Para 1 - Cengage



CHAPTER 21

The Progressive Era, 1900-1917

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After you read and analyze this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Understand how progressivism and organized interest groups reflected changing political expectations of Americans and their new political choices.

2. Explain the constraints that faced women, moral reformers, African Americans, and radicals who attempted to enter the political arena, as well as the political choices they made and the outcomes of these choices.

3. Describe how city and state reforms reflected new expectations for political parties and government.

4. Evaluate the constraints Theodore Roosevelt faced and how he chose to deal with them. Explain the resulting role of the federal government in the economy and the new power of the presidency.

5. Describe Theodore Roosevelt’s expectations for the U.S. role in world affairs and discuss the choices he made to bring about his desires.

6. Evaluate how choices by Wilson and the Democrats influenced the role of the federal government in the economy and the power of the presidency.

7. Evaluate whether progressivism was successful, explain its criteria for judging success, and list progressive outcomes that affect modern American politics.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

I. Organizing for Change

A. The Changing Face of Politics

1. Organization was indispensable for success among the reformers of this era.

a) Improvements in travel and communication encouraged regional thinking.

b) These new technologies eased the way for citizens to organize, since they were better able to express common concerns and promote shared interests.

c) Organizations to protect and advance certain economic interests were the most typical.

d) Some organized interest groups increasingly looked to the government for help, and others expected to foster the interests of ethnic, racial, and gender groups.

2. Most groups shared the optimism that responsible citizens were capable of accelerating progress; by 1910, many had started calling themselves progressives.

a) The term progressivism signifies three related developments: the emergence of new concepts of the purpose and functions of government, changes in government policies and institutions, and the political agitations that produced those changes.

b) Progressives were involved in one or more of these activities.

c) Many aspects of progressivism reflected concerns of the urban middle class.

3. Progressivism appeared at every level of government: local, state, and federal.

B. Women and Reform

1. Organizations formed or dominated by women burst upon politics during this era.

a) The New Woman stood for self-determination; this fresh attitude was sometimes called feminism.

2. Women were increasing control over their lives in regard to the birth rate.

a) The birth rate fell steadily throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

b) Many women used abortion in the early nineteenth century, but it became illegal.

c) Some women, such as Margaret Sanger, began to challenge such restrictive laws because they were convinced that too large families created problems.

d) These problems included contributing to poverty and damaging the mental and physical health of women.

e) The National Birth Control League sought repeal of laws barring contraception.

3. Some states passed laws specifically to protect working women.

a) Muller v. Oregon (1908) upheld a law limiting women’s hours of work.

4. Although prominent in reform causes, most women were not allowed to vote or hold office.

a) Support for suffrage grew as social reform required political action.

b) By 1896, four western states had given women the right to vote, but suffrage scored few victories outside the West.

5. The National American Woman Suffrage Association was geared toward lobbying in Washington.

a) During the 1920s, the cause of woman suffrage ignited a mass movement.

b) Some suffrage advocates turned the domesticity argument in their favor, saying that women would purify politics and make them morally righteous.

c) Women also argued that they should vote because they deserved full equality with men.

C. Moral Reform

1. Alcohol was the primary target of moral reform during the Progressive era.

a) The Anti-Saloon League became the model for successful interest group politics and endorsed only politicians who opposed Demon Rum.

b) Opposition to prohibition came especially from immigrants who did not regard the use of alcohol as inherently sinful.

c) The drive against alcohol was ultimately successful at the national level.

2. Prostitution was another target of moral reforms.

a) The Mann Act made it illegal to take a woman across state lines for “immoral purposes.”

D. Racial Issues in the Progressive Era

1. Racial issues were usually more remote than other issues.

a) Lynching and violence continued as a fact of life for African Americans.

b) Some, such as W. E. B. Du Bois, posed alternatives to the accommodationist leadership of Booker T. Washington.

2. Some African American leaders organized the Niagara Movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in support of black rights.

E. Challenging Capitalism: Socialists and Wobblies

1. The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was the political arm of workers and farmers who called for a cooperative commonwealth.

a) Workers would share in ownership and control of the means of production.

b) Eugene V. Debs was the best-known Socialist leader.

c) In 1905, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was organized.

