Chapter 09 - From DNA to Protein

?Multiple Choice1.??Ricin is a(n)?a.?substance found in castor bean seeds.??b.??polysaccharide extracted from rice.?c.??ingredient in many paints and cosmetics.?d.??protein that inactivates ribosomes.?e.??substance found in castor bean seeds and a protein that inactivates ribosomes.ANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.1 Ricin, RIPLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.1 - Examine the negative features of the ribosome-inactivating protein known as ricin.2.??Ricin is toxic because it?a.??binds to eukaryotic DNA.?b.??binds to eukaryotic mRNA.?c.??blocks food from entering the cell.?d.??inactivates ribosomes.?e.??binds to nerve tissue and causes paralysis.ANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.1 Ricin, RIPLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.1 - Examine the negative features of the ribosome-inactivating protein known as ricin.3.??A segment of DNA that specifies a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called a(n)?a.??codon.?b.??intron.?c.??messenger.?d.??gene.?e.??enzyme.ANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene ExpressionLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.

?Figure 9.3?4.??The helix structure on the right of the above figure represents?a.??DNA.?b.??RNA.?c.??lipid.?d.??protein.?e.??phospholipid.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene ExpressionPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 9.3LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.5.??The process of going from transcription to translation?a.??explains the structural complexity of genes.?b.??describes the flow of genetic information.?c.??is based upon the role of proteins in controlling life.?d.??does not explain how genes function.?e.??explains evolution in terms of molecular biology.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene ExpressionLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.6.??____ carries protein-assembly instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.?a.??Template DNA?b.??Messenger RNA?c.??Transfer RNA?d.??Ribosomal RNA?e.??Total RNAANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.7.??In eukaryotes, all of the different types of RNA are transcribed in the?a.??mitochondria.?b.??cytoplasm.?c.??ribosomes.?d.??nucleus.?e.??endoplasmic reticulum.ANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.8.??The form of RNA that carries the code from DNA to the site of protein assembly is called?a.??messenger RNA.?b.??nuclear RNA.?c.??ribosomal RNA.?d.??transfer RNA.?e.??structural RNA.ANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.9.??DNA and RNA are alike in that they?a.??both have same pentose sugar.?b.??use the same nitrogenous bases to assemble the genetic code.?c.??have the same number of strands.?d.??both play vital roles in gene expression.?e.??are both made in the cytoplasm.ANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalysisREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.10.??During transcription, uracil pairs with?a.??ribose.?b.??adenine.?c.??cytosine.?d.??thymine.?e.??guanine.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.11.??The relationship between strands of RNA and DNA during transcription is?a.?antagonistic.??b.??opposite.?c.??complementary.?d.??an exact duplicate.?e.??unrelated.ANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.12.??Transcription starts at a region of DNA called a(n)?a.??sequencer.?b.??promoter.?c.??activator.?d.??terminator.?e.??transcriber.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.13.??Which of the following initiates the process of transcription??a.?RNA polymerase??b.??DNA polymerase?c.??helicase?d.??transfer RNA?e.??exonsANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.14.??The portion of the DNA molecule that is translated is composed of?a.??introns.?b.??anticodons.?c.??exons.?d.??transcriptions.?e.??exons and transcriptions.ANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.15.??Before messenger RNA fully matures,?a.??all exons are deleted and removed.?b.??a poly-A tail and modified guanine “cap” are added.?c.??anticodons are assembled.?d.??the transfer RNA transfers the messenger RNA to the ribosome.?e.??the single RNA strand duplicates itself in much the same way as DNA.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.16.??If the DNA sequence is?ATG-CGT, the mRNA codons are?a.??AUG-CGU.?b.??ATG-CGT.?c.??UAC-GCA.?d.??UAG-CGU.?e.??GUA-CGU.ANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: ApplyREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.4 - Examine how the genetic code is constituted.?Figure on Page 152?17.??In this depiction of transcription (accompanying figure), the ____ strand is ____ because it ____.?a.?upper; RNA; contains guanine?b.?upper; RNA; contains uracil?c.?lower; RNA; contains thymine?d.?upper; RNA; has no uracil?e.?lower; DNA; contains adenineANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandBloom's: EvaluateREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNAPREFACE?NAME:??Page 152LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.18.??The genetic code is made up of codons consisting of how many nucleotides??a.??two?b.??three?c.??five?d.??six?e.??nineANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.4 - Examine how the genetic code is constituted.19.??There are how many different kinds of amino acids??a.??3?b.??6?c.??12?d.??20?e.??28ANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.4 - Examine how the genetic code is constituted.20.??There are how many different kinds of RNA codons??a.??3?b.??72?c.??28?d.??64?e.??120ANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.4 - Examine how the genetic code is constituted.21.??Of all the different