Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD. Journal of traumatic stress. 2016 Aug 1;29(4):379-83.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included504Wahbeh 2014Wahbeh, H.; Senders, A.; Neuendorf, R.; (2014) Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symtoms. A Systematic Review. J Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19(3): 161-175Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract505Wang 2013Wang Z, Wang J, Maercker A. Chinese My Trauma Recovery, a Web-based intervention for traumatized persons in two parallel samples: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research. 2013 Sep;15(9).Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted506Watson 1997Watson, C. G., Tuorila, J. R., Vickers, K. S., Gearhart, L. P., & Mendez, C. M. (1997). The efficacies of three relaxation regimens in the treatment of PTSD in Vietnam war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 917-parison outside protocol507Watts 2013Watts, BV.; Schnurr, PP.; Mayo, L.; Young-Xu, Y.; Weeks, WB.; Friedman, MJ.; (2013) Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal Clinical Psychiatry 74)6): e541-550Paper unavailable508Weine 1998Weine, S. M., Kulenovic, A. D., Pavkovic, I., & Gibbons, R. (1998). Testimony psychotherapy in Bosnian refugees: A pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1720-1726.Non-randomised group assignment509Weine 2008Weine S, Kulauzovic Y, Klebic A, Besic S, Mujagic A, Muzurovic J, Spahovic D, Sclove S, Pavkovic I, Feetham S, Rolland J. Evaluating a multiple-family group access intervention for refugees with PTSD. 2008. April; 34(2):149-64.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms510Wells 2004Wells A, Sembi S. Metacognitive therapy for PTSD: A preliminary investigation of a new brief treatment. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2004 Dec 31;35(4):307-18.Non-RCT (no control group)511Whitworth 2016Whitworth JW, Ciccolo JT. Exercise and post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans: a systematic review. Military medicine. 2016 Sep 1;181(9):953-60.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract512Williams 2013Williams JK, Glover DA, Wyatt GE, Kisler K, Liu H, Zhang M. A sexual risk and stress reduction intervention designed for HIV-positive bisexual African American men with childhood sexual abuse histories. Am J Public Health. 2013 Aug;103(8):1476-84. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301121.Intervention not targeted at PTSD symptoms513Wilson 1995/1997Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. H. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 63, 928-937.Wilson, S.A.; Becker, L.A.; Tinker, R.H. (1997) Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65, 6, 1047-1056Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted514Wilson 1996Wilson, D. L., Silver, S. M., Covi, W. G., & Foster, S. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: effectiveness and autonomic correlates. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 219-229.Sample size (N<10/arm)515Wilson 2018Wilson, G., Farrell, D., Kiernan, M. The Use of Eye-Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy in Treating Post-traumatic Stress Disorder-A Systematic Narrative Review. Frontiers in Psychology 2018 Jun 6;9:923.Systematic review with no new useable data and any meta-analysis results not appropriate to extract516Winhusen 2012Winhusen T, Winstanley EL, Somoza E, Brigham G. The potential impact of recruitment method on sample characteristics and treatment outcomes in a psychosocial trial for women with co-occurring substance use disorder and PTSD. Drug and alcohol dependence. 2012 Jan 1;120(1):225-8.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included517Wisco 2013Wisco BE, Sloan DM, Marx BP. Cognitive emotion regulation and written exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychological Science. 2013 Oct;1(4):435-42.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included518Wisco 2016Wisco BE, Baker AS, Sloan DM. Mechanisms of change in written exposure treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior therapy. 2016 Jan 31;47(1):66-74.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included519Wolf 2016Wolf EJ, Lunney CA, Schnurr PP. The influence of the dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder on treatment efficacy in female veterans and active duty service members. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2016 Jan;84(1):95.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included520Woodward 2017Woodward E, Hackmann A, Wild J, Grey N, Clark DM, Ehlers A. Effects of psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder on sleep disturbances: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Behaviour research and therapy. 2017 Oct 1;97:75-85.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included521Wynn 2015Wynn, G. (2015) Complementary and Alternative Medicine Approaches in the Treatment of PTSD, Current Psychiatry Reports, 62Non-systematic review522York 2011York, A.; Crawford, C.; Walter, JAG.; Jonas, WB.; Coeytaux,R.; (2011) Acupuncture Research in Military and Veteran Populations: A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature. Medical Acupuncture 23(4): 229-236Non-systematic review523Yun 2013Yun YH, Lee MK, Bae Y, Shon EJ, Shin BR, Ko H, Lee ES, Noh DY, Lim JY, Kim S, Kim SY. Efficacy of a training program for long-term disease-free cancer survivors as health partners: a randomized controlled trial in Korea. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2013;14(12):7229-35.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted524Zandberg 2016aZandberg LJ, Rosenfield D, McLean CP, Powers MB, Asnaani A, Foa EB. Concurrent treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence: Predictors and moderators of outcome. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2016 Jan;84(1):43.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included525Zandberg 2016bZandberg LJ, Rosenfield D, Alpert E, McLean CP, Foa EB. Predictors of dropout in concurrent treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence: Rate of improvement matters. Behaviour research and therapy. 2016 May 31;80:1-9.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included526Zang 2013Zang, Y., Hunt, N. & Cox, T. (2013). A randomized controlled pilot study: the effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy with adult survivors of the Sichuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 41. Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted527Zang 2017Zang Y, Yu J, Chazin D, Asnaani A, Zandberg LJ, Foa EB. Changes in coping behavior in a randomized controlled trial of concurrent treatment for PTSD and alcohol dependence. Behaviour research and therapy. 2017 Mar 31;90:9-15.Subgroup/secondary analysis of RCT already included528Zoellner 1999Zoellner LA, Feeny NC, Fitzgibbons LA, Foa EB. Response of African American and Caucasian women to cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. Behavior Therapy. 1999 Nov 30;30(4):581-95.Efficacy or safety data cannot be extracted529Zucker 2009Zucker TL, Samuelson KW, Muench F, Greenberg MA, Gevirtz RN. The effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback on heart rate variability and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A pilot study. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. 2009 Jun 1;34(2):parison outside protocolIncluded in the systematic review but excluded from the network meta-analysis of psychological treatments for PTSD in adultsStudy IDReferenceReason for exclusion1Abramowitz 2008Abramowitz EG, Barak Y, Ben-Avi I, et al. (2008) Hypnotherapy in the treatment of chronic combat-related PTSD patients suffering from insomnia: a randomized, zolpidem-controlled clinical trial. Intl. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 56(3), 270-80Hypnotherapy – intervention not of interest2Galovski 2008/2016Galovski T (2008) Sleep-directed Hypnosis As A Complement To CPT In Treating PTSD [NCT00725192]. Available from: [accessed 02.08.2017]Galovski TE, Harik JM, Blain LM, et al. (2016) Augmenting cognitive processing therapy to improve sleep impairment in PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 84(2), 167Hypnotherapy – intervention not of interest3Bormann 2008Bormann JE, Thorp S, Wetherell JL, et al. (2008) A spiritually based group intervention for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: feasibility study. Journal of Holistic Nursing 26(2), 109-16Meditation or Mindfulness-based stress - intervention not of interest4Bormann 2012/2013Bormann JE, Liu L, Thorp SR, et al. (2012) Spiritual wellbeing mediates PTSD change in veterans with military-related PTSD. International journal of behavioural medicine 19(4), 496-502Bormann JE, Thorp SR, Wetherell JL, et al. (2013) Meditation-based mantram intervention for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized trial. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 5(3), 259Meditation or Mindfulness-based stress - intervention not of interest5Branstrom 2010/2012Br?nstr?m R, Kvillemo P, Brandberg Y, et al. (2010) Self-report mindfulness as a mediator of psychological well-being in a stress reduction intervention for cancer patients—a randomized study. Annals of behavioural medicine 39(2), 151-61Br?nstr?m R, Kvillemo P and Moskowitz JT (2012) A randomized study of the effects of mindfulness training on psychological well-being and symptoms of stress in patients treated for cancer at 6-month follow-up. International journal of behavioural medicine 19(4), 535-42Meditation or Mindfulness-based stress - intervention not of interest6Kearney 2013Kearney DJ, McDermott K, Malte C, et al. (2013) Effects of participation in a mindfulness program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of clinical psychology 69(1), 14-27Meditation or Mindfulness-based stress - intervention not of interest7Kearney 2016Kearney DJ, Simpson TL, Malte CA, et al. (2016) Mindfulness-based stress reduction in addition to usual care is associated with improvements in pain, fatigue, and cognitive failures among veterans with gulf war illness. The American journal of medicine 129(2), 204-14Meditation or Mindfulness-based stress - intervention not of interest8Levine 2005Levine EG, Eckhardt J and Targ E (2005) Change in post‐traumatic stress symptoms following psychosocial treatment for breast cancer. Psycho‐Oncology 14(8), 618-35Meditation or Mindfulness-based stress - intervention not of interest9Polusny 2015Polusny MA, Erbes CR, Thuras P, et al. (2015) Mindfulness-based stress reduction for posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 314(5), 456-65Meditation or Mindfulness-based stress - intervention not of interest10Possemato 2016Possemato K, Bergen‐Cico D, Treatman S, et al. (2016) A randomized clinical trial of primary care brief mindfulness training for veterans with PTSD. Journal of clinical psychology 72(3), 179-93Meditation or Mindfulness-based stress - intervention not of interest11Wahbeh 2016/Colgan 2016Wahbeh H, Goodrich E, Goy E and Oken BS (2016) Mechanistic pathways of mindfulness meditation in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of clinical psychology 72(4), 365-83Colgan DD, Christopher M, Michael P and Wahbeh H (2016) The body scan and mindful breathing among veterans with PTSD: Type of intervention moderates the relationship between changes in mindfulness and post-treatment depression. Mindfulness 7(2), 372-83Meditation or Mindfulness-based stress - intervention not of interest12Davis 2012Davis LL, Leon AC, Toscano R, et al. (2012) A randomized controlled trial of supported employment among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Services 63(5), 464-70Individual placement and support / supported employment - intervention not of interest13Weinstein 2016Weinstein N, Khabbaz F and Legate N (2016) Enhancing need satisfaction to reduce psychological distress in Syrian refugees. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 84(7), 645Practical support - intervention not of interest14Wang 2012Wang Y, Hu YP, Wang WC, et al. (2012) Clinical studies on treatment of earthquake-caused posttraumatic stress disorder using electroacupuncture. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 [ID: 431279]Electroacupuncture – intervention not of interest15Goldstein 2018Goldstein LA, Mehling WE, Metzler TJ, et al. (2018) Veterans Group Exercise: A randomized pilot trial of an Integrative Exercise program for veterans with posttraumatic stress. Journal of affective disorders 227, 345-52Exercise – intervention not of interest16Rosenbaum 2011/2015Rosenbaum S, Nguyen D, Lenehan T, et al. (2011) Exercise augmentation compared to usual care for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomised Controlled Trial (The REAP study: R andomised E xercise A ugmentation for P TSD). BMC psychiatry 11(1), 115Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C and Tiedemann A (2015) Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post‐traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 131(5), 350-9Exercise – intervention not of interest17Watts 2012Watts BV, Landon B, Groft A and Young-Xu Y (2012) A sham controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder. Brain stimulation 5(1), 38-43Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation - intervention not of interest18Jindani 2015Jindani F, Turner N and Khalsa SB (2015) A yoga intervention for posttraumatic stress: A preliminary randomized control trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015Yoga – intervention not of interest19Mitchell 2014/Dick 2014/Reddy 2014Mitchell KS, Dick AM, DiMartino DM, et al. (2014) A pilot study of a randomized controlled trial of yoga as an intervention for PTSD symptoms in women. Journal of Traumatic Stress 27(2), 121-8Dick AM, Niles BL, Street AE, et al. (2014) Examining mechanisms of change in a yoga intervention for women: the influence of mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotion regulation on PTSD symptoms. Journal of clinical psychology 70(12), 1170-82Reddy S, Dick AM, Gerber MR and Mitchell K (2014) The effect of a yoga intervention on alcohol and drug abuse risk in veteran and civilian women with posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 20(10), 750-6Yoga – intervention not of interest20van der Kolk 2014van der Kolk BA, Stone L, West J, et al. (2014) Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 75(6), e559-65Yoga – intervention not of interest21Noohi 2017Noohi S, Miraghaie AM, Arabi A and Nooripour R (2017) Effectiveness of neuro-feedback treatment with alpha/theta method on PTSD symptoms and their executing function. Biomedical Research 28(5)Neurofeedback – intervention not of interest22Tan 2011Tan G, Dao TK, Farmer L, et al. (2011) Heart rate variability (HRV) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A pilot study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 36, 27–35Biofeedback – intervention not of interest23van der Kolk 2016van der Kolk BA, Hodgdon H, Gapen M, et al. (2016) A Randomized Controlled Study of Neurofeedback for Chronic PTSD. PloS one 11(12), e0166752Neurofeedback – intervention not of interest24Bisson 2004Bisson JI, Shepherd JP, Joy D, et al. (2004) Early cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms after physical injury. Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 184, 63–69Early treatment (within 3 months from traumatic event)25Jarero 2013Jarero I, Amaya C, Givaudan M and Miranda A. (2013) EMDR individual protocol for paraprofessional use: A randomized controlled trial with first responders. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 7(2), 55-64Early treatment (within 3 months from traumatic event)26Johnson 2011Johnson DM, Zlotnick C and Perez S (2011) Cognitive behavioral treatment of PTSD in residents of battered women's shelters: results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 79(4), 542Early treatment (within 3 months from traumatic event)27Johnson 2016Johnson DM, Johnson NL, Perez SK, et al. (2016) Comparison of adding treatment of PTSD during and after shelter stay to standard care in residents of battered women's shelters: results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of traumatic stress 29(4), 365-73Early treatment (within 3 months from traumatic event)28Sahler 2013Sahler OJ, Dolgin MJ, Phipps S, et al. (2013) Specificity of problem-solving skills training in mothers of children newly diagnosed with cancer: results of a multisite randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 31(10), 1329-35Early treatment (within 3 months from traumatic event)29Sijbrandij 2007Sijbrandij M, Olff M, Reitsma JB, et al. (2007) Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder with brief cognitive behavioral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 164(1), 82-90Early treatment (within 3 months from traumatic event)30Turpin 2005Turpin, G., Downs, M., Mason, S. (2005) Effectiveness of providing self-help information following acute traumatic injury: Randomised controlled trial, British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 76-82Early treatment (within 3 months from traumatic event)31Neuner 2010Neuner F, Kurreck S, Ruf M, et al. (2010) Can asylum-seekers with posttraumatic stress disorder be successfully treated? A randomized controlled pilot study. Cognitive Behavior Therapy 39, 81-91Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU32Ruglass 2017/ Hien 2011Ruglass LM, Lopez-Castro T, Papini S, et al. (2017) Concurrent treatment with prolonged exposure for co-occurring full or subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 86(3), 150-61Hien D (2011) A Randomized Trial of Concurrent Treatment for PTSD and Substance Dependence [NCT01365247]. Available from: [accessed 03.08.2017]Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU33Pabst 2014Pabst A, Schauer M, Bernhardt K, et al. (2014) Evaluation of Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) for Borderline Personality Disorder with comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 11(4), 108-117Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU34Asukai 2010Asukai N, Saito A, Tsuruta N, et al. (2010) Efficacy of exposure therapy for Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder due to mixed traumatic events: A randomized controlled study. Journal of traumatic stress 23(6), 744-50Intervention (TF-CBT) compared with TAU35Beck 2009Beck JG, Coffey SF, Foy DW, et al. (2009) Group cognitive behavior therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: An initial randomized pilot study. Behavior therapy 40(1), 82-92Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU36Brom 1989Brom D, Kleber RJ and Defares PB (1989) Brief psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorders. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 57(5), 607Interventions (TF-CBT, psychodynamic therapy) added onto TAU37Power 2002Power K, McGoldrick T, Brown K, et al. (2002) A controlled comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring versus waiting list in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 9, 299-318Interventions (TF-CBT, EMDR) added onto TAU38Resick 2002Resick PA, Nishith P, Weaver TL, et al. (2002) A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 70, 867-879Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU39Rothbaum 2005Rothbaum B, Astin M and Marsteller F (2005) Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress 18, 607–616Interventions (TF-CBT, EMDR) added onto TAU40Foa 2013bFoa EB, Yusko DA, McLean CP, et al. (2013) Concurrent naltrexone and prolonged exposure therapy for patients with comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310(5), 488-95Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU41Sannibale 2013Sannibale C, Teesson M, Creamer M, et al. (2013) Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for comorbid post‐traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorders. Addiction 108(8), 1397-410Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU42Cook 2010Cook JM, Harb GC, Gehrman PR, et al. (2010) Imagery rehearsal for posttraumatic nightmares: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of traumatic stress 23(5), 553-63Interventions (TF-CBT, non-TF-CBT) added onto TAU43Wells 2015Wells A, Walton D, Lovell K and Proctor D (2015) Metacognitive therapy versus prolonged exposure in adults with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: A parallel randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research 39(1), 70-80Interventions (TF-CBT, metacognitive therapy) added onto TAU44Bohus 2013Bohus M, Dyer AS, Priebe K, et al. (2013) Dialectical Behaviour therapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder after Childhood Sexual Abuse in Patients with and without Borderline Personality Disorder: A randomised controlled trial. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 82(4), 221-33Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU45Coffey 2016Coffey SF, Schumacher JA, Nosen E, et al. (2016) Trauma-focused exposure therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in alcohol and drug dependent patients: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 30(7), 778Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU46Dorrepaal 2012Dorrepaal E, Thomaes K, Smit JH, et al. (2012) Stabilizing group treatment for complex posttraumatic stress disorder related to child abuse based on psychoeducation and cognitive behavioural therapy: A multisite randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 81(4), 217-25Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU47Duffy 2007Duffy M, Gillespie K and Clark DM (2007) Post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 334(7604), 1147Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU48Forbes 2012Forbes D, Lloyd D, Nixon RD, et al. (2012) A multisite randomized controlled effectiveness trial of cognitive processing therapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26(3), 442-52Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU49Maguen 2017Maguen S, Burkman K, Madden E, et al. (2017) Impact of killing in war: A randomized, controlled pilot trial. Journal of clinical psychology 73(9), 997-1012Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU50Monson 2006Monson CM, Schnurr PP, Resick PA, et al. (2006) Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology 74(5), 898Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU51Neuner 2004Neuner F, Schauer M, Klaschik C, et al. (2004) A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 72(4), 579-587Interventions (TF-CBT and counselling) added onto TAU52Akbarian 2015Akbarian F, Bajoghli H, Haghighi M, et al. (2015) The effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy with respect to psychological symptoms and recovering autobiographical memory in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment 11, 395Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU53Paunovic 2011Paunovi? N. (2011) Exposure inhibition therapy as a treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A controlled pilot study. Psychology 2(06), 605Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU54Bass 2013Bass JK, Annan J, McIvor Murray S, et al. (2013) Controlled trial of psychotherapy for Congolese survivors of sexual violence. New England Journal of Medicine 368(23), 2182-91Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU55Hermenau 2013Hermenau K, Hecker T, Schaal S, et al. (2013) Addressing post-traumatic stress and aggression by means of narrative exposure: A randomized controlled trial with ex-combatants in the eastern DRC. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma 22(8), 916-934Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU56Hinton 2005Hinton DE, Chhean D, Pich V, et al. (2005) A randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behavior therapy for Cambodian refugees with treatment‐resistant PTSD and panic attacks: A cross‐over design. Journal of traumatic stress 18(6), 617-29Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU57Hinton 2009Hinton DE, Hofmann SG, Pollack MH and Otto MW (2009) Mechanisms of efficacy of CBT for Cambodian refugees with PTSD: Improvement in emotion regulation and orthostatic blood pressure response. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics 15(3), 255-63Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU58Kubany 2003Kubany ES, Hill EE and Owens JA (2003) Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD: preliminary findings. Journal of Traumatic Stress 16(1), 81-91Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU59Kubany 2004Kubany ES, Hill E E, Owens JA, et al. (2004) Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW) Journal of Consult. Clin.Psychol 72, 3-18Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU60Mills 2012Mills KL, Teesson M, Back SE, et al. (2012) Integrated exposure-based therapy for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 308(7), 690-9Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU61Mueser 2008Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Xie H, et al. (2008) A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 76(2), 259Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU62Foa 2005Foa EB, Hembree EA, Cahill SP, et al. (2005) Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 73(5), 953Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU63Taylor 2003Taylor S, Thordarson DS, Maxfield L, et al. (2003) Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: exposure therapy, EMDR and relaxation training. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 71(2), 330-338Interventions (TF-CBT, EMDR) added onto TAU64Laugharne 2016Laugharne J, Kullack C, Lee CW, et al. (2016) Amygdala volumetric change following psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 28(4), 312-8Interventions (TF-CBT, EMDR) added onto TAU65Nijdam 2012Nijdam MJ, Gersons BP, Reitsma JB, et al. (2012) Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 200(3), 224-31Interventions (TF-CBT, EMDR) added onto TAU66Nacasch 2011Nacasch N, Foa EB, Huppert JD, et al. (2011) Prolonged exposure therapy for combat-and terror-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized control comparison with treatment as usual. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72(9), 1174Interventions (TF-CBT, counselling) added onto TAU67Schnurr 2003Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Foy DW, et al. (2003) Randomized trial of trauma-focused group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 481-489Interventions (TF-CBT, present-centered therapy) added onto TAU68Schnurr 2007/ Haug 2004Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Engel CC, et al. (2007) Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 297(8), 820-30Haug R, Engel CC, Sheliga V, et al. (2004) A randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral treatment for PTSD in women veterans [NCT00032617]. Available from: [accessed 03.08.2017]Interventions (TF-CBT, present-centered therapy) added onto TAU69Suris 2013Surís A, Link‐Malcolm J, Chard K, et al. (2013) A randomized clinical trial of cognitive processing therapy for veterans with PTSD related to military sexual trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 26(1), 28-37Interventions (TF-CBT, present-centered therapy) added onto TAU70Rauch 2015Rauch SA, King AP, Abelson J, et al. (2015) Biological and symptom changes in posttraumatic stress disorder treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Depression and anxiety 32(3), 204-12Interventions (TF-CBT, present-centered therapy) added onto TAU71Sloan 2016b/ 2018Sloan DM, Unger W and Beck JG (2016) Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for veterans diagnosed with PTSD: Design of a hybrid efficacy-effectiveness clinical trial. Contemporary clinical trials 47, 123-30Sloan DM, Unger W, Lee DJ and Beck JG (2018) A randomised controlled trail of cognitive-behavioural group treatment for veterans diagnosed with PTSD. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Veterans Diagnosed With Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of traumatic stress. (TF-CBT, present-centered therapy) added onto TAU72Sloan 2016a/2018Sloan DM, Marx BP and Resick PA (2016) Brief treatment for PTSD: A non-inferiority trial. Contemporary clinical trials 48, 76-82Sloan DM, Marx BP, Lee DJ and Resick PA (2018) A Brief Exposure-Based Treatment vs Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Noninferiority Clinical Trial. JAMA psychiatryInterventions (TF-CBT, self-help without support) added onto TAU73Morath 2014Morath J, Gola H, Sommershof A, et al. (2014) The effect of trauma-focused therapy on the altered T cell distribution in individuals with PTSD: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research 54, 1-0Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU74Stenmark 2013Stenmark H, Catani C, Neuner F, et al. (2013) Treating PTSD in refugees and asylum seekers within the general health care system. A randomized controlled multicenter study. Behaviour research and therapy 51(10), 641-647Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU75Hinton 2011Hinton DE, Hofmann SG, Rivera E, et al. (2011) Culturally adapted CBT (CA-CBT) for Latino women with treatment-resistant PTSD: A pilot study comparing CA-CBT to applied muscle relaxation. Behaviour research and therapy 49(4), 275-80Intervention (TF-CBT) added onto TAU76Margolies 2013Margolies SO, Rybarczyk B, Vrana SR, et al. (2013) Efficacy of a cognitive‐behavioral treatment for insomnia and nightmares in Afghanistan and Iraq veterans with PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology 69(10), 1026-42Intervention (non-TF-CBT) added onto TAU77Zlotnick 1997Zlotnick C, Shea TM, Rosen K, et al. (1997) An affect-management group for women with posttraumatic stress disorder and histories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress 10, 425-436Intervention (non-TF-CBT) added onto TAU78Talbot 2014Talbot LS, Maguen S, Metzler TJ, et al. (2014) Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep 37(2), 327-41Intervention (non-TF-CBT) added onto TAU79McGovern 2011McGovern MP, Lambert-Harris C, Alterman AI, et al. (2011) A randomized controlled trial comparing integrated cognitive behavioral therapy versus individual addiction counseling for co-occurring substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders. Journal of dual diagnosis 7(4), 207-27Intervention (non-TF-CBT) added onto TAU80McGovern 2015McGovern MP, Lambert‐Harris C, Xie H, et al. (2015) A randomized controlled trial of treatments for co‐occurring substance use disorders and post‐traumatic stress disorder. Addiction 110(7), 1194-204Intervention (non-TF-CBT) added onto TAU81Hien 2009Hien DA, Wells EA, Jiang H, et al. (2009) Multisite randomized trial of behavioral interventions for women with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 77(4), 607Intervention (non-TF-CBT) added onto TAU82Dunn 2007Dunn NJ, Rehm LP, Schillaci J, et al. (2007) A randomized trial of self‐management and psychoeducational group therapies for comorbid chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 20(3), 221-37Intervention (non-TF-CBT) added onto TAU83Himmerich 2016Himmerich HD, Willmund G, Zimmermann P, et al. (2016) Serum concentrations of Tnf-A and its soluble receptors during psychotherapy in German soldiers suffering from combat-related PTSD. Psychiatria Danubina 28(3), 293-8Intervention (EMDR) added onto TAU84Jensen 1994Jensen JA (1994) An investigation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of Vietnam combat veterans. Behavior Therapy 25, 311-325Intervention (EMDR) compared with TAU85Brom 2017Brom D, Stokar Y, Lawi C, et al. (2017) Somatic Experiencing for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Outcome Study. Journal of traumatic stress 30(3), 304-12Intervention (combined somatic & cognitive therapies) added onto TAU86Gray 2017Gray, R., Budden-Potts, D., & Bourke, F. (2017). Reconsolidation of Traumatic Memories for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial of 74 male veterans. Psychotherapy Research, 1-19.Intervention (cognitive therapies) added onto TAU87Tylee 2017Tylee, D. S., Gray, R., Glatt, S. J., & Bourke, F. (2017). Evaluation of the reconsolidation of traumatic memories protocol for the treatment of PTSD: a randomized, wait-list-controlled trial. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 3(1), 21-33.Intervention (cognitive therapies) added onto TAU88Geronilla 2016Geronilla L, Minewiser L, Sacramento CA and McWilliams M (2016) EFT (emotional freedom techniques) remediates PTSD and psychological symptoms in veterans: a randomized controlled replication trial. Energy 8(2), 29Intervention (combined somatic & cognitive therapies) added onto TAU89Kaslow 2010 Kaslow NJ, Leiner AS, Reviere S, et al. (2010) Suicidal, abused African American women's response to a culturally informed intervention. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 78(4), 449Intervention (psychoeducation) added onto TAU90van Dam 2013van Dam D, Ehring T, et al. (2013) Trauma-focused treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder combined with CBT for severe substance use disorder: a randomized controlled trial. BMC psychiatry 13(1), 172Intervention (self-help with support) added onto TAU91Meshberg-Cohen 2014Meshberg-Cohen S, Svikis D and McMahon TJ (2014) Expressive writing as a therapeutic process for drug-dependent women. Substance abuse 35(1), 80-8Intervention (self-help without support) added onto TAU92Bass 2016Bass J, Murray SM, Mohammed TA, et al. (2016) A randomized controlled trial of a trauma-informed support, skills, and psychoeducation intervention for survivors of torture and related trauma in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq. Global Health: Science and Practice 4(3), 452-66Intervention (counselling) added onto TAU93Jensen 2016Jensen JF, Egerod I, Bestle MH, et al. (2016) A recovery program to improve quality of life, sense of coherence and psychological health in ICU survivors: a multicenter randomized controlled trial, the RAPIT study. Intensive Care Medicine 42, 1733-1743Intervention (psychoeducation) added onto TAU94Lange 2003Lange A, Rietdijk D, Hudcovicova M, et al. (2003) Interapy: a controlled randomized trial of the standardized treatment of posttraumatic stress through the internet. J.Consult.Clin.Psychol 71, 901-909Study did not report PTSD symptom change scores (only endpoint scores)95Knaevelsrud 2007Knaevelsrud C and Maercker A (2007) Internet-based treatment for PTSD reduces distress and facilitates the development of a strong therapeutic alliance: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC psychiatry 7(1), 13Outcomes of interest not reported or not possible to extract96Lieberman 2005 / 2006 / Ghosh Ippen 2011Lieberman AF, Van Horn P and Ippen CG (2005) Toward evidence-based treatment: child-parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(12), 1241-8Lieberman AF, Ippen CG and Van Horn P (2006) Child-parent psychotherapy: 6-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 45(8), 913-8Ghosh I, Harris WW, Van Horn and Lieberman AF (2011) Traumatic and stressful events in early childhood: can treatment help those at highest risk? Child abuse & neglect 35(7), 504-513Interventions (parent child psychotherapy using play, parent training) not linked to the networkAppendix 7: NMA data filesA. Changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and treatment endpointt[,1]y[,1]sd[,1]n[,1]t[,2]y[,2]sd[,2]n[,2]t[,3]y[,3]sd[,3]n[,3]t[,4]y[,4]sd[,4]n[,4]na[]#Study1-2.009.72245-11.2010.36276-23.109.4727NANANANA3#Blanchard 2002/2003/20041-5.008.96166-7.6910.5315NANANANANANANANA2#Difede 2007b10.005.60116-5.776.1012NANANANANANANANA2#Dunne 20121-1.405.56146-22.105.8914NANANANANANANANA2#Ehlers 20051-2.107.68106-34.556.5520NANANANANANANANA2#Zang 20141-0.582.98176-6.652.7417NANANANANANANANA2#Alghamdi 20151-0.100.354860.000.465218-0.100.4062190.000.47554#Buhmann 201610.1818.63276-50.0316.9328NANANANANANANANA2#Chard 20051-15.0019.13246-40.0018.7122NANANANANANANANA2#Cloitre 20021-6.4717.48316-18.3719.4222NANANANANANANANA2#Falsetti 20081-1.106.50146-5.807.4814NANANANANANANANA2#Jung 20131-3.226.22305-14.289.48306-23.057.3031NANANANA3#Ehlers 20141-2.878.16246-12.507.1025NANANANANANANANA2#Hollifield 20071-2.7016.86106-33.4021.1610NANANANANANANANA2#Fecteau 19991-0.290.65666-0.601.11101NANANANANANANANA2#Bolton 2014a1-1.002.95106-8.003.8510NANANANANANANANA2#Lindauer 20081-6.5012.83236-16.8019.64299-20.5014.9822NANANANA3#McDonagh 20051-3.468.16236-12.857.5441NANANANANANANANA2#Pacella 20126-19.037.968918-23.126.812319-20.947.1626NANANANA3#Popiel 2015180.4010.103119-5.907.0934NANANANANANANANA2#Rothbaum 20066-8.19.346108-30.3612.4511NANANANANANANANA2#Capezzani 20135-6.34.885116-10.388.05107-13.414.4914NANANANA3#Foa 19915-12.0613.86156-15.1812.9027NANANANANANANANA2#Cottraux 20085-25.48.995386-22.708.7033NANANANANANANANA2#Cloitre 20105-2.515.48116-18.3015.5710NANANANANANANANA2#Katz 20145-3.3813.78426-24.3711.0442NANANANANANANANA2#Castillo 20166-29.3010.50479-36.3010.8824NANANANANANANANA2#Ghafoori 20174-18.5018.87136-43.6017.641710-32.6017.2723NANANANA3#Markowitz 2015a3-7.1511.421316-10.0111.3899NANANANANANANANA2#Chambers 20146-19.567.372918-13.436.9020NANANANANANANANA2#Echiverri-Cohen 201612.1923.02227-14.2626.8021NANANANANANANANA2#Davis 20071-3.488.76417-12.607.4139NANANANANANANANA2#Krakow 20001-3.4720.70237-15.5420.7024NANANANANANANANA2#Davis 20111-6.2015.42457-23.6016.97489-22.2015.1053NANANANA3#Ford 20112-0.2011.16277-5.9011.3233NANANANANANANANA2#Nakamura 20171-1.408.181011-32.7012.0610NANANANANANANANA2#Wells 