CHAPTER 14 LECTURE NOTES: STRESS & HEALTH
Chapter 14 Lecture Notes: Stress & Health
▪ Behavioral Medicine:
➢ interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
▪ Health Psychology:
➢ subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
▪ Stress: process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
▪ Stress Appraisal:
➢ Burnout: physical, emotional and mental exhaustion brought on by persistent job-related stress
➢ General Adaptation Syndrome: Selye’s concept of the body’s
adaptive response to stress in three stages
➢ Stressful Life Events:
▪ Catastrophic Events: earthquakes, combat stress, floods
▪ Life Changes: death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion
▪ Daily Hassles: rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
➢ Stress and the Heart
o Coronary Heart Disease
▪ clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
▪ leading cause of death in many developed countries
o Type A:
▪ Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
o Type B
▪ Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Stress and Disease
➢ Psychosomatic Disease
o psychologically caused physical symptoms
➢ Psychophysiological Illness
➢ “mind-body” illness
➢ any stress-related physical illness
▪ some forms of hypertension
▪ some headaches
➢ distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
➢ Lymphocytes
o two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
▪ B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
▪ T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
▪ Negative emotions and health-related consequences:
Promoting Health
▪ Aerobic Exercise:
▪ sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness
▪ Biofeedback:
▪ system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
▪ blood pressure
▪ muscle tension
▪ Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks
▪ Predictors of mortality
Subfields of Alternative Medicine:
➢ Smoking-related early deaths
Obesity and Weight Control
▪ Weight Discrimination: When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire
-----------------------
Stressors
Catastrophes
Life changes
Hassles
Intervening
factors
Appraisal
Perceived control
Personality
Social support
Coping behaviors
Stress
reactions
Physiological
Emotional
Behavioral
Stressful event
(tough math test)
Threat
(“Yikes! This is
beyond me!”)
Challenge
(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal
Response
Stress
resistance
Phase 1
Alarm
reaction
(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2
Resistance
(cope with
stressor)
Phase 3
Exhaustion
(reserves
depleted)
The body’s resistance to stress can only
Last so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressor
occurs
Stress
resistance
Phase 1
Alarm
reaction
(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2
Resistance
(cope with
stressor)
Phase 3
Exhaustion
(reserves
depleted)
The body’s resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressor
occurs
Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressors
and negative
emotions
Release of stress
hormones
Heart
disease
Immune
suppression
Autonomic nervous
system effects
(headaches,
hypertension)
Percentage
of patients
with recurrent
heart attacks
(cumulative
average)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Year
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Life-style modification patients
Control patients
Modifying life-style
reduced recurrent
heart attacks
Life events
Tendency toward
Health
Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Easy going
Nondepressed
Optimistic
Hostile
Depressed
Pessimistic
Personality habits
Nonsmoking
Regular exercise
Good nutrition
Smoking
Sedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring
Lacking
Men
Women
Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious attendance attendance
Relative
risk
of dying
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Alternative systems of
medical practice
Bioelectromagnetic
applications
Diet, nutrition,
life-style changes
Herbal medicine
Manual healing
Mind-body control
Pharmacological and
biological treatments
Subfields of Alternative Medicine
Health care ranging from self-care according to folk principles,
to care rendered in an organized health care system based on
alternative traditions or practices
The study of how living organisms interact with electromagnetic (EM) fields
The knowledge of how to prevent illness, maintain health, and
reverse the effects of chronic disease through dietary or
nutritional intervention
Employing plan and plant products from folk medicine traditions
for pharmacological use
Using touch and manipulation with the hands as a diagnostic
and therapeutic tool
Exploring the mind’s capacity to affect the body, based on
traditional medical systems that make use of the interconnected-
ness of mind and body
Drugs and vaccines not yet accepted by mainstream medicine
33,348
1,686
1,135
556
202
Smoking Suicide Vehicle HIV/ Homicide
crash AIDS
Cause of death
Number
of deaths
per 100,000
Willingness to hire scale
(from1: definitely
not hire)
to
7: definitely hire)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Women
Men
Normal
Overweight
................
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