II. The Reform of Politics and the Politics of Reform

A. Exposing Corruption: The Muckrakers

1. Journalists played an important role in preparing the ground for reform, and magazine publishers discovered sales boomed with dramatic exposés.

a) President Roosevelt called them muckrakers.

b) McClure’s Magazine led the surge in muckraking journalism; eventually, muckraking extended from periodicals to books.

c) The most famous muckraking book was Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906).

2. Pressured by the public, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act, which banned impure or mislabeled food and drugs.

a) Congress also passed the Meat Inspection Act that required federal inspection of meatpacking.

B. Reforming City Government

1. Muckrakers helped focus public concern on city government, and municipal reformers urged honest and efficient government.

a) Most argued that corruption and inefficiency were inevitable without major changes.

b) They also pointed out that citywide elections would result in council members with broader perspectives.

c) Some proposed more fundamental changes in the structure of government, including the commission system and the city-manager plan.

d) Both plans reveal prominent traits of progressivism, including a distrust of political parties and a desire for expertise and efficiency.

2. City governments also took up city planning.

C. Saving the Future

1. Other professions developed that also had an impact on society, including public health, mental health, social work, and education.

a) Their objective was to use scientific and social scientific knowledge to control social forces so that they could define the future.

2. Professionals also sought change in the public schools.

a) They pushed for greater centralization in school administration.

b) They sought to reduce the role of local school boards and superintendents.

c) They began to rely on recently developed intelligence tests for student placement.

3. Standards of medical colleges were raised, and access to the profession began to be restricted.

D. Reforming State Government

1. Robert M. La Follette pushed the Wisconsin state government to the forefront.

a) It limited both corporations and political parties and adopted a direct primary.

b) Wisconsin also set up a commission to regulate railroad rates and increased taxes on corporations, including the railroads.

c) It enacted a merit system for hiring and promoting state employees and limited the activities of lobbyists.

III. Roosevelt, Taft, and Republican Progressivism

A. Roosevelt: Asserting the Power of the Presidency

1. Roosevelt saw political office as a duty he owed the nation rather than an opportunity for personal advancement.

a) He launched antitrust actions, including the Northern Securities case, and created a reputation as a trustbuster.

b) Roosevelt initiated more than 40 antitrust actions, although not all of them were successful.

c) He used trustbusting successfully, since he believed it made more sense to regulate trusts than to break them up.

d) Roosevelt intervened on the side of labor in the coal strike.

2. According to Roosevelt, his Square Deal gave everybody fair treatment.

B. The Square Deal in Action: Creating Economic Federal Regulation

1. Roosevelt’s trustbusting and coal strike settlement brought him great popularity.

a) Congress approved several measures he endorsed, including the Expedition and Elkins acts, and created the Departments of Commerce and Labor.

2. Roosevelt won reelection by one of the largest margins up to that time—56 percent of the popular vote.

a) Elected in his own right, Roosevelt set out to implement meaningful legislation, including the Hepburn Act, the Pure Food and Drug Act, and the Meat Inspection Act.

C. Regulating Natural Resources

1. Roosevelt took great pride in establishing five national parks and over 50 wildlife preserves.

a) He strongly supported the National Reclamation Act of 1902, which set aside proceeds from the sale of western lands to finance irrigation projects.

D. Taft’s Troubles

1. William Howard Taft was virtually named Roosevelt’s successor for the Republicans as the 1904 election approached.

a) William Jennings Bryan was the Democratic nominee for president for the third time.

b) Taft won just under 52 percent of the vote, and the Republicans kept control of Congress.

2. Taft’s approach to the presidency was more restrained than Roosevelt’s, and the Republican Party split over tariff rates, conservation, and other issues.

IV. “Carry a Big Stick”: Roosevelt, Taft, and World Affairs

A. Taking Panama

1. U.S. diplomats had pursued efforts to build, control, and protect a canal and considered Nicaragua and Panama (part of Colombia) as possible sites.

a) Negotiations with Colombia bogged down, and Roosevelt supported the Panamanian Revolution against Colombia.

b) The revolution quickly succeeded, Panama declared its independence, and the United States immediately extended diplomatic recognition.

2. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1904) granted the United States perpetual control over a strip of territory 10 miles wide and paid Panama $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000.

a) Building a canal proved difficult, and it was not completed until 1914.