codons that exist, three of them?a.??are involved in mutations.?b.??do not specify a particular amino acid.?c.??cannot be copied.?d.?do not specify a particular amino acid and are signals to begin translation.?e.??do not specify a particular amino acid and are signals to terminate translation.ANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.4 - Examine how the genetic code is constituted.?Figure 9.7?The following questions refer to the codon table above.22.??The first amino acid of a new polypeptide chain is?a.??alanine.?b.??cysteine.?c.??variable.?d.??phenylalanine.?e.??methionine.ANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandBloom's: EvaluateREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodePREFACE?NAME:??Figure 9.7LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.4 - Examine how the genetic code is constituted.23.??The sequence of amino acids specified by this mRNA (AUGCGUCCA) is?a.??serine - histidine - lysine.?b.??methionine - arginine - proline.?c.??methionine - alanine - serine.?d.??valine - arginine - leucine.?e.??valine - proline - methionine.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandBloom's: EvaluateREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodePREFACE?NAME:??Figure 9.7LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.4 - Examine how the genetic code is constituted.24.??If the DNA nucleotides read ATG-CGT-GAC, the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide would be?a.??tyrosine - alanine - leucine.?b.??methionine - arginine - asparagine.?c.??histidine - glycine - proline.?d.??serine - lysine - glycine.?e.??serine - lysine - isoleucine.ANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandBloom's: EvaluateREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodePREFACE?NAME:??Figure 9.7LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.4 - Examine how the genetic code is constituted.25.??What carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation??a.??mRNA?b.??tRNA?c.??DNA?d.??rRNA?e.??exonsANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.26.??Anticodons pair with?a.??codons on DNA?b.??codons on mRNA.?c.??codons on tRNA?d.??codons on rRNA?e.??messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.27.??Ribosomal subunits?a.??come together in threes to form functional units.?b.??are composed of mRNA and structural proteins.?c.??are synthesized in the cytoplasm.?d.??converge with tRNA when mRNA is to be translated.?e.??are transcribed from the complementary strand of DNA that is used for tRNA transcription.ANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.28.??In correct order, the three stages of translation are?a.??initiation, replication, and termination.?b.??elongation, peptide bond formation, and codon-anticodon pairing.?c.??initiation, chain elongation, and termination.?d.??termination, initiation, and replication.?e.??initiation, codon-anticodon pairing, and termination.ANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.?Page 15729.??The structure in the above figure demonstrates which of the following??a.??transcription and translation occur simultaneously on a single strand?b.??ribosomes attached to a strand of DNA?c.??a small ribosomal subunit?d.??multiple ribosomes on a strand of mRNA?e.??a single unattached ribosomeANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandBloom's: EvaluateREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinPREFACE?NAME:??Page 157LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.30.??During the termination stage?a.??a start codon enters the ribosome.?b.??release factors separate the ribosomal subunits.?c.??mRNA attaches to the ribosome and the polypeptide chain.?d.??ribosomal subunits join.?e.??a stop codon enters the ribosome.ANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.31.??Which event occurs during the elongation stage??a.??Peptide bonds form.?b.??Free amino acids bind to the mRNA binding site.?c.??Anticodons bind to complementary codons.?d.??A stop codon enters the ribosome.?e.??Peptide bonds form, and anticodons bind to complementary codons.ANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.32.??A polysome is?a.??one of the units of a ribosome.?b.??the nuclear organelle that synthesizes RNA.?c.??an organelle that functions similarly to a ribosome during meiosis.?d.??the two units of a ribosome considered together.?e.??an mRNA molecule with several ribosomes attached.ANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.33.??What stage of translation occurs when ribosomal subunits and tRNAs converge on mRNA??a.??initiation?b.??elongation?c.??termination?d.??peptide bond formation?e.??elongation and peptide bond formationANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.?Figure 9.1134.??What is shown in the figure above??a.?transcription in eukaryotes?b.?translation in prokaryotes?c.?translation in eukaryotes?d.?DNA replication?e.?transcription in prokaryotesANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNAPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 9.11LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.35.??A gene mutation?a.??is a temporary change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.?b.??may be caused by environmental agents.?c.??always arises spontaneously.?d.??occurs only in eukaryotes.?e.??is always damaging to the organism.