Principles of Sociology

2019 Principles of Sociology

Khushdil Khan Kasi

Contents

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY

.............................................................................................................................................................. 0 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 8

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 8

What is Sociology? ............................................................................................................................... 9 Sociological Imagination; .................................................................................................................... 9 Scope, Subject Matter, and Concerns of Sociology; .......................................................................... 11 History and Origin of Sociology: ....................................................................................................... 13

Auguste Comte; .............................................................................................................................................13 Ibne-E-Khaldoon; ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Development of Sociology as a Formal Academic Discipline; ......................................................................14 Karl Marx;......................................................................................................................................................14 Herbert Spencer;............................................................................................................................................15 Emile Durkheim; ...........................................................................................................................................15 Max Weber; ....................................................................................................................................................17 Major Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology; .................................................................................... 18 Structural Functional Perspective;...............................................................................................................19 Conflict Perspective;......................................................................................................................................21 Symbolic Interaction Perspective; ................................................................................................................22 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 24

SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH..............................................................................................................24

What Is Sociological Research? ......................................................................................................... 25 Experiment Research Method;......................................................................................................................26 Survey Research Method;..............................................................................................................................27 Fieldwork Research Method; ........................................................................................................................28 Participant Observation;...........................................................................................................................28 The Ethnography; .....................................................................................................................................29 Case Study;................................................................................................................................................29 Content Analysis; ..........................................................................................................................................29

The Research Process; ........................................................................................................................ 30 Step One; Define The Problem:.....................................................................................................................30 Step Two; Literature Review: .......................................................................................................................31 Step Three; Generate Hypothesis: ................................................................................................................31 Step Four; Research Methodology: ...............................................................................................................31

KHUSHDIL KHAN KASI

1

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY

Step Five; Data Collection:............................................................................................................................32 Step Six; Analyze And Interpret The Results: .............................................................................................32 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 33

SOCIAL INTERACTION AND SOCIAL PROCESSES ....................................................................33

What Is Social Interaction? ............................................................................................................... 34 Types of Social Interaction ................................................................................................................ 34

Direct or Physical Social Interaction ............................................................................................................34 Symbolic Interaction .....................................................................................................................................35 Forms of Social Interaction ............................................................................................................... 35 Social Interaction between Two Individuals ................................................................................................35 Social Interaction between Groups;..............................................................................................................36 Social Interaction between an Individual and Culture ...............................................................................36 Social process ..................................................................................................................................... 36 Exchange ........................................................................................................................................................ 37 Cooperation .................................................................................................................................................... 38 Competition ...................................................................................................................................................38 Conflict ...........................................................................................................................................................39 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 41

SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE .............................................................................................. 41

What is society? .................................................................................................................................. 42 Types of societies; ............................................................................................................................... 42

Hunter-gatherer societies; ............................................................................................................................43 Pastoral societies; ..........................................................................................................................................43 Horticultural societies; ..................................................................................................................................44 Agriculture societies; .....................................................................................................................................44 Industrial societies; .......................................................................................................................................45 Postindustrial society; ...................................................................................................................................45 Theoretical Perspectives on Society; .................................................................................................. 46 Structural Functional Perspective;...............................................................................................................46 Conflict Perspective;......................................................................................................................................47 Symbolic Interactionist Perspective; ............................................................................................................49 Social structure; ................................................................................................................................. 50 Macro level;....................................................................................................................................................51 Maso level; .....................................................................................................................................................52 Micro level;.....................................................................................................................................................52

Social status; .............................................................................................................................................53

KHUSHDIL KHAN KASI

2

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY

Social roles;................................................................................................................................................54 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 58

SOCIALIZATION ....................................................................................................................................58

What is Socialization; ........................................................................................................................ 59 Agents of Socialization; ..................................................................................................................... 60

Family; ...........................................................................................................................................................60 Schools; ..........................................................................................................................................................61 Peer groups; ...................................................................................................................................................62 Mass media; ...................................................................................................................................................63 Religion; .........................................................................................................................................................63 Types of socialization; ........................................................................................................................ 64 Primary socialization;....................................................................................................................................64 Anticipatory socialization;.............................................................................................................................64 Professional or developmental socialization;................................................................................................64 Re-socialization; ............................................................................................................................................. 65 Theoretical perspectives on socialization; ......................................................................................... 65 Structural functional perspective; ................................................................................................................65 Conflict perspective; ......................................................................................................................................66 Symbolic interaction perspective; .................................................................................................................66

Looking-glass-self theory; .........................................................................................................................67 Role taking theory;....................................................................................................................................68 Moral development theories of socialization;.................................................................................... 69 Kohlberg's moral development theory; .........................................................................................................69 Gilligan's theory of moral development and gender; ...................................................................................70 CHAPTER 6 .............................................................................................................................................. 71

CULTURE ................................................................................................................................................. 71

What is Culture? ................................................................................................................................ 72 The elements of culture; ..................................................................................................................... 72

Language;....................................................................................................................................................... 73 Beliefs; ............................................................................................................................................................ 73 Values;............................................................................................................................................................73 Norms; ............................................................................................................................................................ 75

Formal norms; ...........................................................................................................................................75 Informal norms;.........................................................................................................................................76 Mores; ........................................................................................................................................................77 Folkways; ................................................................................................................................................... 77

KHUSHDIL KHAN KASI

3

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY

Social sanctions; ............................................................................................................................................78 Enculturation; .................................................................................................................................... 79 Subcultures; ....................................................................................................................................... 80

Countercultures; ............................................................................................................................................82 Cultural diffusion; ............................................................................................................................. 83 Cultural relativism; ........................................................................................................................... 84 Ethnocentrism: ................................................................................................................................... 85 Xenocentrism; ..................................................................................................................................... 86 Acculturation...................................................................................................................................... 87 Cultural assimilation; ....................................................................................................................... 88 Difference between Acculturation and enculturation;...................................................................... 89

Difference between Acculturation and Assimilation; ..................................................................................90 Cultural shock; ................................................................................................................................... 90 Cultural lag; ....................................................................................................................................... 91 Theoretical perspectives on culture; .................................................................................................. 93

Structural Functional perspective; ...............................................................................................................93 Conflict perspective; ......................................................................................................................................93 Symbolic interactionist perspective; .............................................................................................................94 Socio-Cultural change; ...................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 7 .............................................................................................................................................. 97

DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL ................................................................................................ 97

Deviance and Social Control; ............................................................................................................ 98 What Is Deviance? .........................................................................................................................................98 What is Social control? ..................................................................................................................................99 Formal social control;................................................................................................................................99 Informal social control ............................................................................................................................100

Theoretical perspective on deviance ................................................................................................ 100 Structural-functional perspective on deviance;..........................................................................................100 Functions of deviance;.............................................................................................................................100 Strain theory ...........................................................................................................................................101 Collective Efficacy Theory ......................................................................................................................103 Conflict Perspective on Deviance................................................................................................................103 Criminal Justice System Based On Class Interest................................................................................104 The Objective Elite Class to Attain Access to More Resources or Desire of Accumulating Wealth Lead towards Deviance ....................................................................................................................................104 Symbolic Interaction Theory on Deviance..................................................................................................105

KHUSHDIL KHAN KASI

4

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download