B. Making the Caribbean an American Lake

1. Roosevelt was determined to establish American dominance in Central America and issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

a) This corollary warned European nations against any intervention in the Western Hemisphere.

2. Roosevelt acted forcefully to establish his new policy.

a) U.S. troops were sent to the Dominican Republic in 1905 to oversee the customhouses and duties collections, making it the third American protectorate.

b) Taft and Wilson continued to expand Roosevelt’s policy.

C. Roosevelt and Eastern Asia

1. Roosevelt built on the Open Door notes and American participation against the Boxers.

2. Roosevelt helped negotiate the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), which recognized Japan’s dominance in Korea and gave Japan Russian concession in southern Manchuria.

3. His Gentleman’s Agreement (1907) limited Japanese immigration to the United States.

D. The United States and the World: 1901-1913

1. Before the 1890s, the United States had no clear or consistent foreign policy.

2. By the turn of the century, U.S. commitments were obvious to all.

a) Its modern navy was central to the concept of the United States as a world power since without it, other commitments lacked anything more than moral force.

b) America’s new vision divided the world into “civilized” and “barbarous” nations.

c) U.S. relations with Britain improved, primarily due to British policy choices.

V. Wilson and Democratic Progressivism

A. Debating the Future: The Election of 1912

1. Republicans were plagued by divisions and an economic downturn so Roosevelt ran as the Progressive Party’s candidate.

2. Wilson centered his campaign on the issues of big business and depicted monopoly itself as the most serious problem, not just its behavior.

a) Wilson received 42 percent of the total vote, and the Democrats won in Congress.

B. Wilson and Reform, 1913-1914

1. Wilson believed in an active role for the president in policymaking and focused first on tariff reform through the Underwood Act.

a) He also pushed for the creation of the Federal Reserve System, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the Federal Trade Commission Act.

C. Another Round of Reform and the Election of 1916

1. Beyond his support for labor, Wilson did little in the area of social reform.

a) He considered efforts to outlaw child labor unconstitutional.

VI. New Patterns in Cultural Expression

A. Realism, Impressionism, and Ragtime

1. American novelists increasingly turned to a realistic and sometimes quite critical portrayal of life, rejecting the romantic idealism characteristic of the pre-Civil War period.

a) Most American painting, however, was moving in the opposite direction.

2. The most influential musician at the turn of the century was Scott Joplin, an African American composer who contributed significantly to ragtime.

B. Mass Entertainment in the Twentieth Century

1. New forms of entertainment emerged, including traveling shows.

2. Immediately after the Civil War, a quite different form of mass entertainment appeared: professional baseball.

a) Teams traveled by train from city to city, and urban rivalries built loyalty among hometown fans.

C. Celebrating the New Age

1. The World’s Columbian Exposition opened in Chicago in 1892.

a) The exhibits nearly always expressed the conviction that technology and industry would inevitably improve the lives of all.

VII. Progressivism in Perspective

A. The Transformation of American Politics and Government

1. Roosevelt and Wilson asserted presidential authority, and Franklin Roosevelt followed their example.

a) Americans came to expect domestic policy to flow from the White House.

2. Reforms rarely fulfilled all the expectations of their proponents.

IDENTIFICATIONS

Identify the following items and explain the significance of each. While you should include any relevant historical terms, using your own words to write these definitions will help you better remember these items for your next exam.