20121-1.234.79268-14.724.4125NANANANANANANANA2#Aldahadha 20121-2.7211.88148-41.9313.7715NANANANANANANANA2#Acarturk 20151-3.5413.82498-38.3312.8149NANANANANANANANA2#Acarturk 20164-8.4012.10128-17.3016.3710NANANANANANANANA2#Carlson 19981-7.5011.25198-24.6011.4320NANANANANANANANA2#Edmond 1999/20041-3.3511.51298-14.2212.1318NANANANANANANANA2#Yurtsever 20185-8.4511.26298-24.6412.3028NANANANANANANANA2#Scheck 19987-0.110.41308-0.230.3832NANANANANANANANA2#Ter Heide 20168-17.7015.352312-15.8011.2023NANANANANANANANA2#Karatzias 20118-39.1515.692918-33.2314.6630NANANANANANANANA2#van der Kolk 20071-5.7812.231610-24.5416.9232NANANANANANANANA2#Krupnick 200810.070.37385-0.260.3775NANANANANANANANA2#Yeomans 201010.527.732512-22.609.6329NANANANANANANANA2#Church 2013/20141-13.3930.207412-21.0929.7071NANANANANANANANA2#Connolly 20111-14.209.1312212-31.908.43114NANANANANANANANA2#Robson 20161-0.636.871913-12.908.1020NANANANANANANANA2#Kent 20112-12.952.512514-3.821.8327NANANANANANANANA2#Bar-Haim 2011/Badura-Brack 2015 study 12-8.762.212414-1.512.0122NANANANANANANANA2#Bar-Haim 2011/Badura-Brack 2015 study 22-5.307.613814-4.909.0934NANANANANANANANA2#Schoorl 20133-6.908.082115-18.687.9922NANANANANANANANA2#Sautter 20151-5.6812.122616-23.6910.6828NANANANANANANANA2#Ivarsson 201411.368.342116-25.3410.5021NANANANANANANANA2#Lewis 20171-0.485.978016-10.068.3279NANANANANANANANA2#Knaevelsrud 20151-2.856.384716-7.566.4147NANANANANANANANA2#Knaevelsrud 201716-12.504.402317-12.605.7028NANANANANANANANA2#Littleton 20161-15.7914.611417-25.159.8513NANANANANANANANA2#Hirai 20051-6.699.125817-11.269.3762NANANANANANANANA2#Kuhn 20171-5.218.281917-16.0011.8123NANANANANANANANA2#Spence 20111-2.576.902917-10.488.9921NANANANANANANANA2#Xu 20161-3.568.742417-6.697.7425NANANANANANANANA2#Miner 20162-0.305.641717-1.326.4319NANANANANANANANA2#Henderson 20072-12.309.101917-17.0210.0342NANANANANANANANA2#Truijens 201421.804.702317-6.106.5826NANANANANANANANA2#Sloan 20042-0.904.112717-7.546.7255NANANANANANANANA2#Sloan 20072-10.204.772117-8.805.4621NANANANANANANANA2#Sloan 2011t1, t2, t3, t4 indicate the coded treatment in each trial army1, y2, y3, y4 indicate the mean change in effect in each trial armsd1, sd2, sd3, sd4 indicate the standard deviation of the mean change in effect in each trial armn1, n2, n3, n4 indicate the number of participants in each trial armna indicates number of arms in each trialNA: non-applicableTreatment codes: 1. Waitlist; 2. Attention placebo; 3. Psychoeducation; 4. Relaxation; 5. Counselling; 6. TF-CBT; 7. non-TF-CBT; 8. EMDR; 9. Present-centered therapy; 10. IPT; 11. Metacognitive therapy; 12. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies; 13. Resilience-oriented treatment; 14. Attention bias modification; 15. Couple intervention; 16. Self-help with support; 17. Self-help without support; 18. SSRI; 19. TF-CBT + SSRICBT: cognitive behavioural therapy; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing; IPT: interpersonal psychotherapy; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TF: trauma-focusedB. Changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and 1-4 month follow-upt[,1]y[,1]sd[,1]n[,1]t[,2]y[,2]sd[,2]n[,2]t[,3]y[,3]sd[,3]n[,3]na[]#Study1-3.4810.05415-14.413.754112-13.5515.26443#van Emmerik 20081-0.110.35225-0.240.4441NANANANA2#Hijazi 20141-5.6411.23385-13.6915.6938NANANANA2#Jacob 20141-0.320.90505-0.910.3899NANANANA2#Weiss 2015 (study 1)1-0.920.36645-1.080.57154NANANANA2#Weiss 2015 (study 2)1-106.90235-13.477.9341NANANANA2#Pacella 20125-19.7417.72116-2.5512.4910NANANANA2#Hensel-Dittmann 20114-14.210.29265-23.39.5226NANANANA2#Blanchard 2002/2003/20044-22.68.39385-24.28.6933NANANANA2#Cloitre 20104-21.49.051115-20.59.33111NANANANA2#Neuner 20084-15.338.90305-22.298.0931NANANANA2#Ehlers 20145-34.313.84178-23.111.8517NANANANA2#McDonagh 20053-9.2111.771345-8.9511.17110NANANANA2#Chambers 20142-2.612.22276-9.311.5433NANANANA2#Nakamura 20176-2517.11488-24.415.5353NANANANA2#Ford 20111-2.1814.33497-33.8214.1049NANANANA2#Acarturk 20161-3.6210.22297-10.5011.6518NANANANA2#Yurtsever 20186-0.140.41327-0.130.4231NANANANA2#Ter Heide 20167-16.215.17239-16.812.0823NANANANA2#Karatzias 20111-18.8918.171610-26.6320.5432NANANANA2#Krupnick 20083-9.048.062011-21.38.0521NANANANA2#Sautter 20151-4.710.37303-7.2211.0929NANANANA2#Ghafoori 20161-5.139.632112-28.5211.1821NANANANA2#Lewis 201712-15.84.532013-16.24.8321NANANANA2#Littleton 20162-0.245.721713-5.955.6419NANANANA2#Henderson 20071-4.474.047014-3.666.5672NANANANA2#Kazak 20041-7.38.972815-16.79.9531NANANANA2#Basoglu 20051-13.213.451515-32.914.3716NANANANA2#Basoglu 2007t1, t2, t3 indicate the coded treatment in each trial arm; y1, y2, y3 indicate the mean change in effect in each trial armsd1, sd2, sd3 indicate the standard deviation of the mean change in effect in each trial arm; n1, n2, n3 indicate the number of participants in each trial armna indicates number of arms in each trial; NA: non-applicableTreatment codes: 1. Waitlist; 2. Attention placebo; 3. Psychoeducation; 4. Counselling; 5. TF-CBT; 6. non-TF-CBT; 7. EMDR; 8. Present-centered therapy; 9. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies; 10. IPT; 11. Couple intervention; 12. Self-help with support; 13. Self-help without support; 14. Family therapy; 15. Behavioural therapyCBT: cognitive behavioural therapy; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing; IPT: interpersonal psychotherapy; TF: trauma-focusedC. Dichotomous remission at treatment endpoint t[,1]r[,1]n[,1]t[,2]r[,2]n[,2]t[,3]r[,3]n[,3]na[]#Study152151021616213#Blanchard 2002/2003/2004182962428146283#Ehlers 2003101461014NANANA2#Ehlers 200510116513NANANA2#Fecteau 1999131261012NANANA2#Lindauer 2005173562636NANANA2#Chard 2005162761731NANANA2#Cloitre 2002153161729NANANA2#Falsetti 20081102062022NANANA2#Gersons 200011176517NANANA2#Jung 201312106810NANANA2#Lindauer 200814236829107223#McDonagh 200511305630616313#Ehlers 201414276928NANANA2#Hollifield 20076721141513571620573#Popiel 2015611081011NANANA2#Capezzani 20135114641477173#Foa 1991561862340NANANA2#Bryant 2003a542961031NANANA2#Cottraux 20085183862033NANANA2#Cloitre 20103532673898403#Markowitz 2015a104571048108533#Ford 2011134983049NANANA2#Acarturk 2016132981018NANANA2#Yurtsever 20183162581725NANANA2#Carletto 2016882915430NANANA2#van der Kolk 20071729114749NANANA2#Steinert 2017121691632NANANA2#Krupnick 20081420121320NANANA2#Monson 2008/20124228121529NANANA2#Sautter 201511431132231NANANA2#Ivarsson 20141575133174NANANA2#Knaevelsrud 20151324142122NANANA2#Sloan 2012252314724NANANA2#Sloan 2011t1, t2, t3 indicate the coded treatment in each trial arm; r1, r2, r3 indicate the number of events in each trial arm; n1, n2, n3 indicate the number of participants in each trial armna indicates number of arms in each trialTreatment codes: 1. Waitlist; 2. Attention placebo; 3. Relaxation; 4. Psychoeducation; 5. Counselling; 6. TF-CBT; 7. non-TF-CBT; 8. EMDR; 9. IPT; 10. Present-centered therapy; 11. Psychodynamic therapy; 12. Couple intervention; 13. Self-help with support; 14. Self-help without support; 15. SSRI; 16. TF-CBT + SSRICBT: cognitive behavioural therapy; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing; IPT: interpersonal psychotherapy; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TF: trauma-focusedAppendix 8: Risk of bias of studies included in the NMARisk of bias graph: reviewer’s judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studiesRisk of bias graph: reviewer’s judgements about each risk of bias item presented by study.Appendix 9: Model fit statisticsA. Changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and treatment endpointConvergence was satisfactory for both fixed and random effects after 20,000 iterations, and the models were compared using results based on samples from a further 40,000 iterations on two chains. The random effects model provided a better fit over the fixed effect model; however, the between-trial standard deviation (posterior median sd 0.93, 95% CrI 0.77 to 1.15) was high when compared with the size of the intervention effect estimates.ModelBetween Study Heterogeneity - Standard DeviationResidual devianceaDICbPosteriormeanPosteriormedian95% CrIFixed effect - consistency-893.41381.00Random effects - consistency0.940.930.77 - 1.15151.6695.68Random effects - inconsistency1.031.020.82 - 1.29151.1697.11a Posterior mean residual deviance compared to 151 total data pointsb Deviance information criteria (DIC) – lower values preferredCrI: credible intervalsB. Changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and 1-4 month follow-upConvergence was satisfactory for both fixed and random effects after 20,000 iterations, and the models were compared using results based on samples from a further 40,000 iterations on two chains. The random effects model provided a better fit over the fixed effect model; however, moderate-to-high between trial heterogeneity (posterior median sd 0.59, 95% CrI 0.38 to 0.95) was observed relative to the size of the intervention effect estimates.ModelBetween Study Heterogeneity - Standard DeviationResidual devianceaDICbPosterior meanPosterior median95% CrIFixed effect – consistency-136.00300.24Random effects - consistency0.610.590.38 - 0.9557.36234.62Random effects - inconsistency0.580.560.33 - 1.0057.26235.08a Posterior mean residual deviance compared to 57 total data pointsb Deviance information criteria (DIC) – lower values preferredCrI: credible intervalsC. Dichotomous remission at treatment endpoint Convergence was satisfactory for both fixed and random effects after 20,000 iterations, and the models were compared using results based on samples from a further 40,000 iterations on two chains. The random effects model provided a better fit over the fixed effect model; however, high between trial heterogeneity (posterior median sd 1.05, 95% CrI 0.60 to 1.68) was observed relative to the size of the intervention effect estimates.ModelBetween Study Heterogeneity - Standard DeviationResidual devianceaDICbPosteriormeanPosteriormedian95% CrIFixed effect - consistency-120.10410.60Random effects - consistency1.071.050.60 - 1.6879.29387.20Random effects - inconsistency1.051.010.54 - 1.7678.95388.55a Posterior mean residual deviance compared to 76 total data pointsb Deviance information criteria (DIC) – lower values preferredCrI: credible intervalsAppendix 10: Inconsistency checksA. Changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and treatment endpointNo evidence of inconsistency was found through comparison of the consistency and inconsistency random effects models, as there were no meaningful differences between the fit of the random effects consistency and inconsistency models, and the between-study standard deviation was smaller in the consistency model (Appendix 9). Further checks for inconsistency using the node-splitting method (random effects model) did not find any evidence of inconsistency between the direct and indirect estimates. However, the difference between the direct and indirect evidence contributing to the pooled estimate of TF-CBT + SSRI versus waitlist is worth noting. Buhmann 2016 is the only study directly comparing these treatments. However the inconsistency model does not make any considerable improvements in the prediction of data points in this study, compared with the consistency model. The only study with data points that were slightly better predicted by the inconsistency model compared with the NMA model was Zang 2014. This study compared TF-CBT versus waitlist but the pooled direct and indirect estimates for this comparison are in agreement (see Deviance plot in Figure below).Deviance contributions for the random effects consistency and inconsistency modelsSummary of node-splitting resultsNode split modelHeterogeneity (SD)Residual devianceData pointsap-valuebMedian95% CrInon-TF-CBT vs. Waitlist0.86(0.70, 1.08)82.35790.32EMDR vs. Waitlist0.86(0.69, 1.07)83.85800.58Present-centered therapy vs. Waitlist0.87(0.70, 1.09)81.28780.30IPT vs. Waitlist0.86(0.70, 1.08)83.67800.93Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Waitlist0.86(0.70, 1.08)83.60800.78Self-help with support vs. Waitlist0.86(0.70, 1.07)83.57800.47Self-help without support vs. Waitlist0.86(0.69, 1.07)83.66800.39SSRI vs. Waitlist0.83(0.67, 1.04)83.00790.18TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Waitlist0.83(0.67, 1.04)83.02790.07Counselling vs. Waitlist0.85(0.69, 1.08)82.32780.41TF-CBT vs. Waitlist0.89(0.72, 1.12)79.06760.43EMDR vs. non-TF-CBT0.86(0.70, 1.08)83.63800.51Present-centered therapy vs. non-TF-CBT0.87(0.70, 1.09)82.44790.65Attention placebo vs. non-TF-CBT0.86(0.70, 1.08)83.61800.68Counselling vs. non-TF-CBT0.86(0.70, 1.08)82.65790.39TF-CBT vs. non-TF-CBT0.86(0.70, 1.08)82.65790.39Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. EMDR0.86(0.70, 1.08)83.62800.79SSRI vs. EMDR0.86(0.70, 1.07)83.65800.48Relaxation vs. EMDR0.85(0.69, 1.07)83.75800.31Counselling vs. EMDR0.86(0.70, 1.08)83.63800.95TF-CBT vs. EMDR0.85(0.68, 1.06)83.56800.15TF-CBT vs. Present-centered therapy0.86(0.70, 1.08)82.47790.41Relaxation vs. IPT0.86(0.70, 1.08)82.72790.54TF-CBT vs. IPT0.86(0.70, 1.08)82.68790.72Self-help without support vs. Attention placebo0.86(0.70, 1.08)83.58800.68Self-help without support vs. Self-help with support0.86(0.70, 1.07)83.63800.47TF-CBT vs. SSRI0.86(0.70, 1.08)81.60780.44TF-CBT vs. TF-CBT + SSRI0.84(0.67, 1.05)81.94780.91TF-CBT vs. Relaxation0.86(0.70, 1.08)82.67790.29TF-CBT vs. Counselling0.86(0.69, 1.08)81.03770.74NMA (no nodes split)0.85(0.69, 1.07)83.7580---a The number of data points varies due to the inclusion of multi-arm trials (van Valkenhoef et al. 2016). Continuous trial data were inputted as standardised mean differences, accompanied with the standard error of the mean of the baseline arm on the standardised scale in order to compute the covariance of the differences in multi-arm trialsb p-values < 0.05 are indicative of evidence of inconsistency between the direct and indirect estimatesCBT: cognitive behavioural therapy; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing; indiv: individual; NMA: network meta-analysis; SD: standard deviation; SSRI: selective serotonine re-uptake inhibitor; TF: trauma-focusedDirect, indirect, and network estimates of relative treatment effects based on node-splitting resultsTreatment codes: 1. Waitlist; 2. Attention placebo; 3. Psychoeducation; 4. Relaxation; 5. Counselling; 6. TF-CBT; 7. non-TF-CBT; 8. EMDR; 9. Present-centered therapy; 10. IPT; 11. Metacognitive therapy; 12. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies; 13. Resilience-oriented treatment; 14. Attention bias modification; 15. Couple intervention; 16. Self-help with support; 17. Self-help without support; 18. SSRI; 19. TF-CBT + SSRI B. Changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and 1-4 month follow-upNo evidence of inconsistency was found through comparison of the consistency and inconsistency random effects models, as little difference was observed between the models in terms of the posterior median between-study standard deviation, posterior mean residual deviance and DIC (Appendix 9). In addition, there were no meaningful improvements in the prediction of data points by the inconsistency model. No evidence of inconsistency was found through further checks for inconsistency using the node-splitting method (random effects model) (see Deviance plot in Figure below). Deviance contributions for the random effects consistency and inconsistency modelsSummary of node-splitting resultsNode split modelHeterogeneity (SD)Residual devianceData pointsap-valuebMedian95% CrISelf-help with support vs. Waitlist0.6(0.37, 1.02)28.51280.58Psychoeducation vs. Waitlist0.57(0.35, 0.98)29.69290.54TF-CBT vs. Waitlist0.53(0.32, 0.90)28.19280.22EMDR vs. Waitlist0.49(0.28, 0.85)30.1290.07TF-CBT vs. Present-centered therapy 0.56(0.34, 0.96)30.04290.49non-TF-CBT vs. Present-centered therapy0.56(0.34, 0.96)30.06290.49Self-help without support vs. Self-help with support0.58(0.36, 0.98)29.73290.66TF-CBT vs. Self-help with support0.56(0.33, 0.97)28.62280.16Attention placebo vs. Self-help without support0.58(0.36, 0.97)29.68290.67non-TF-CBT vs. Attention placebo0.58(0.36, 0.97)29.68290.67TF-CBT vs. Psychoeducation0.57(0.35, 0.97)29.7290.54non-TF-CBT vs. TF-CBT 0.53(0.32, 0.90)29.72290.17EMDR vs. non-TF-CBT0.49(0.28, 0.85)30.09290.07NMA (no nodes split)0.56(0.34, 0.92)29.8329---a The number of data points varies due to the inclusion of multi-arm trials (van Valkenhoef et al. 2016). Continuous trial data were inputted as standardised mean differences, accompanied with the standard error of the mean of the baseline arm on the standardised scale in order to compute the covariance of the differences in multi-arm trialsb p-values < 0.05 are indicative of evidence of inconsistency between the direct and indirect estimatesCBT: cognitive behavioural therapy; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing; indiv: individual; NMA: network meta-analysis; SD: standard deviation; TF: trauma-focusedDirect, indirect, and network estimates of relative treatment effects based on node-splitting resultsTreatment codes: 1. Waitlist; 2. Attention placebo; 3. Psychoeducation; 4. Counselling; 5. TF-CBT; 6. non-TF-CBT; 7. EMDR; 8. Present-centered therapy; 9. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies; 10. IPT; 11. Couple intervention; 12. Self-help with support; 13. Self-help without support; 14. Family therapy; 15. Behavioural therapyC. Dichotomous remission at treatment endpointNo evidence of inconsistency was found through comparison of the consistency and inconsistency random effects models, as little difference was observed between the models in terms of the posterior median between-study standard deviation, posterior mean residual deviance and DIC (Appendix 9). Nevertheless, the inconsistency model notably better predicted data points in Capezzani 2013 (comparing TF-CBT and EMDR), indicating evidence of potential inconsistency. Further checks for inconsistency using the node-splitting method (random effects model) revealed evidence of inconsistency between the direct and indirect estimates contributing to the pooled estimate of TF-CBT versus EMDR. In addition, there was evidence of inconsistency between the direct and indirect estimates of TF-CBT versus self-help without support, which were directly compared in Ehlers 2003. The inconsistency model minimally improved the prediction of one data point in this study, compared to the consistency model (see Deviance plot in Figure below). Deviance contributions for the random effects consistency and inconsistency modelsSummary of node-splitting resultsNode split modelHeterogeneity (SD)Residual devianceData pointsap-valuebMedian95% CrInon-TF-CBT vs. Waitlist0.64(0.07, 1.26)48.58410.87EMDR vs. Waitlist1.10(0.64, 1.76)78.58760.50IPT vs. Waitlist1.09(0.62, 1.77)79.08760.72Counselling vs. Waitlist1.18(0.69, 1.93)76.75740.86TF-CBT vs. Waitlist0.68(0.12, 1.38)77.09720.83Present-centred therapy vs. non-TF-CBT1.08(0.62, 1.75)78.01750.61Counselling vs. non-TF-CBT1.12(0.64, 1.82)78.35750.74TF-CBT vs. non-TF-CBT1.12(0.65, 1.84)78.25750.91SSRI vs. EMDR1.03(0.57, 1.70)79.32760.26Relaxation vs. EMDR1.08(0.62, 1.76)79.02760.50TF-CBT vs. EMDR0.87(0.44, 1.45)78.96760.01Relaxation vs. IPT1.12(0.65, 1.84)77.9750.52TF-CBT vs. IPT1.13(0.65, 1.83)77.87750.84TF-CBT vs. Present-centred therapy1.04(0.58, 1.73)77.63750.65TF-CBT vs. Self-help without support0.47(0.04, 1.08)82.32750.00TF-CBT vs. SSRI1.04(0.57, 1.71)78.26750.26TF-CBT vs. Relaxation1.13(0.65, 1.85)77.82750.56NMA (no nodes split)1.05(0.60, 1.69)79.2276---a The number of data points varies due to the inclusion of multi-arm trials (van Valkenhoef et al. 2016). Data for the non-TF-CBT vs. Waitlist node split model were inputted as log odds ratios, accompanied with the standard error of the log odds of the baseline arm in order to compute the covariance of the differences in multi-arm trials; a continuity correction was applied. Data for all other node split models were inputted at arm-level (i.e., numerators and denominators).b p-values < 0.05 are indicative of evidence of inconsistency between the direct and indirect estimatesCBT: cognitive behavioural therapy; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing; indiv: individual; NMA: network meta-analysis; SD: standard deviation; SSRI: selective serotonine uptake inhibitor; TF: trauma-focusedDirect, indirect, and network estimates of relative treatment effects based on node-splitting resultsTreatment codes: 1. Waitlist; 2. Attention placebo; 3. Relaxation; 4. Psychoeducation; 5. Counselling; 6. TF-CBT; 7. non-TF-CBT; 8. EMDR; 9. IPT; 10. Present-centred therapy; 11. Psychodynamic therapy; 12. Couple intervention; 13. Self-help with support; 14. Self-help without support; 15. SSRI; 16. TF-CBT + SSRI. Continuity correction was applied in node split model for 7 vs. 1 comparison.Appendix 11: Relative effects between all pairs of interventions: direct, indirect and combined (NMA) resultsA. Standardised mean differences (changes in PTSD symptom scores) between baseline and treatment endpointAll NMA estimates are reported based on the results from the random effects model that assumes consistency (Dias et al. 2013a); the direct and indirect estimates are reported based on results given by the node-split models (Dias et al. 2013b). Direct and indirect estimates are presented when available.Negative values favour first intervention in the parisonEffect: standardised mean difference (SMD)NMAmedian SMD (95% CrI)Directmedian SMD (95% CI)Indirectmedian SMD (95% CI)Attention placebo vs. Waitlist-0.39 (-1.42, 0.63)?-0.39 (-1.42, 0.63)Psychoeducation vs. Waitlist-1.21 (-3.13, 0.71)?-1.21 (-3.13, 0.71)Relaxation vs. Waitlist-0.73 (-2.15, 0.70)?-0.73 (-2.15, 0.70)Counselling vs. Waitlist-0.72 (-1.41, -0.05)-1.08 (-2.11, -0.05)-0.54 (-1.36, 0.27)TF-CBT vs. Waitlist-1.46 (-1.87, -1.05)-1.48 (-1.94, -1.03)-1.07 (-2.00, -0.14)non-TF-CBT vs. Waitlist-1.22 (-1.95, -0.49)-0.87 (-1.77, 0.03)-1.58 (-2.69, -0.47)EMDR vs. Waitlist-2.07 (-2.70, -1.44)-2.16 (-3.00, -1.33)-1.83 (-2.71, -0.97)Present-centered therapy vs. Waitlist-1.42 (-2.45, -0.40)-0.93 (-2.22, 0.35)-2.11 (-3.97, -0.26)IPT vs. Waitlist-1.19 (-2.54, 0.15)-1.20 (-3.04, 0.63)-1.10 (-2.86, 0.65)Metacognitive therapy vs. Waitlist-3.04 (-5.09, -0.98)?-3.04 (-5.09, -0.98)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Waitlist-1.69 (-2.66, -0.73)-1.59 (-2.62, -0.55)-1.89 (-3.81, 0.04)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. Waitlist-1.63 (-3.59, 0.32)?1.63 (-3.59, 0.32)-Attention bias modification vs. Waitlist2.13 (0.63, 3.65)?2.13 (0.63, 3.65)Couple intervention vs. Waitlist-2.67 (-5.41, 0.06)?-2.67 (-5.41, 0.06)Self-help with support vs. Waitlist-1.46 (-2.33, -0.59)-1.56 (-2.47, -0.66)-0.78 (-2.73, 1.17)Self-help without support vs. Waitlist-0.91 (-1.67, -0.15)-0.73 (-1.54, 0.08)-1.45 (-2.89, 0.00)SSRI vs. Waitlist-1.14 (-2.09, -0.19)0.00 (-1.69, 1.70)-1.34 (-2.34, -0.36)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Waitlist-1.21 (-2.35, -0.07)0.23 (-1.46, 1.94)-1.78 (-3.11, -0.45)Psychoeducation vs. Attention placebo-0.81 (-2.99, 1.34)?-0.81 (-2.99, 1.34)Relaxation vs. Attention placebo-0.33 (-2.09, 1.41)?-0.33 (-2.09, 1.41)Counselling vs. Attention placebo-0.33 (-1.55, 0.88)?-0.33 (-1.55, 0.88)TF-CBT vs. Attention placebo-1.07 (-2.16, 0.02)?-1.07 (-2.16, 0.02)non-TF-CBT vs. Attention placebo-0.83 (-1.97, 0.32)-0.51 (-2.30, 1.29)-0.96 (-2.29, 0.36)EMDR vs. Attention placebo-1.67 (-2.87, -0.48)?-1.67 (-2.87, -0.48)Present-centered therapy vs. Attention placebo-1.03 (-2.46, 0.40)?-1.03 (-2.46, 0.40)IPT vs. Attention placebo-0.79 (-2.48, 0.88)?-0.79 (-2.48, 0.88)Metacognitive therapy vs. Attention placebo-2.64 (-4.95, -0.35)?-2.64 (-4.95, -0.35)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Attention placebo-1.30 (-2.71, 0.11)?-1.30 (-2.71, 0.11)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. Attention placebo-1.23 (-3.47, 0.97)?-1.23 (-3.47, 0.97)Attention bias modification vs. Attention placebo2.53 (1.42, 3.65)?2.53 (1.42, 3.65)Couple intervention vs. Attention placebo-2.28 (-5.22, 0.64)?-2.28 (-5.22, 0.64)Self-help with support vs. Attention placebo-1.06 (-2.34, 0.20)?-1.06 (-2.34, 0.20)Self-help without support vs. Attention placebo-0.52 (-1.32, 0.29)-0.58 (-1.39, 0.24)-0.12 (-2.21, 1.96)SSRI vs. Attention placebo-0.75 (-2.14, 0.64)?-0.75 (-2.14, 0.64)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Attention placebo-0.82 (-2.35, 0.71)?-0.82 (-2.35, 0.71)Relaxation vs. Psychoeducation0.48 (-1.88, 2.84)?0.48 (-1.88, 2.84)Counselling vs. Psychoeducation0.48 (-1.50, 2.46)?0.48 (-1.50, 2.46)TF-CBT vs. Psychoeducation-0.25 (-2.12, 1.62)?-0.25 (-2.12, 1.62)non-TF-CBT vs. Psychoeducation-0.01 (-2.05, 2.03)?-0.01 (-2.05, 2.03)EMDR vs. Psychoeducation-0.86 (-2.86, 1.14)?-0.86 (-2.86, 1.14)Present-centered therapy vs. Psychoeducation-0.21 (-2.34, 1.93)?-0.21 (-2.34, 1.93)IPT vs. Psychoeducation0.02 (-2.29, 2.33)?0.02 (-2.29, 2.33)Metacognitive therapy vs. Psychoeducation-1.83 (-4.66, 0.98)?-1.83 (-4.66, 0.98)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Psychoeducation-0.49 (-2.61, 1.65)?-0.49 (-2.61, 1.65)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. Psychoeducation-0.43 (-3.16, 2.31)?