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.6 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.36.??Which statement is true??a.??Gene mutations never occur independently of each other.?b.??Gene mutations are very common.?c.??Ionizing radiation is caused by chromosomal damage.?d.??Mutations are random.?e.??The loci of gene mutations can be predicted.ANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: UnderstandBloom’s: AnalysisREFERENCES:??9.6 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.6 - Examine the features of the different types of diseases and disorders caused by genetic mutations.37.??A frameshift mutation results in?a.??a normal protein due to the redundancy of the genetic code.?b.?errors in DNA replication?c.?errors in DNA splicing?d.??a change in all mRNA codons downstream from the mutation?e.?a change in the third position of one codonANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.6 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.6 - Examine the features of the different types of diseases and disorders caused by genetic mutations.38.??Mutations are?a.??random.?b.??beneficial.?c.??always lethal.?d.??always heritable.?e.??largely predictable.ANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.6 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.6 - Examine the features of the different types of diseases and disorders caused by genetic mutations.39.??Frameshift mutations may involve the?a.??substitution of nucleotides.?b.??substitution of codons.?c.??substitution of amino acids.?d.??addition or deletion of one or more base pairs.?e.??rearrangement of amino acids.ANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.6 - Examine the features of the different types of diseases and disorders caused by genetic mutations.40.??The difference between normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin is based upon the?a.??number of amino acids in the molecule.?b.??substitution of one amino acid for another.?c.??number and orientation of the amino acid chains attached to the heme portion of the molecule.?d.??number of oxygen molecules that can be carried.?e.??type of bone marrow that produces it.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: AnalysisREFERENCES:??9.6 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.6 - Examine the features of the different types of diseases and disorders caused by genetic mutations.MatchingChoose the best matching element.?a.??results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx catb.??RNA-directed polypeptide chain synthesisc.??sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcriptiond.??binds to the small ribosomal subunit to initiate translatione.??guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerasesf.??polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this clusterg.??adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA moleculeh.??a tRNA triplet opposite a codoni.??a set of three nucleotides that specifies an amino acidDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.41.??anticodonANSWER:??hChoose the best matching element.?a.??results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx catb.??RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chainsc.??sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcriptiond.??binds to small subunit platform of a ribosomee.??guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerasesf.??polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this clusterg.??adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNAh.??a tRNA triplet opposite a codoni.??a set of three nucleotidesDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.42.?RNA polymeraseANSWER:??gChoose the best matching element.?a.??results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx catb.??RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chainsc.??sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcriptiond.??binds to small subunit platform of a ribosomee.??guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerasesf.??polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this clusterg.??adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNAh.??a tRNA triplet opposite a codoni.??a set of three nucleotidesDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.43.??codonANSWER:??iChoose the best matching element.?a.??results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx catb.??RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chainsc.??sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcriptiond.??binds to small subunit platform of a ribosomee.??guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerasesf.??polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this clusterg.??adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNAh.??a tRNA triplet opposite a codoni.??a set of three nucleotidesDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.6 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.44.?single base-pair mutationANSWER:??aChoose the best matching element.?a.??results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx catb.??RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chainsc.??sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcriptiond.??binds to small subunit platform of a ribosomee.??guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerasesf.??polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this clusterg.??adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNAh.??a tRNA triplet opposite a codoni.??a set of three nucleotidesDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.45.?messenger RNAANSWER:??d46.??polysomeANSWER:??fChoose the best matching element.?a.??results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx catb.??RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chainsc.??sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcriptiond.??binds to small subunit platform of a ribosomee.??guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerasesf.??polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this clusterg.??adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNAh.??a tRNA triplet opposite a codoni.??a set of three nucleotidesDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.47.?promotersANSWER:??cChoose the best matching element.?a.??results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx catb.??RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chainsc.??sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcriptiond.??binds to small subunit platform of a ribosomee.??guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerasesf.??polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this clusterg.??adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNAh.??a tRNA triplet opposite a codoni.??a set of three nucleotidesDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene ExpressionLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.48.?transcriptionANSWER:??e49.??translationANSWER:??bClassification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:?a.??AUGb.??UAAc.??UUUd.??UUAe.??AAADIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.50.??This codon terminates a coding region.ANSWER:??b51.??The anticodon AAA pairs with this codon.ANSWER:??c52.??A single mutation involving the second letter of codon AUA could convert it to this codon.ANSWER:??e53.??A DNA codon of ATT is complementary to this RNA codon.ANSWER:??b54.??This codon codes for an amino acid and indicates the beginning of a coding region.ANSWER:??aCompletion55.??The process of gene expression includes two steps: ____________________ and ____________________.ANSWER:???transcription; translationDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene ExpressionLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.56.??Gene _____________________ requires the participation of RNA, tRNA, and _____________________.ANSWER:???expression; rRNADIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene ExpressionLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.57.??In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a(n) _____________________ sequence near a gene, and then assembles a strand of RNA.ANSWER:???promoterDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.58.??Each tRNA has a(n) __________ that base-pairs with a codon, and each binds to the amino acid specified by the codon.ANSWER:???anticodonDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.59.??Genetic information carried by a(n) _____________________ directs the synthesis of a(n) _____________________ chain during translation.ANSWER:???mRNA; polypeptideDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Translation: RNA to ProteinLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.60.??A base-pair substitution may alter a protein by changing an amino acid or by introducing a(n) _____________________.ANSWER:???premature stop codonDIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES:??9.5 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.Subjective Short Answer61.??The concepts of transcription and translation have been said to form the ‘central dogma’ of molecular biology. Is this a fitting description?ANSWER:???A dogma is a central tenant on which a system of understanding is based. The concepts of transcription and translation form the core of our understanding as to how the cell uses its genetic material to operate. While additional processes have been discovered that complement these processes, the core correctness of transcription and translation has been retained.DIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES:??9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene ExpressionLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.62.??Assume alternative splicing can generate all permutations and combination.? How many proteins could a gene with three exons and two introns generate?ANSWER:???This gene could generate up to 15 different proteins based on three exons that could be combined in any order or with subsets of them.DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: ApplyREFERENCES:??9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.63.??What does the fact that all organisms use essentially the same genetic code suggest about the origin of life?ANSWER:???The common use of essentially the same genetic code in all types of life on Earth suggests that all life evolved from a common ancestor and that the genetic language of that common ancestor has been retained.DIFFICULTY:??Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES:??9.4 RNA and the Genetic CodeLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene.64.?What is the probability of a mutation occurring within the protein coding region of the human genome during a single cell division event?ANSWER:??There are 6.5 x 109 base pairs in a diploid human cell, and only 175 are mutated during any given cell division. In addition, only 3% of the genome codes for proteins. Assuming that mutations are random, only 3% of mutations will occur in coding regions: 175 * 0.03 = ?5. Of the 6.5 billion base pairs, 5 base pairs represents 7.7 x 10-8% of the genome. Said another way, the probability of two events happening (assuming the two events are independent) is the product of the probability of each event. So the probability, P, that a base pair is both mutated and lies within the coding region = P (base pair is mutated) * P (base pair is in coding region) = (175/6.5 billion) * (0.03) = 7.7 x 10-8. Therefore, there is a 1 in 1/(7.7 x 10-8) = 1 in 12,987,013 chance that a base pair in the coding region of the human genome will be mutated during any single cell division event.DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??9.6 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.9.2 - Examine the role played by transcription and translation in the synthesis of a protein from a gene. ................
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