1. Theodore Roosevelt

2. George F. Baer

3. Progressive era

4. interest groups

5. Progressive Party

6. feminism

7. Margaret Sanger

8. Muller v. Oregon

9. Jeannette Rankin

10. National American Woman Suffrage Association

11. old-stock

12. narcotic

13. depressive

14. moral reform

15. Anti-Saloon League

16. local option law

17. Mann Act

18. W. E. B. Du Bois

19. NAACP

20. Ida B. Wells

21. Socialist Party of America

22. Marxist

23. sweatshop

24. migrant

25. muckrakers

26. Lincoln Steffens

27. Ida Tarbell

28. Upton Sinclair

29. Pure Food and Drug Act

30. Meat Inspection Act

31. municipal reform

32. city council

33. ward

34. commission system

35. city-manager plan

36. Golden Rule

37. city planning

38. school board

39. hookworm

40. tuberculosis

41. insane asylum

42. Robert M. La Follette

43. direct primary

44. Wisconsin Idea

45. Hiram W. Johnson

46. workers’ compensation

47. initiative

48. referendum

49. Oregon System

50. recall

51. direct democracy

52. term limit

53. lobbyist

54. constituents

55. trustbusting

56. Square Deal

57. Elkins Act

58. Hepburn Act

59. Gifford Pinchot

60. Sixteenth Amendment

61. Seventeenth Amendment

62. Payne-Aldrich Tariff

63. Hay-Pauncefote Treaties

64. Philippe Bunau-Varilla

65. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

66. Caribbean

67. Roosevelt Corollary

68. dollar diplomacy

69. customs receivership

70. Manchuria

71. Treaty of Portsmouth

72. gentleman’s agreement

73. Hague Court

74. New Nationalism

75. credentials committee

76. Woodrow Wilson

77. Bull Moose Party

78. New Freedom

79. Louis Brandeis

80. Underwood Act

81. money supply

82. Federal Reserve Act

83. Clayton Antitrust Act

84. interlocking directorates

85. Federal Trade Commission Act

86. Mark Twain

87. impressionism

88. Ash Can School

89. ragtime

90. slapstick

91. melodrama

92. Chautauqua

93. executive power

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. THE PURPOSE OF THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE WAS TO

a. justify the seizure of Panama in order to build a canal across it.

b. extend the Monroe Doctrine to America’s new holdings in the Pacific.

c. set up arbitration panels to settle disputes involving advanced nations.

d. prevent European nations from intervening in countries in the Western Hemisphere even if they had just cause.

2. Women reformers during the Progressive era

a. concentrated exclusively upon winning the vote for women.

b. rejected the concept of separate spheres for men and women.

c. rejected the idea of a constitutional amendment for women’s suffrage.

d. approved of the cult of domesticity.

3. The prohibition movement attracted support from all of the following groups EXCEPT

a. Methodists and other old-line Protestants.

b. scientists and sociologists.

c. the Anti-Saloon League.

d. Roman Catholic immigrants.

4. During the Progressive era, African Americans

a. lost their voting rights in northern states.

b. formed their own political party.

c. found in W. E. B. Du Bois a leader very different from Booker T. Washington.

d. turned to armed resistance in the South.

5. The Wobblies encountered fierce opposition because they

a. were responsible for the assassination of William McKinley.

b. conspired with urban politicians to steal elections.

c. advocated the coinage of silver like the Populists.

d. opposed capitalism.

6. An example of reform legislation directly encouraged by muckraking efforts was the

a. Sherman Antitrust Act.

b. Interstate Commerce Act.

c. Meat Inspection Act.

d. Mann Act.

7. To make city government more honest and efficient, reformers

a. advocated such new forms of city government as the commission system and the city-manager plan.

b. sought to extend the time required for new immigrants to become citizens.

c. founded the Urban Party in order to run their own candidates for office.

d. tried to give state governments the power to intervene in and assume control of corrupt city councils.

8. The Wisconsin Idea emphasized the progressive emphasis on

a. expertise and professionalization.

b. temperance.

c. a graduated income tax.

d. women’s suffrage.

9. Such reforms as the initiative and recall

a. quickly fell under the control of corrupt political bosses.

b. were proposed by the Socialist Party of America.

c. tended to reduce the power of political parties.

d. were opposed by the muckrakers.

10. Voting began to decline in the Progressive era because

a. the public became completely disgusted with politics and politicians.

b. political parties were in decline and could no longer get out the vote to the degree formerly possible.

c. reformers advocated boycotts on Election Day as a way to force politicians to change their ways.

d. successful reforms at all levels of government made it unnecessary to vote.

11. Theodore Roosevelt’s reputation as a trustbuster rests primarily on his handling of

a. United States v. E. C. Knight.

b. Plessy v. Ferguson.

c. Muller v. Oregon.

d. the Northern Securities case.

12. The New Nationalism and the Square Deal were both

a. associated with Theodore Roosevelt’s brand of progressive reform.

b. opposed to any regulation of corporations.

c. against labor unions.

d. plans for reform of the federal government drawn up by William Howard Taft.