-0.43 (-3.16, 2.31)Attention bias modification vs. Psychoeducation3.34 (0.91, 5.80)?3.34 (0.91, 5.80)Couple intervention vs. Psychoeducation-1.47 (-3.40, 0.49)?-1.47 (-3.40, 0.49)Self-help with support vs. Psychoeducation-0.25 (-2.35, 1.86)?-0.25 (-2.35, 1.86)Self-help without support vs. Psychoeducation0.30 (-1.76, 2.36)?0.30 (-1.76, 2.36)SSRI vs. Psychoeducation0.06 (-2.04, 2.16)?0.06 (-2.04, 2.16)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Psychoeducation0.00 (-2.20, 2.18)?0.00 (-2.20, 2.18)Counselling vs. Relaxation0.00 (-1.54, 1.52)?0.00 (-1.54, 1.52)TF-CBT vs. Relaxation-0.73 (-2.16, 0.69)-1.41 (-3.30, 0.48)0.08 (-1.97, 2.12)non-TF-CBT vs. Relaxation-0.49 (-2.06, 1.09)?-0.49 (-2.06, 1.09)EMDR vs. Relaxation-1.34 (-2.76, 0.09)-0.63 (-2.54, 1.29)-2.00 (-3.86, -0.13)Present-centered therapy vs. Relaxation-0.69 (-2.43, 1.03)?-0.69 (-2.43, 1.03)IPT vs. Relaxation-0.46 (-2.10, 1.17)-0.79 (-2.64, 1.07)0.23 (-2.50, 2.96)Metacognitive therapy vs. Relaxation-2.31 (-4.81, 0.20)?-2.31 (-4.81, 0.20)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Relaxation-0.97 (-2.67, 0.72)?-0.97 (-2.67, 0.72)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. Relaxation-0.90 (-3.34, 1.51)?-0.90 (-3.34, 1.51)Attention bias modification vs. Relaxation2.86 (0.80, 4.94)?2.86 (0.80, 4.94)Couple intervention vs. Relaxation-1.95 (-5.01, 1.13)?-1.95 (-5.01, 1.13)Self-help with support vs. Relaxation-0.73 (-2.40, 0.93)?-0.73 (-2.40, 0.93)Self-help without support vs. Relaxation-0.18 (-1.80, 1.42)?-0.18 (-1.80, 1.42)SSRI vs. Relaxation-0.42 (-2.07, 1.24)?-0.42 (-2.07, 1.24)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Relaxation-0.48 (-2.26, 1.31)?-0.48 (-2.26, 1.31)TF-CBT vs. Counselling-0.73 (-1.37, -0.09)-0.81 (-1.50, -0.12)-0.55 (-1.91, 0.81)non-TF-CBT vs. Counselling-0.49 (-1.43, 0.44)-1.22 (-3.15, 0.70)-0.29 (-1.28, 0.70)EMDR vs. Counselling-1.34 (-2.19, -0.49)-1.38 (-3.20, 0.45)-1.30 (-2.20, -0.41)Present-centered therapy vs. Counselling-0.69 (-1.88, 0.48)?-0.69 (-1.88, 0.48)IPT vs. Counselling-0.46 (-1.93, 1.01)?-0.46 (-1.93, 1.01)Metacognitive therapy vs. Counselling-2.31 (-4.46, -0.15)?-2.31 (-4.46, -0.15)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Counselling-0.97 (-2.13, 0.19)?-0.97 (-2.13, 0.19)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. Counselling-0.90 (-2.98, 1.16)?-0.90 (-2.98, 1.16)Attention bias modification vs. Counselling2.86 (1.23, 4.51)?2.86 (1.23, 4.51)Couple intervention vs. Counselling-1.95 (-4.71, 0.83)?-1.95 (-4.71, 0.83)Self-help with support vs. Counselling-0.74 (-1.84, 0.38)?-0.74 (-1.84, 0.38)Self-help without support vs. Counselling-0.18 (-1.19, 0.82)?-0.18 (-1.19, 0.82)SSRI vs. Counselling-0.42 (-1.50, 0.67)?-0.42 (-1.50, 0.67)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Counselling-0.48 (-1.74, 0.78)?-0.48 (-1.74, 0.78)non-TF-CBT vs. TF-CBT0.24 (-0.56, 1.04)-0.52 (-2.39, 1.35)0.36 (-0.47, 1.20)EMDR vs. TF-CBT-0.61 (-1.30, 0.08)-2.01 (-4.01, -0.01)-0.46 (-1.14, 0.23)Present-centered therapy vs. TF-CBT0.04 (-0.99, 1.07)-0.44 (-1.71, 0.83)0.40 (-1.21, 2.02)IPT vs. TF-CBT0.27 (-1.09, 1.63)0.62 (-1.12, 2.37)0.15 (-1.72, 2.03)Metacognitive therapy vs. TF-CBT-1.58 (-3.67, 0.51)?-1.58 (-3.67, 0.51)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. TF-CBT-0.23 (-1.28, 0.80)?-0.23 (-1.28, 0.80)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. TF-CBT-0.17 (-2.18, 1.83)?-0.17 (-2.18, 1.83)Attention bias modification vs. TF-CBT3.59 (2.03, 5.16)?3.59 (2.03, 5.16)Couple intervention vs. TF-CBT-1.21 (-3.91, 1.49)?-1.21 (-3.91, 1.49)Self-help with support vs. TF-CBT0.00 (-0.96, 0.97)?0.00 (-0.96, 0.97)Self-help without support vs. TF-CBT0.55 (-0.31, 1.41)?0.55 (-0.31, 1.41)SSRI vs. TF-CBT0.31 (-0.60, 1.23)0.01 (-1.02, 1.04)0.74 (-0.82, 2.29)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. TF-CBT0.25 (-0.86, 1.35)-0.12 (-1.34, 1.09)0.02 (-2.03, 2.06)EMDR vs. non-TF-CBT-0.85 (-1.75, 0.05)-0.30 (-2.08, 1.49)-0.96 (-1.92, -0.01)Present-centered therapy vs. non-TF-CBT-0.20 (-1.37, 0.97)0.09 (-1.67, 1.85)-0.43 (-1.87, 1.01)IPT vs. non-TF-CBT0.04 (-1.50, 1.55)?0.04 (-1.50, 1.55)Metacognitive therapy vs. non-TF-CBT-1.82 (-4.00, 0.35)?-1.82 (-4.00, 0.35)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. non-TF-CBT-0.47 (-1.67, 0.72)?-0.47 (-1.67, 0.72)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. non-TF-CBT-0.41 (-2.51, 1.68)?-0.41 (-2.51, 1.68)Attention bias modification vs. non-TF-CBT3.36 (1.76, 4.95)?3.36 (1.76, 4.95)Couple intervention vs. non-TF-CBT-1.46 (-4.27, 1.36)?-1.46 (-4.27, 1.36)Self-help with support vs. non-TF-CBT-0.24 (-1.37, 0.88)?-0.24 (-1.37, 0.88)Self-help without support vs. non-TF-CBT0.31 (-0.68, 1.30)?0.31 (-0.68, 1.30)SSRI vs. non-TF-CBT0.08 (-1.09, 1.24)?0.08 (-1.09, 1.24)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. non-TF-CBT0.01 (-1.32, 1.35)?0.01 (-1.32, 1.35)Present-centered therapy vs. EMDR0.65 (-0.54, 1.82)?0.65 (-0.54, 1.82)IPT vs. EMDR0.88 (-0.56, 2.31)?0.88 (-0.56, 2.31)Metacognitive therapy vs. EMDR-0.97 (-3.12, 1.18)?-0.97 (-3.12, 1.18)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. EMDR0.37 (-0.69, 1.44)0.15 (-1.68, 1.96)0.44 (-0.77, 1.66)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. EMDR0.44 (-1.63, 2.49)?0.44 (-1.63, 2.49)Attention bias modification vs. EMDR4.20 (2.58, 5.83)?4.20 (2.58, 5.83)Couple intervention vs. EMDR-0.61 (-3.39, 2.20)?-0.61 (-3.39, 2.20)Self-help with support vs. EMDR0.61 (-0.47, 1.69)?0.61 (-0.47, 1.69)Self-help without support vs. EMDR1.16 (0.18, 2.14)?1.16 (0.18, 2.14)SSRI vs. EMDR0.92 (-0.10, 1.95)0.39 (-1.40, 2.18)1.14 (0.00, 2.29)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. EMDR0.86 (-0.38, 2.10)?0.86 (-0.38, 2.10)IPT vs. Present-centered therapy0.23 (-1.44, 1.90)?0.23 (-1.44, 1.90)Metacognitive therapy vs. Present-centered therapy-1.62 (-3.93, 0.67)?-1.62 (-3.93, 0.67)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Present-centered therapy-0.28 (-1.67, 1.13)?-0.28 (-1.67, 1.13)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. Present-centered therapy-0.21 (-2.44, 2.01)?-0.21 (-2.44, 2.01)Attention bias modification vs. Present-centered therapy3.56 (1.75, 5.37)?3.56 (1.75, 5.37)Couple intervention vs. Present-centered therapy-1.26 (-4.14, 1.64)?-1.26 (-4.14, 1.64)Self-help with support vs. Present-centered therapy-0.04 (-1.38, 1.31)?-0.04 (-1.38, 1.31)Self-help without support vs. Present-centered therapy0.51 (-0.76, 1.77)?0.51 (-0.76, 1.77)SSRI vs. Present-centered therapy0.28 (-1.08, 1.63)?0.28 (-1.08, 1.63)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Present-centered therapy0.21 (-1.29, 1.70)?0.21 (-1.29, 1.70)Metacognitive therapy vs. IPT-1.85 (-4.30, 0.61)?-1.85 (-4.30, 0.61)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. IPT-0.51 (-2.14, 1.14)?-0.51 (-2.14, 1.14)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. IPT-0.45 (-2.83, 1.94)?-0.45 (-2.83, 1.94)Attention bias modification vs. IPT3.33 (1.32, 5.34)?3.33 (1.32, 5.34)Couple intervention vs. IPT-1.49 (-4.52, 1.55)?-1.49 (-4.52, 1.55)Self-help with support vs. IPT-0.27 (-1.87, 1.33)?-0.27 (-1.87, 1.33)Self-help without support vs. IPT0.28 (-1.26, 1.82)?0.28 (-1.26, 1.82)SSRI vs. IPT0.04 (-1.56, 1.66)?0.04 (-1.56, 1.66)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. IPT-0.02 (-1.75, 1.71)?-0.02 (-1.75, 1.71)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Metacognitive therapy1.34 (-0.92, 3.62)?1.34 (-0.92, 3.62)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. Metacognitive therapy1.41 (-1.43, 4.25)?1.41 (-1.43, 4.25)Attention bias modification vs. Metacognitive therapy5.18 (2.63, 7.71)?5.18 (2.63, 7.71)Couple intervention vs. Metacognitive therapy0.37 (-3.06, 3.79)?0.37 (-3.06, 3.79)Self-help with support vs. Metacognitive therapy1.58 (-0.65, 3.81)?1.58 (-0.65, 3.81)Self-help without support vs. Metacognitive therapy2.13 (-0.07, 4.32)?2.13 (-0.07, 4.32)SSRI vs. Metacognitive therapy1.89 (-0.36, 4.15)?1.89 (-0.36, 4.15)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Metacognitive therapy1.82 (-0.52, 4.19)?1.82 (-0.52, 4.19)Resilience-oriented treatment vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies0.06 (-2.13, 2.25)?0.06 (-2.13, 2.25)Attention bias modification vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies3.83 (2.05, 5.63)?3.83 (2.05, 5.63)Couple intervention vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies-0.98 (-3.88, 1.91)?-0.98 (-3.88, 1.91)Self-help with support vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies0.23 (-1.06, 1.54)?0.23 (-1.06, 1.54)Self-help without support vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies0.79 (-0.46, 2.01)?0.79 (-0.46, 2.01)SSRI vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies0.55 (-0.78, 1.88)?0.55 (-0.78, 1.88)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies0.48 (-0.99, 1.96)?0.48 (-0.99, 1.96)Attention bias modification vs. Resilience-oriented treatment3.77 (1.31, 6.24)?3.77 (1.31, 6.24)Couple intervention vs. Resilience-oriented treatment-1.04 (-4.39, 2.29)?-1.04 (-4.39, 2.29)Self-help with support vs. Resilience-oriented treatment0.17 (-1.96, 2.32)?0.17 (-1.96, 2.32)Self-help without support vs. Resilience-oriented treatment0.72 (-1.37, 2.83)?0.72 (-1.37, 2.83)SSRI vs. Resilience-oriented treatment0.49 (-1.68, 2.67)?0.49 (-1.68, 2.67)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Resilience-oriented treatment0.42 (-1.84, 2.70)?0.42 (-1.84, 2.70)Couple intervention vs. Attention bias modification-4.81 (-7.95, -1.70)?-4.81 (-7.95, -1.70)Self-help with support vs. Attention bias modification-3.59 (-5.29, -1.91)?-3.59 (-5.29, -1.91)Self-help without support vs. Attention bias modification-3.05 (-4.42, -1.68)?-3.05 (-4.42, -1.68)SSRI vs. Attention bias modification-3.28 (-5.06, -1.50)?-3.28 (-5.06, -1.50)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Attention bias modification-3.34 (-5.24, -1.46)?-3.34 (-5.24, -1.46)Self-help with support vs. Couple intervention1.22 (-1.65, 4.09)?1.22 (-1.65, 4.09)Self-help without support vs. Couple intervention1.77 (-1.07, 4.60)?1.77 (-1.07, 4.60)SSRI vs. Couple intervention1.52 (-1.32, 4.38)?1.52 (-1.32, 4.38)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Couple intervention1.46 (-1.47, 4.39)?1.46 (-1.47, 4.39)Self-help without support vs. Self-help with support0.55 (-0.51, 1.60)-0.02 (-1.82, 1.79)0.76 (-0.42, 1.95)SSRI vs. Self-help with support0.31 (-0.96, 1.60)?0.31 (-0.96, 1.60)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Self-help with support0.25 (-1.20, 1.68)?0.25 (-1.20, 1.68)SSRI vs. Self-help without support-0.23 (-1.44, 0.98)?-0.23 (-1.44, 0.98)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Self-help without support-0.30 (-1.67, 1.06)?-0.30 (-1.67, 1.06)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. SSRI-0.07 (-1.11, 0.99)?-0.07 (-1.11, 0.99)CBT: cognitive behavioural therapy; CI: confidence intervals; CrI: credible intervals; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing; SMD: standardised mean difference; SSRI: selective serotonine reuptake inhibitor; TF: trauma-focusedB. Standardised mean differences (changes in PTSD symptom scores) between baseline and 1-4 month follow-upAll NMA estimates are reported based on the results from the random effects model that assumes consistency (Dias et al. 2013a); the direct and indirect estimates are reported based on results given by the node-split models (Dias et al. 2013b). Direct and indirect estimates are presented when available.Negative values favour first intervention in the parisonEffect: standardised mean difference (SMD)NMAmedian SMD (95% CrI)Directmedian SMD (95% CrI)Indirectmedian SMD (95% CrI)Attention placebo vs. Waitlist-0.02 (-1.35, 1.33)?-0.02 (-1.35, 1.33)Psychoeducation vs. Waitlist-0.51 (-1.47, 0.44)-0.24 (-1.57, 1.10)-0.78 (-2.15, 0.57)Counselling vs. Waitlist-0.30 (-1.12, 0.53)?-0.30 (-1.12, 0.53)TF-CBT vs. Waitlist-0.73 (-1.23, -0.25)-0.58 (-1.08, -0.09)-1.34 (-2.59, -0.16)non-TF-CBT vs. Waitlist-0.43 (-1.35, 0.53)?-0.43 (-1.35, 0.53)EMDR vs. Waitlist-1.13 (-1.94, -0.27)-1.47 (-2.31, -0.61)0.15 (-1.42, 1.72)Present-centered therapy vs. Waitlist-0.16 (-1.29, 1.01)?-0.16 (-1.29, 1.01)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Waitlist-1.18 (-2.75, 0.43)?-1.18 (-2.75, 0.43)IPT vs. Waitlist-0.39 (-1.76, 0.97)?-0.39 (-1.76, 0.97)Couple intervention vs. Waitlist-2.04 (-3.72, -0.36)?-2.04 (-3.72, -0.36)Self-help with support vs. Waitlist-1.26 (-2.12, -0.42)-1.40 (-2.43, -0.42)-0.65 (-3.31, 2.05)Self-help without support vs. Waitlist-1.19 (-2.52, 0.13)?-1.19 (-2.52, 0.13)Family therapy vs. Waitlist0.15 (-1.13, 1.43)0.15 (-1.13, 1.43)Behavioural therapy vs. Waitlist-1.19 (-2.16, -0.21)-1.19 (-2.16, -0.21)Psychoeducation vs. Attention placebo-0.49 (-2.11, 1.10)?