13. The election of 1912 provided evidence that

a. weak candidates can sometimes win.

b. Democrats need black votes to win.

c. parties that split their vote are very likely to lose.

d. candidates who change parties will likely be successful.

14. The Federal Reserve Act

a. established a system of reserve lands called national parks.

b. created a system for regulating the nation’s banks.

c. reduced the deficit through the first income tax ever.

d. was declared unconstitutional because it violated the right of private property.

15. In foreign policy, President Theodore Roosevelt is best described as someone who

a. encouraged a more aggressive American presence in world affairs.

b. encouraged anti-imperialism, especially in the Western Hemisphere.

c. advocated world disarmament and a United Nations organization.

d. always pursued a belligerent solution to any diplomatic problem.

Essay Questions

1. HOPING FOR BETTER GOVERNMENT AND AN IMPROVED POLITICAL SYSTEM, MANY REFORMERS DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA CALLED FOR CHANGES TO THE INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT. DID AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL PRACTICES CHANGE AS A RESULT OF THEIR EFFORTS?

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: It is easy to argue that they did. For the institutions and structure of American government, you can cite new kinds of city government, the city-planning movement, the direct primary, the initiative, the referendum, the recall, and the direct election of senators under the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution.

Under the pressure of reform, American political practices also changed. In evidence of this, you should cite and discuss the diminishing power of political parties; the resulting reduction in the number of people who voted; the growing impact and importance of organized interest groups, replacing the political parties as the engines driving policy; and the growing importance of advertising in political campaigns.

2. Controlling the growth and power of big business was one of the great issues of the Progressive era. Compare and contrast the policies and initiatives of the period’s three presidents concerning the country’s great corporations.

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: Theodore Roosevelt was prepared to accept the growth of big business. He saw it as a natural development, but he believed that the government should regulate companies that acted contrary to the general public good. Beginning with the Northern Securities Company, he started more than 40 suits against monopoly companies that he thought did not “behave” in that manner. Similarly, he faced down big business in the coal strike of 1902 and supported the United Mine Workers’ union. During his second term, he worked for legislation to regulate the railroads. On the other hand, Roosevelt was prepared to accept big business when he thought that it acted in the public’s interest.

Taft did even more than Roosevelt against monopoly. He initiated more than twice as many lawsuits against large companies, in approximately half the time.

Woodrow Wilson was even more opposed to big business than Roosevelt; you should emphasize their contrasting views in your discussion. If Roosevelt accepted the existence of huge corporations (as long as they acted in the public interest), Wilson thought that all large companies were undesirable. They must all be broken up, he argued, in order to restore competition.

Once he became president, Wilson acted differently. Under the Federal Reserve Act, he appointed friends of the banking industry. Going further, he changed his mind about big business; he adopted Roosevelt’s views. In the Clayton Antitrust Act, he accepted a bill against monopoly—but it was one without much power to it.

3. The years of the Progressive era were ones filled with the spirit of reform. What can account for this surge of interest in reforming American society?

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: Because progressivism was such a diverse movement, it is possible to offer many reasons. They include the following:

Many reform movements were not new; they can be seen instead as continuing efforts to take care of “unfinished business.” The women’s suffrage movement is an example, as is the prohibition movement.

There were, without doubt, many severe problems in American society in the early twentieth century that required solution. Big business often did not pay heed to many of its own shortcomings. The meat-packing industry is a good example; the Meat Inspection Act (along with the Pure Food and Drug Act) at last provided a check on it, as well as on other businesses that marketed unhealthy merchandise. The railroads engaged in unfair practices, which the Elkins and Hepburn acts sought to curtail.

Much could be improved in the name of efficiency and expertise, an important aspect of progressive reformers’ thinking. City planning, the administration of cities by experts, and wiser planning for the use of natural resources (the conservation movement) are all examples of reform that fall under this heading.

The United States had changed dramatically since the Civil War: the new immigration, rapid industrialization, the growth of the cities, and the growth of big business had all made the nation quite different from what it once had been. New institutions and laws were accordingly necessary to address changing circumstances. A public health movement, for example, was a reform that made great sense in meeting the needs of rapidly expanding cities that had many poverty-stricken inhabitants.

MAP EXERCISE

1. Examine the chapter’s opening map. Does the progressive movement appear to have derived greater support from rural areas, or from those with the nation’s major urban centers? Can regional patterns in support for progressive reform be discerned? Or, was progressivism a national phenomenon?

Individual Choices

Theodore Roosevelt

To answer the following questions, consult the Individual Choices section at the beginning of the chapter.

1. Under what circumstances did Theodore Roosevelt become president?

2. Of what significance was his age when he assumed the presidency?

3. Describe some of Roosevelt’s pre-presidential activities. What impact might some of these activities have had on his views regarding presidential power?

4. Evaluate Roosevelt’s role in the 1902 anthracite coal strike.

5. What offer did Roosevelt finally make to the striking miners? Did they accept? Why or why not?

6. Do you agree with Roosevelt that he acted as a “steward of the people” in this case? Justify your answer.

Individual Voices

Examining a Primary Source: Theodore Roosevelt Asserts Presidential Powers

To answer the following questions, consult the Individual Voices section at the end of the chapter.

1. Why was Roosevelt considered to be one of the nation’s most-informed presidents?

2. Which of Roosevelt’s actions were “things not previously done by a President”?

3. What do you know about the presidencies of Jackson, Lincoln, and Buchanan that would support Roosevelt’s views?

4. Can you find examples of such behavior in U.S. foreign affairs? In domestic affairs? Can you find contrary examples? How successful was Roosevelt in meeting his own standard?

5. What dangers might result from Roosevelt’s views of sweeping presidential powers?

RUBRIC: Theodore Roosevelt greatly expanded the power of the presidency. Think about the distinctions and overlap between the powers of the three branches of government as you complete the following rubric.

|ROOSEVELT’S ACTIONS AS |OTHER BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT WITH POWER |CHALLENGES TO TR |OUTCOME RESULTS |

|PRESIDENT |REGARDING THIS ISSUE | | |

|  |  |  |  |

|  |  |  |  |

|  |  |  |  |

Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions

1. D. ROOSEVELT ASSERTED THAT THE UNITED STATES WOULD EXERCISE POLICE POWER IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, THEREBY ELIMINATING THE NEED FOR EUROPEAN NATIONS TO INTERVENE THERE EVEN WHEN THEY HAD JUST CAUSE. SEE PAGES 660-661.

a. There was no need to seize Panama; it had rebelled against Colombia and declared its independence. That is what cleared the way for construction of the canal. See page 660.

b. It applied to the Western Hemisphere. See pages 660-661.

c. The Corollary did not deal with arbitration (something Roosevelt believed in for settling international problems). Instead, it asserted the right of the United States to act as a “policeman” in the Western Hemisphere. See pages 660-661.

2. b. Rejecting it was central to their drive for the vote, which, until obtained by women, was defined as belonging to the male sphere. See pages 642-643.

a. Although they fought for suffrage, it was far from their exclusive cause; they fought also for birth control, for improvements in the conditions in which working women labored, and for moral reforms like temperance. See pages 642-643.

c. The National American Woman Suffrage Association lobbied extensively for such a constitutional amendment. See pages 642-643.

d. They rejected the idea of separate spheres for men and women, with women relegated to the home. See pages 642-643.

3. d. This is the correct choice. Catholic immigrants (e.g., Irish and German) opposed prohibition as an attempt by Protestants to impose their values on them. See page 644.

a. Because old-stock Protestants, especially Methodists, taught that alcohol impeded society’s improvement, this is not the correct choice. See page 644.

b. Because scientists linked alcohol to diseases and sociologists tied it to social problems, this is not the correct choice. See page 644.

c. This group lobbied for temperance. See page 644.

4. c. Du Bois rejected Washington’s counsel that African Americans in the South accept segregation and prohibitions on voting. See pages 645-646.

a. See pages 645-646.

b. African Americans established the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, but this organization was not a political party. See pages 645-646.

d. It was certainly far too dangerous: violence against African Americans in the form of lynching was rife during the Progressive era. See pages 645-646.

5. d. They blamed capitalism for oppressing workers and looked forward to a general strike that would destroy it. See pages 646-647.

a. McKinley had been assassinated in 1901; the Wobblies dated to 1905. See pages 646-647.

b. There is no evidence that they were interested in winning elections. They sought, instead, to win strikes. See pages 646-647.

c. They did not believe in reforming the system through such means; they sought to bring about its collapse. See pages 646-647.