-0.49 (-2.11, 1.10)Counselling vs. Attention placebo-0.28 (-1.77, 1.20)?-0.28 (-1.77, 1.20)TF-CBT vs. Attention placebo-0.71 (-2.06, 0.61)?-0.71 (-2.06, 0.61)non-TF-CBT vs. Attention placebo-0.41 (-1.58, 0.76)-0.57 (-1.91, 0.78)0.00 (-2.35, 2.45)EMDR vs. Attention placebo-1.11 (-2.53, 0.33)?-1.11 (-2.53, 0.33)Present-centered therapy vs. Attention placebo-0.14 (-1.65, 1.39)?-0.14 (-1.65, 1.39)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Attention placebo-1.16 (-3.11, 0.83)?-1.16 (-3.11, 0.83)IPT vs. Attention placebo-0.37 (-2.31, 1.53)?-0.37 (-2.31, 1.53)Couple intervention vs. Attention placebo-2.02 (-4.16, 0.10)?-2.02 (-4.16, 0.10)Self-help with support vs. Attention placebo-1.25 (-2.62, 0.10)?-1.25 (-2.62, 0.10)Self-help without support vs. Attention placebo-1.17 (-2.37, 0.03)-1.01 (-2.43, 0.42)-1.57 (-3.95, 0.73)Family therapy vs. Attention placebo0.17 (-1.70, 2.02)?0.17 (-1.70, 2.02)Behavioural therapy vs. Attention placebo-1.17 (-2.83, 0.47)?-1.17 (-2.83, 0.47)Counselling vs. Psychoeducation0.22 (-0.94, 1.38)?0.22 (-0.94, 1.38)TF-CBT vs. Psychoeducation-0.22 (-1.17, 0.73)0.02 (-1.23, 1.29)-0.53 (-1.96, 0.90)non-TF-CBT vs. Psychoeducation0.08 (-1.18, 1.38)?0.08 (-1.18, 1.38)EMDR vs. Psychoeducation-0.62 (-1.84, 0.65)?-0.62 (-1.84, 0.65)Present-centered therapy vs. Psychoeducation0.36 (-1.05, 1.79)?0.36 (-1.05, 1.79)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Psychoeducation-0.67 (-2.49, 1.20)?-0.67 (-2.49, 1.20)IPT vs. Psychoeducation0.12 (-1.55, 1.80)?0.12 (-1.55, 1.80)Couple intervention vs. Psychoeducation-1.53 (-2.91, -0.14)?-1.53 (-2.91, -0.14)Self-help with support vs. Psychoeducation-0.75 (-2.01, 0.49)?-0.75 (-2.01, 0.49)Self-help without support vs. Psychoeducation-0.67 (-2.28, 0.93)?-0.67 (-2.28, 0.93)Family therapy vs. Psychoeducation0.67 (-0.94, 2.26)?0.67 (-0.94, 2.26)Behavioural therapy vs. Psychoeducation-0.67 (-2.04, 0.69)?-0.67 (-2.04, 0.69)TF-CBT vs. Counselling-0.43 (-1.10, 0.22)?-0.43 (-1.10, 0.22)non-TF-CBT vs. Counselling-0.13 (-1.25, 1.02)?-0.13 (-1.25, 1.02)EMDR vs. Counselling-0.83 (-1.95, 0.31)?-0.83 (-1.95, 0.31)Present-centered therapy vs. Counselling0.15 (-1.11, 1.43)?0.15 (-1.11, 1.43)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Counselling-0.88 (-2.62, 0.91)?-0.88 (-2.62, 0.91)IPT vs. Counselling-0.09 (-1.70, 1.51)?-0.09 (-1.70, 1.51)Couple intervention vs. Counselling-1.74 (-3.54, 0.06)?-1.74 (-3.54, 0.06)Self-help with support vs. Counselling-0.96 (-2.09, 0.15)?-0.96 (-2.09, 0.15)Self-help without support vs. Counselling-0.89 (-2.39, 0.60)?-0.89 (-2.39, 0.60)Family therapy vs. Counselling0.45 (-1.08, 1.97)?0.45 (-1.08, 1.97)Behavioural therapy vs. Counselling-0.89 (-2.17, 0.38)?-0.89 (-2.17, 0.38)non-TF-CBT vs. TF-CBT 0.30 (-0.60, 1.24)1.11 (-0.36, 2.57)-0.15 (-1.23, 0.94)EMDR vs. TF-CBT -0.40 (-1.30, 0.54)?-0.40 (-1.30, 0.54)Present-centered therapy vs. TF-CBT 0.58 (-0.49, 1.68)0.87 (-0.53, 2.27)0.15 (-1.45, 1.85)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. TF-CBT -0.45 (-2.06, 1.22)?-0.45 (-2.06, 1.22)IPT vs. TF-CBT 0.34 (-1.11, 1.79)?0.34 (-1.11, 1.79)Couple intervention vs. TF-CBT -1.31 (-2.98, 0.37)?-1.31 (-2.98, 0.37)Self-help with support vs. TF-CBT -0.53 (-1.43, 0.37)0.07 (-1.20, 1.34)-1.18 (-2.50, 0.14)Self-help without support vs. TF-CBT -0.46 (-1.79, 0.89)?-0.46 (-1.79, 0.89)Family therapy vs. TF-CBT 0.88 (-0.49, 2.26)?0.88 (-0.49, 2.26)Behavioural therapy vs. TF-CBT -0.45 (-1.54, 0.63)?-0.45 (-1.54, 0.63)EMDR vs. non-TF-CBT-0.70 (-1.69, 0.30)0.02 (-1.14, 1.19)-1.59 (-2.92, -0.24)Present-centered therapy vs. non-TF-CBT0.28 (-0.78, 1.33)0.04 (-1.24, 1.31)0.76 (-1.03, 2.45)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. non-TF-CBT-0.74 (-2.43, 0.94)?-0.74 (-2.43, 0.94)IPT vs. non-TF-CBT0.04 (-1.64, 1.69)?0.04 (-1.64, 1.69)Couple intervention vs. non-TF-CBT-1.60 (-3.51, 0.26)?-1.60 (-3.51, 0.26)Self-help with support vs. non-TF-CBT-0.83 (-2.01, 0.30)?-0.83 (-2.01, 0.30)Self-help without support vs. non-TF-CBT-0.76 (-2.14, 0.60)?-0.76 (-2.14, 0.60)Family therapy vs. non-TF-CBT0.58 (-1.03, 2.17)?0.58 (-1.03, 2.17)Behavioural therapy vs. non-TF-CBT-0.75 (-2.13, 0.58)?-0.75 (-2.13, 0.58)Present-centered therapy vs. EMDR0.97 (-0.31, 2.24)?0.97 (-0.31, 2.24)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. EMDR-0.05 (-1.42, 1.32)?-0.05 (-1.42, 1.32)IPT vs. EMDR0.73 (-0.88, 2.33)?0.73 (-0.88, 2.33)Couple intervention vs. EMDR-0.91 (-2.78, 0.93)?-0.91 (-2.78, 0.93)Self-help with support vs. EMDR-0.14 (-1.31, 0.99)?-0.14 (-1.31, 0.99)Self-help without support vs. EMDR-0.06 (-1.57, 1.41)?-0.06 (-1.57, 1.41)Family therapy vs. EMDR1.28 (-0.27, 2.79)?1.28 (-0.27, 2.79)Behavioural therapy vs. EMDR-0.06 (-1.35, 1.20)?-0.06 (-1.35, 1.20)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies vs. Present-centered therapy-1.02 (-2.86, 0.85)?-1.02 (-2.86, 0.85)IPT vs. Present-centered therapy-0.24 (-2.04, 1.54)?-0.24 (-2.04, 1.54)Couple intervention vs. Present-centered therapy-1.88 (-3.88, 0.09)?-1.88 (-3.88, 0.09)Self-help with support vs. Present-centered therapy-1.11 (-2.47, 0.22)?-1.11 (-2.47, 0.22)Self-help without support vs. Present-centered therapy-1.03 (-2.64, 0.56)?-1.03 (-2.64, 0.56)Family therapy vs. Present-centered therapy0.30 (-1.43, 2.00)?0.30 (-1.43, 2.00)Behavioural therapy vs. Present-centered therapy-1.03 (-2.54, 0.45)?-1.03 (-2.54, 0.45)IPT vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies0.78 (-1.33, 2.86)?0.78 (-1.33, 2.86)Couple intervention vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies-0.86 (-3.19, 1.42)?-0.86 (-3.19, 1.42)Self-help with support vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies-0.09 (-1.89, 1.67)?-0.09 (-1.89, 1.67)Self-help without support vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies-0.01 (-2.05, 1.99)?-0.01 (-2.05, 1.99)Family therapy vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies1.33 (-0.73, 3.36)?1.33 (-0.73, 3.36)Behavioural therapy vs. Combined somatic/cognitive therapies-0.01 (-1.90, 1.83)?-0.01 (-1.90, 1.83)Couple intervention vs. IPT-1.65 (-3.81, 0.52)?-1.65 (-3.81, 0.52)Self-help with support vs. IPT-0.88 (-2.50, 0.74)?-0.88 (-2.50, 0.74)Self-help without support vs. IPT-0.80 (-2.71, 1.11)?-0.80 (-2.71, 1.11)Family therapy vs. IPT0.54 (-1.35, 2.43)?0.54 (-1.35, 2.43)Behavioural therapy vs. IPT-0.80 (-2.47, 0.89)?-0.80 (-2.47, 0.89)Self-help with support vs. Couple intervention0.77 (-1.10, 2.63)?0.77 (-1.10, 2.63)Self-help without support vs. Couple intervention0.85 (-1.26, 2.97)?0.85 (-1.26, 2.97)Family therapy vs. Couple intervention2.19 (0.08, 4.30)?2.19 (0.08, 4.30)Behavioural therapy vs. Couple intervention0.85 (-1.09, 2.78)?0.85 (-1.09, 2.78)Self-help without support vs. Self-help with support0.07 (-1.11, 1.27)-0.08 (-1.46, 1.29)0.48 (-1.85, 2.91)Family therapy vs. Self-help with support1.41 (-0.12, 2.96)?1.41 (-0.12, 2.96)Behavioural therapy vs. Self-help with support0.08 (-1.21, 1.37)?0.08 (-1.21, 1.37)Family therapy vs. Self-help without support1.34 (-0.50, 3.19)?1.34 (-0.50, 3.19)Behavioural therapy vs. Self-help without support0.00 (-1.64, 1.64)?0.00 (-1.64, 1.64)Behavioural therapy vs. Family therapy-1.34 (-2.94, 0.27)?-1.34 (-2.94, 0.27)CBT: cognitive behavioural therapy; CI: confidence intervals; CrI: credible intervals; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing; SMD: standardised mean difference; TF: trauma-focusedC. Dichotomous remission at treatment endpointAll NMA estimates are reported based on the results from the random effects model that assumes consistency (Dias et al. 2013a); the direct and indirect estimates are reported based on results given by the node-split models (Dias et al. 2013b). Direct and indirect estimates are presented when available.Positive values favour first intervention in the parisonEffect: log-odds ratio (LOR)NMAmedian LOR (95% CrI)Directmedian LOR (95% CrI)Indirectmedian LOR (95% CrI)Attention placebo vs. Waitlist1.08 (-1.97, 4.24)?1.08 (-1.97, 4.24)Relaxation vs. Waitlist2.64 (0.77, 4.59)?2.64 (0.77, 4.59)Psychoeducation vs. Waitlist-0.74 (-4.66, 3.07)?-0.74 (-4.66, 3.07)Counselling vs. Waitlist1.33 (0.20, 2.51)1.59 (-0.52, 3.83)1.36 (-0.26, 3.01)TF-CBT vs. Waitlist2.45 (1.79, 3.19)2.33 (1.76, 3.00)2.15 (0.44, 3.83)non-TF-CBT vs. Waitlist3.01 (1.31, 4.84)3.20 (-0.04, 6.40)2.90 (0.96, 4.90)EMDR vs. Waitlist3.36 (2.04, 4.84)2.95 (1.04, 4.91)3.89 (1.89, 6.22)IPT vs. Waitlist2.52 (0.71, 4.40)2.15 (-0.65, 5.22)2.83 (0.35, 5.39)Present-centred therapy vs. Waitlist2.48 (0.75, 4.36)2.48 (0.75, 4.36)Psychodynamic therapy vs. Waitlist4.58 (1.87, 7.57)4.58 (1.87, 7.57)Couple intervention vs. Waitlist2.12 (-0.51, 4.83)2.12 (-0.51, 4.83)Self-help with support vs. Waitlist1.76 (0.03, 3.49)1.76 (0.03, 3.49)Self-help without support vs. Waitlist1.50 (-0.16, 3.32)1.50 (-0.16, 3.32)SSRI vs. Waitlist1.39 (-0.45, 3.42)?1.39 (-0.45, 3.42)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Waitlist1.63 (-0.61, 4.00)?1.63 (-0.61, 4.00)Relaxation vs. Attention placebo1.57 (-2.09, 5.16)?1.57 (-2.09, 5.16)Psychoeducation vs. Attention placebo-1.82 (-6.86, 3.05)?-1.82 (-6.86, 3.05)Counselling vs. Attention placebo0.26 (-3.07, 3.49)?0.26 (-3.07, 3.49)TF-CBT vs. Attention placebo1.37 (-1.79, 4.47)?1.37 (-1.79, 4.47)non-TF-CBT vs. Attention placebo2.20 (-1.39, 5.82)?2.20 (-1.39, 5.82)EMDR vs. Attention placebo2.28 (-1.09, 5.67)?2.28 (-1.09, 5.67)IPT vs. Attention placebo1.45 (-2.16, 5.01)?1.45 (-2.16, 5.01)Present-centred therapy vs. Attention placebo1.41 (-2.16, 4.96)?1.41 (-2.16, 4.96)Psychodynamic therapy vs. Attention placebo3.53 (-0.70, 7.72)?3.53 (-0.70, 7.72)Couple intervention vs. Attention placebo1.05 (-3.08, 5.13)?1.05 (-3.08, 5.13)Self-help with support vs. Attention placebo0.69 (-2.92, 4.18)?0.69 (-2.92, 4.18)Self-help without support vs. Attention placebo0.43 (-2.13, 3.02)?0.43 (-2.13, 3.02)SSRI vs. Attention placebo0.32 (-3.29, 3.94)?0.32 (-3.29, 3.94)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Attention placebo0.55 (-3.25, 4.37)?0.55 (-3.25, 4.37)Psychoeducation vs. Relaxation-3.38 (-7.81, 0.85)?-3.38 (-7.81, 0.85)Counselling vs. Relaxation-1.31 (-3.44, 0.80)?-1.31 (-3.44, 0.80)TF-CBT vs. Relaxation-0.19 (-2.07, 1.69)0.23 (-2.49, 2.95)-0.93 (-4.11, 2.15)non-TF-CBT vs. Relaxation0.64 (-1.90, 3.31)?0.64 (-1.90, 3.31)EMDR vs. Relaxation0.72 (-1.12, 2.64)0.18 (-2.39, 2.78)1.43 (-1.44, 4.42)IPT vs. Relaxation-0.11 (-2.28, 2.03)0.33 (-2.35, 3.05)-1.24 (-5.55, 3.05)Present-centred therapy vs. Relaxation-0.15 (-2.69, 2.43)?-0.15 (-2.69, 2.43)Psychodynamic therapy vs. Relaxation1.95 (-1.42, 5.44)?1.95 (-1.42, 5.44)Couple intervention vs. Relaxation-0.51 (-3.82, 2.77)?-0.51 (-3.82, 2.77)Self-help with support vs. Relaxation-0.87 (-3.47, 1.67)?-0.87 (-3.47, 1.67)Self-help without support vs. Relaxation-1.14 (-3.64, 1.45)?-1.14 (-3.64, 1.45)SSRI vs. Relaxation-1.24 (-3.65, 1.28)?-1.24 (-3.65, 1.28)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Relaxation-1.01 (-3.80, 1.85)?-1.01 (-3.80, 1.85)Counselling vs. Psychoeducation2.07 (-1.89, 6.19)?2.07 (-1.89, 6.19)TF-CBT vs. Psychoeducation3.19 (-0.65, 7.20)?3.19 (-0.65, 7.20)non-TF-CBT vs. Psychoeducation4.02 (-0.19, 8.47)?4.02 (-0.19, 8.47)EMDR vs. Psychoeducation4.11 (0.11, 8.32)?4.11 (0.11, 8.32)IPT vs. Psychoeducation3.26 (-0.95, 7.61)?3.26 (-0.95, 7.61)Present-centred therapy vs. Psychoeducation3.24 (-0.94, 7.57)?3.24 (-0.94, 7.57)Psychodynamic therapy vs. Psychoeducation5.35 (0.64, 10.23)?5.35 (0.64, 10.23)Couple intervention vs. Psychoeducation2.86 (0.16, 5.81)?2.86 (0.16, 5.81)Self-help with support vs. Psychoeducation2.50 (-1.69, 6.79)?2.50 (-1.69, 6.79)Self-help without support vs. Psychoeducation2.24 (-1.87, 6.58)?2.24 (-1.87, 6.58)SSRI vs. Psychoeducation2.14 (-2.04, 6.58)?2.14 (-2.04, 6.58)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Psychoeducation2.37 (-2.01, 6.98)?2.37 (-2.01, 6.98)TF-CBT vs. Counselling1.12 (0.12, 2.15)?1.12 (0.12, 2.15)non-TF-CBT vs. Counselling1.94 (0.03, 4.01)2.61 (-0.63, 6.62)1.86 (-1.12, 5.25)EMDR vs. Counselling2.03 (0.37, 3.79)?2.03 (0.37, 3.79)IPT vs. Counselling1.19 (-0.89, 3.26)?1.19 (-0.89, 3.26)Present-centred therapy vs. Counselling1.16 (-0.79, 3.18)?1.16 (-0.79, 3.18)Psychodynamic therapy vs. Counselling3.25 (0.29, 6.43)?3.25 (0.29, 6.43)Couple intervention vs. Counselling0.79 (-2.10, 3.71)?0.79 (-2.10, 3.71)Self-help with support vs. Counselling0.43 (-1.66, 2.48)?0.43 (-1.66, 2.48)Self-help without support vs. Counselling0.17 (-1.81, 2.25)?0.17 (-1.81, 2.25)SSRI vs. Counselling0.06 (-1.97, 2.24)?0.06 (-1.97, 2.24)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Counselling0.29 (-2.08, 2.80)?0.29 (-2.08, 2.80)non-TF-CBT vs. TF-CBT 0.82 (-0.95, 2.75)0.62 (-2.21, 3.49)0.84 (-1.97, 4.04)EMDR vs. TF-CBT 0.91 (-0.46, 2.35)5.37 (1.91, 10.09)0.08 (-1.31, 1.45)IPT vs. TF-CBT 0.07 (-1.76, 1.92)0.11 (-2.54, 2.77)-0.31 (-3.31, 2.87)Present-centred therapy vs. TF-CBT 0.03 (-1.72, 1.85)0.21 (-2.35, 2.75)1.05 (-1.78, 4.35)Psychodynamic therapy vs. TF-CBT 2.13 (-0.70, 5.16)?2.13 (-0.70, 5.16)Couple intervention vs. TF-CBT -0.32 (-3.08, 2.43)?-0.32 (-3.08, 2.43)Self-help with support vs. TF-CBT -0.69 (-2.59, 1.13)?-0.69 (-2.59, 1.13)Self-help without support vs. TF-CBT -0.95 (-2.70, 0.88)-3.24 (-5.15, -1.48)3.36 (0.79, 7.03)SSRI vs. TF-CBT -1.06 (-2.86, 0.85)-1.79 (-4.13, 0.53)0.28 (-2.74, 3.31)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. TF-CBT -0.82 (-3.01, 1.42)?-0.82 (-3.01, 1.42)EMDR vs. non-TF-CBT0.08 (-2.22, 2.33)?0.08 (-2.22, 2.33)IPT vs. non-TF-CBT-0.75 (-3.40, 1.76)?-0.75 (-3.40, 1.76)Present-centred therapy vs. non-TF-CBT-0.79 (-2.79, 1.15)-0.41 (-2.93, 2.12)-1.44 (-4.93, 1.93)Psychodynamic therapy vs. non-TF-CBT1.31 (-2.10, 4.74)?1.31 (-2.10, 4.74)Couple intervention vs. non-TF-CBT-1.15 (-4.50, 2.11)?-1.15 (-4.50, 2.11)Self-help with support vs. non-TF-CBT-1.51 (-4.19, 0.95)?-1.51 (-4.19, 0.95)Self-help without support vs. non-TF-CBT-1.77 (-4.33, 0.74)?-1.77 (-4.33, 0.74)SSRI vs. non-TF-CBT-1.88 (-4.50, 0.69)?-1.88 (-4.50, 0.69)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. non-TF-CBT-1.64 (-4.55, 1.19)?-1.64 (-4.55, 1.19)IPT vs. EMDR-0.83 (-3.02, 1.27)?-0.83 (-3.02, 1.27)Present-centred therapy vs. EMDR-0.87 (-3.10, 1.34)?-0.87 (-3.10, 1.34)Psychodynamic therapy vs. EMDR1.22 (-1.90, 4.46)?1.22 (-1.90, 4.46)Couple intervention vs. EMDR-1.23 (-4.28, 1.74)?-1.23 (-4.28, 1.74)Self-help with support vs. EMDR-1.60 (-3.89, 0.54)?-1.60 (-3.89, 0.54)Self-help without support vs. EMDR-1.86 (-4.06, 0.33)?-1.86 (-4.06, 0.33)SSRI vs. EMDR-1.96 (-3.86, -0.05)-0.97 (-3.58, 1.60)-3.04 (-5.87, -0.30)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. EMDR-1.73 (-4.19, 0.72)?-1.73 (-4.19, 0.72)Present-centred therapy vs. IPT-0.03 (-2.53, 2.52)?-0.03 (-2.53, 2.52)Psychodynamic therapy vs. IPT2.07 (-1.26, 5.54)?2.07 (-1.26, 5.54)Couple intervention vs. IPT-0.39 (-3.66, 2.85)?-0.39 (-3.66, 2.85)Self-help with support vs. IPT-0.76 (-3.30, 1.75)?-0.76 (-3.30, 1.75)Self-help without support vs. IPT-1.02 (-3.47, 1.53)?-1.02 (-3.47, 1.53)SSRI vs. IPT-1.13 (-3.62, 1.48)?-1.13 (-3.62, 1.48)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. IPT-0.90 (-3.69, 2.01)?-0.90 (-3.69, 2.01)Psychodynamic therapy vs. Present-centred therapy2.10 (-1.23, 5.53)?2.10 (-1.23, 5.53)Couple intervention vs. Present-centred therapy-0.36 (-3.61, 2.85)?-0.36 (-3.61, 2.85)Self-help with support vs. Present-centred therapy-0.72 (-3.29, 1.70)?-0.72 (-3.29, 1.70)Self-help without support vs. Present-centred therapy-0.98 (-3.45, 1.49)?-0.98 (-3.45, 1.49)SSRI vs. Present-centred therapy-1.09 (-3.62, 1.48)?-1.09 (-3.62, 1.48)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Present-centred therapy-0.86 (-3.67, 1.98)?-0.86 (-3.67, 1.98)Couple intervention vs. Psychodynamic therapy-2.46 (-6.40, 1.38)?-2.46 (-6.40, 1.38)Self-help with support vs. Psychodynamic therapy-2.83 (-6.23, 0.40)?-2.83 (-6.23, 0.40)Self-help without support vs. Psychodynamic therapy-3.09 (-6.46, 0.23)?-3.09 (-6.46, 0.23)SSRI vs. Psychodynamic therapy-3.19 (-6.64, 0.22)?-3.19 (-6.64, 0.22)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Psychodynamic therapy-2.96 (-6.64, 0.67)?-2.96 (-6.64, 0.67)Self-help with support vs. Couple intervention-0.36 (-3.56, 2.78)?-0.36 (-3.56, 2.78)Self-help without support vs. Couple intervention-0.63 (-3.79, 2.62)?-0.63 (-3.79, 2.62)SSRI vs. Couple intervention-0.74 (-3.97, 2.64)?-0.74 (-3.97, 2.64)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Couple intervention-0.50 (-3.95, 3.08)?-0.50 (-3.95, 3.08)Self-help without support vs. Self-help with support-0.26 (-2.65, 2.26)?-0.26 (-2.65, 2.26)SSRI vs. Self-help with support-0.36 (-2.88, 2.30)?-0.36 (-2.88, 2.30)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Self-help with support-0.14 (-2.94, 2.81)?-0.14 (-2.94, 2.81)SSRI vs. Self-help without support-0.11 (-2.64, 2.46)?-0.11 (-2.64, 2.46)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. Self-help without support0.13 (-2.71, 2.97)?0.13 (-2.71, 2.97)TF-CBT + SSRI vs. SSRI0.23 (-2.02, 2.46)?0.23 (-2.02, 2.46)CBT: cognitive behavioural therapy; CI: confidence intervals; CrI: credible intervals; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing; LOR: log-odds ratio; SSRI: selective serotonine reuptake inhibitor; TF: trauma-focusedAppendix 12: Results of the NICE guideline NMA A. Changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and treatment endpointRandom effects model usedPosterior median standard deviation: 0.88 (95% CrI 0.73 to 1.10); residual deviance 157.3No evidence of inconsistency detectedInterventionNkMean SMD (95% CrI) vs waitlistCouple intervention221-3.49 (-6.22 to -0.75)Metacognitive therapy101-3.03 (-4.99 to -1.06)TF-CBT mixed281-2.83 (-4.70 to -0.98)TF-CBT group >12 sessions421-2.38 (-4.34 to -0.46)TF-CBT individual <8 sessions1605-2.26 (-3.23 to -1.30)Psychoeducation 1522-2.02 (-4.01 to -0.02)EMDR 26011-1.98 (-2.59 to -1.37)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies2374-1.67 (-2.59 to -0.75)Resilience-oriented treatment201-1.62 (-3.50 to 0.25)Self-help with support 1985-1.46 (-2.28 to -0.64)TF-CBT individual 8-12 sessions44313-1.43 (-2.00 to -0.88)Present-centered therapy993-1.32 (-2.33 to -0.33)Behavioural therapy 472-1.20 (-2.52 to 0.11)non-TF-CBT 2097-1.19 (-1.90 to -0.49)IPT552-1.16 (-2.47 to 0.13)TF-CBT individual 8-12 sessions + SSRI1153-1.06 (-2.17 to 0.02)SSRI1665-1.02 (-1.94 to -0.11)TF-CBT individual >12 sessions1736-0.94 (-1.71 to -0.17)Self-help without support33511-0.91 (-1.64 to -0.18)Counselling 2789-0.70 (-1.39 to -0.01)Relaxation252-0.67 (-2.07 to 0.69)TF-CBT group 8-12 sessions573-0.65 (-1.75 to 0.45)Attention placebo2219-0.39 (-1.36 to 0.59)Family therapy7210.15 (-1.66 to 1.94)Waitlist142546ReferenceAttention bias modification8332.14 (0.73 to 3.59)CrI: credible intervals; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation reprocessing; IPT: interpersonal psychotherapy; SMD: standardised mean difference; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TF-CBT: trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapyk: number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed each intervention; N: number randomised to each treatment across RCTsNegative values indicate a better effect for the intervention compared with the reference treatment (waitlist). In bold effects where the 95% CrI do not cross the line of no effect (SMD=0)B. Changes in PTSD symptom scores between baseline and 1-4 month follow-upRandom effects model usedPosterior median standard deviation: 0.65 (95% CrI 0.41 to 1.13); residual deviance 51.37Evidence of inconsistency detectedInterventionNKMean SMD (95% CrI) vs waitlistCouple intervention211-1.93 (-3.84 to -0.03)Self-help with support 853-1.22 (-2.17 to -0.26)Self-help without support 402-1.17 (-2.60 to 0.30)Combined somatic/cognitive therapies 231-1.16 (-2.95 to 0.61)EMDR1214-1.13 (-2.06 to -0.19)TF-CBT individual 8-12 sessions4007-0.86 (-1.52 to -0.21)TF-CBT individual >12 sessions502-0.75 (-2.24 to 0.72)TF-CBT individual <8 sessions 3034-0.52 (-1.33 to 0.30)non-TF-CBT 1234-0.45 (-1.53 to 0.67)Psychoeducation1833-0.40 (-1.51 to 0.71)IPT321-0.39 (-1.92 to 1.14)Counselling2054-0.30 (-1.29 to 0.69)Present-centered therapy702-0.17 (-1.67 to 1.35)Attention placebo442-0.01 (-1.50 to 1.52)Waitlist38311referenceCrI: credible intervals; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation reprocessing; IPT: interpersonal psychotherapy; SMD: standardised mean difference; TF-CBT: trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapyk: number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed each intervention; N: number randomised to each treatment across RCTsNegative values indicate a better effect for the intervention compared with the reference treatment (waitlist). In bold effects where the 95% CrI do not cross the line of no effect (SMD=0)C. Dichotomous remission at treatment endpointRandom effects model usedPosterior median standard deviation: 1.00 (95% CrI 0.51 to 1.74); residual deviance 78.51Evidence of inconsistency detectedInterventionNkMean LOR (95% CrI) vs waitlistPsychodynamic therapy4914.60 (1.84 to 7.53)non-TF-CBT6523.66 (1.80 to 5.73)TF-CBT individual 8-12 sessions 30083.39 (2.33 to 4.59)TF-CBT individual <8 sessions 3023.37 (0.67 to 6.95)EMDR 13253.35 (1.98 to 4.82)Relaxation5723.02 (1.13 to 4.98)IPT7222.96 (1.10 to 4.91)Present-centered therapy7522.58 (0.78 to 4.50)TF-CBT group >12 sessions2212.54 (-0.25 to 5.45)TF-CBT mixed 3612.43 (-0.02 to 4.94)TF-CBT individual 8-12 sessions + SSRI 5712.38 (0.05 to 4.85)TF-CBT individual >12 sessions14662.25 (1.12 to 3.46)Couple intervention4922.14 (-0.47 to 4.79)SSRI8721.95 (0.01 to 4.01)Self-help without support7431.79 (0.11 to 3.65)Self-help with support10521.76 (0.08 to 3.48)Counselling15061.71 (0.51 to 2.98)Attention placebo2311.38 (-1.63 to 4.56)TF-CBT group 8-12 sessions6730.93 (-0.74 to 2.53)Psychoeducation281-0.76 (-4.61 to 2.99)Waitlist62523ReferenceCrI: credible intervals; EMDR: eye movement desensitisation reprocessing; IPT: interpersonal psychotherapy; LOR: log-odds ratio; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TF-CBT: trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapyk: number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed each intervention; N: number randomised to each treatment across RCTs Positive values indicate a better effect for the intervention compared with the reference treatment (waitlist).In bold effects where the 95% CrI do not cross the line of no effect (LOR=0)Appendix 13: Pairwise sub-analysesA. Trauma-focused CBT versus waitlist – PTSD symptom scores between baseline and treatment endpoint: Sub-analysis by specific TF-CBT intervention B. Trauma-focused CBT versus waitlist – PTSD symptom scores between baseline and treatment endpoint: Sub-analysis by method of analysis (intention to treat [ITT] or completer)C. Trauma-focused CBT versus waitlist – PTSD symptom scores between baseline and treatment endpoint: Sub-analysis by multiplicity of traumaAppendix 14: References in the online supplementary materialBrooks SP, Gelman A (1998). Alternative methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 7, 434-455.Chinn S (2000). A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 19, 3127-3131.Cohen J (1969). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press: New York.Cooper H, Hedges LV, Valentine JC (2009). The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-analysis. Russel Sage Foundation: New York.Dempster A (1997). The direct use of likelihood for significance testing. Statistics and Computing 7, 247-252.Dias S, Ades AE, Welton NJ, Jansen JP, Sutton AJ (2018). Network Meta-analysis for Decision-Making. Wiley: Hoboken NJ.Dias S, Sutton AJ, Ades AE, Welton NJ (2013a). Evidence synthesis for decision making 2: a generalized linear modeling framework for pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medical Decision Making 33, 607-617.Dias S, Welton NJ, Caldwell DM, Ades AE (2010). Checking consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 29, 932-944.Dias S, Welton NJ, Sutton AJ, Caldwell DM, Lu G, Ades AE (2013b). Evidence synthesis for decision making 4: inconsistency in networks of evidence based on randomized controlled trials. Medical Decision Making 33, 641-656.Lunn DJ, Thomas A, Best N, Spiegelhalter D (2000). WinBUGS-A Bayesian modelling framework: Concepts, structure, and extensibility. Statistics and Computing 10, 325-337.Mavranezouli I, Megnin-Viggars O, Grey N, Bhutani G, Leach J, Daly C, Dias S, Welton NJ, Katona C, El-Leithy S, Greenberg N, Stockton S, Pilling S (under review). Cost effectiveness of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults. PLOS One, under review.Spiegelhalter D, Thomas A, Best N, Lunn DJ (2003). WinBUGS user manual: version 1.4. MRC Biostatistics Unit: Cambridge.Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BP, van der Linde A (2002). Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B 64, 583-616.van Valkenhoef G, Dias S, Ades AE, Welton NJ (2016). Automated generation of node-splitting models for assessment of inconsistency in network meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods 7, 80-93.van Valkenhoef G, Kuiper J (2016). gemtc: Network Meta-Analysis Using Bayesian Methods. R package version 0.8-2. . 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