6. c. Muckraker Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, led to passage of this act. See page 648-649.

a. Both of these acts predate this chapter and, thus, were not progressive reforms.

b. Both of these acts predate this chapter and, thus, were not progressive reforms.

d. Moral reformers (often women) supported this law against prostitution. See pages 642-643.

7. a. They did so because they sought to end control by corrupt political parties and because they believed in expertise and efficiency. See pages 649-651.

b. They did not propose this; they relied, instead, on structural reform as the way to improve city government. See pages 649-651.

c. They did not establish any such political organization. See pages 649-651.

d. They proposed citywide (as opposed to ward) elections as the way to assure the election of less corrupt city councils. See pages 649-651.

8. a. Governor Robert M. La Follette made reliance on experts, who were often university faculty members, a feature of progressive reform in Wisconsin. See pages 651- 652.

b. This was not one of the reforms associated with the Wisconsin Idea. See pages 651- 652.

c. This was not associated with the list of reforms that were part of the Wisconsin Idea. See pages 651- 652.

d. This was not among the Wisconsin Idea reforms. See pages 651- 652.

9. c. These reforms made direct democracy possible; they reduced the importance of the political party as a factor in the electoral process. See pages 653-654.

a. These reforms enabled reformers and voters to neutralize the strength of traditional political leaders. See pages 653-654.

b. They were introduced by progressive reformers. In contrast, socialists did not believe that progressive reforms could change American society for the better. See pages 646-647.

d. Because they were progressive reformers, muckrakers would have approved of them as reforms that could break the hold of corrupt political leaders. See pages 647-648.

10. b. As the party organizations became less powerful because of such reforms as the direct primary and the direct election of senators, they were less capable of mobilizing voters on Election Day. See pages 653-654.

a. The decline of traditional political party organizations is what contributed to less voting. See pages 653-654.

c. On the contrary, such reforms as the direct primary, the recall, and the initiative show that reformers relied on voters to vote on Election Day. See pages 653-654.

d. The declining power of traditional political parties led to a decline in voting. See pages 653-654.

11. d. Roosevelt forced the dissolution of a railroad monopoly.

a. This case occurred in 1895, well before Roosevelt’s presidency. See page 654.

b. This case predates this chapter.

c. This decision upheld the constitutionality of a law limiting the hours that women could work. See page 641.

12. a. See pages 655-658 and 665-666.

b. The New Nationalism allowed for regulation of corporations. See pages 665-666.

c. Roosevelt’s support for labor in the 1902 coal strike was an example of the Square Deal in action. See pages 655-657.

d. Both were associated with Theodore Roosevelt. See pages 655-658 and 665-666.

13. c. Republican voters split between Taft and Roosevelt. Wilson was therefore able to win with only 42 percent of the popular vote. See pages 664-666.

a. There is no reason to view any of the three major candidates as weaker than the other two. Taft and Roosevelt were both weak in the sense that they had to share the traditional Republican vote. Wilson was weak in the sense that the Democrats were the minority party. See pages 664-666.

b. Their strength was greatest in the South, where African Americans had been disenfranchised since the 1890s. See page 666 (Map 21.3).

d. The only candidate to do so was Roosevelt, by leaving the Republican Party to run as a third-party candidate; and he lost the election. See pages 664-666.

14. b. See page 667.

a. It established a system of twelve Federal Reserve banks. See page 667.

c. See page 667.

d. The system it created to regulate the nation’s banks has remained in operation until the present. See page 667.

15. a. For example, his foreign policy led to a U.S. role in resolving the Russo-Japanese War and to establishing hegemony in the Caribbean and Central America. See pages 658-663.

b. For example, Roosevelt moved decisively to establish the presence of the United States in Panama, sending warships to support the rebellion against Colombia. He was squarely in the pro-imperialist camp. See pages 658-663.

c. Far from advocating disarmament, Roosevelt made much of American naval power. He made a point of demonstrating it to the world when he sent 16 battleships on a voyage around the world. He did not advocate a world organization. See pages 658-663.

d. He advocated negotiation and arbitration to settle international disputes. He helped Japan and Russia end their war, sought to negotiate arbitration treaties with foreign nations, and settled outstanding problems with Britain through arbitration. See pages 658-663.

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