| Universitatea de Stat de Medicină și Farmacie "Nicolae ...



| |CATEDRA Anatomia omului |RED.: |1 |

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"Aprob"

Prorector pentru calitate şi integrare în învăţământ

IP USMF “Nicolae Testemiţanu”

Profesor universitar Olga Cerneţchi

List of questions for the examination in Human Anatomy

Faculty of Medicine, the III-d semester (theory)

I. Peripheral nervous system, vegetative nervous system, sense organs

1. Cranial nerves III, IV, VI – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, its fibers composition, path, topography, branches, zones of innervations, exploration in vivo.

2. Cranial nerve V – general data (nuclei, roots, its appearance from the brain, trigeminal ganglion, its fibers composition, primer branches, exploration on a living person). Conducting pathway of trigeminal nerve (scheme).

3. Ophthalmic nerve – origin, its appearance from the skull, path, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations.

4. Maxillary nerve – origin, its appearance from the skull, path, fiber features, branches, connections, zones of innervations.

5. Mandibular nerve – origin, its appearance from the skull, fiber types, path, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations.

6. Cranial nerve VII – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, its fibers composition, path, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations, exploration on an alive person. Conducting pathway of the facial nerve (scheme).

7. Cranial nerve IX – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, its fibers composition, ganglia, path, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations, exploration on an alive person. Conducting pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve (scheme).

8. Vagus nerve – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, ganglions, its fibers composition, regions, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations, exploration on alive. Conducting pathway of vagus nerve (scheme).

9. Cranial nerves XI and XII – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, its fibers composition, topography, branches, zones of innervations, exploration on alive.

10. Spinal nerves – its formation, roots, origin and fibers composition, spinal ganglion, prime trunks and branches, connections. Scheme of the pair of spinal nerves.

11. Posterior branches of spinal nerves – terminology, fibers composition, zones of innervations.

12. Anterior branches of spinal nerves – fibers types, distributions, formation of plexuses. Anterior branches of the thoracic nerves.

13. Cervical plexus – its formation, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations, exploration on alive. Path and topography of the phrenic nerve, phrenic symptom.

14. Brachial plexus – its formation, trunks, portions, fascicules, topography. Short branches of brachial plexus – its origin, path, topography, zones of innervations, exploration on alive.

15. Musculocutaneous, median, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous nerves – its origin, path, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations.

16. Ulnar and radial nerves – its origin, path, topography, branches, zones of innervations, exploration on alive.

17. Lumbar plexus – its formation, branches. Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemural and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves – its origin, path, topography, branches, zones of innervations.

18. Femoral and obturator nerves – its origin, path, topography, branches, zones of innervations, exploration on an alive person.

19. Sacral plexus – its formation, topography. Short branches of the sacral plexus and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve– its origin, path, branches, zones of innervations.

20. Sciatic nerve – its origin, path, branches, zones of innervations, exploration on an alive person.

21. Vegetative nervous system – general data, functional and structural peculiarities, components, central and peripheral parts, fibers types, differences from the somatic nervous system. Schemes of the centers of the vegetative nervous system and vegetative reflex arches.

22. Sympathetic portion of the vegetative nervous system, central and peripheral structures. Sympathetic trunk – general structure, topography, parts, ganglia, types of branches.

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23. Parasympathetic portion of the vegetative nervous system, central and peripheral structures. General data about metasympathetic system.

24. The cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk – ganglia, topography, structure, branches, zones of innervations. Vegetative plexuses around of blood vessels of head and neck.

25. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk – topography, ganglia (structure and its account), branches. Vegetative plexuses of thoracic cage - formation, distribution, zones of innervations.

26. The lumbar portion of the sympathetic trunk, vegetative plexuses of the abdominal cavity –formation, distribution, zones of innervations.

27. The sacral portion of the sympathetic trunk, vegetative plexuses of the pelvic cavity –formation, distribution, zones of innervations.

28. Parasympathetic ganglions of head and neck, structure and topography. Pre- and postganglionic fibers, its origin and distribution.

29. General data about sense analyzers (informational systems), its components. Classification of the sense organs.

30. Organ of vision – components, functional meaning. Eye ball – external conformation, sizes, parts, structure, examination on an alive person.

31. Auxiliary apparatus of the eye, structure, topography, examination on an alive person.

32. Optic nerve, formation of the optic chiasm and tract. Pathway of the visual analyzer, its scheme.

33. Vestibulocohlear analyzer – general data. External and middle ear – structure, topography, components. Auditory tube – parts, structure, functional importance.

34. Internal ear – location , parts, external and internal shape, structure.

35. Vestibulocohlear nerve – composition, nuclei, path, ganglia, relationship with brain and skull. Pathway of the vestibular analyzer, its scheme.

36. Pathway of the acoustic analyzer – receiving and transmitter parts, cortical and subcortical centers, connections. Pathway of the acoustic analyzer, its scheme.

37. Olfactory nerve and analyzer, its pathway and scheme. Terminal nerve.

38. Taste organ, its pathway and scheme.

39. Clinical examination of vestibulocohlear, smell and taste analyzers.

40. Skin analyzer – structure, functional meaning. Pathway of the touch, pain and temperature senses, its schemes.

II. Blood and lymphatic circulatory systems

41. General data about blood and lymphatic circulatory system. Blood vessels – classification, functional meaning. Scheme of the cardiovascular system.

42. Heart – placement, anatomical position, external configuration, individual, age and sexual features.

43. Heart chambers, internal structure of the atria and ventricles.

44. Structure of the cardiac walls, morphological peculiarities at the level of atria and ventricles. Cardiac fibrous skeleton.

45. Valve apparatus of the heart – components, locations, structure, functions. Valve projection on the anterior wall of thoracic cage (scheme). Places of auscultations of heart sounds.

46. Abnormalities of hearts development, classification.

47. Topography of the heart, projection on the anterior wall of thoracic cage the heart boundaries (scheme), exploration on alive.

48. Aorta – origin, topography, segments, exploration on an alive person

49. Ascending aorta – limits, topography, branches. Coronary arteries – origin, path, branches, areas of blood supplying, anastomoses, variants and abnormalities, exploration an alive person.

50. Arch of the aorta – relationship between neighborhood structures, branches, variants.

51. Common carotid artery – origin, path, topography, branches, variants of splitting, exploration on an alive person. Sinocarotid reflexogenic zone – components, functional role.

52. External carotid artery – origin, path, topography, branches, regions of supplying, variants of division, anastomoses, exploration on alive, points for taking arterial pulse and comprising arteries to stop bleeding.

53. Internal carotid artery – topography, partition, branches, regions of supplying, anastomoses, exploration on an alive person.

54. Subclavian artery – origin, topography, partition, branches, regions of supplying, anastomoses. Projection and exploration on alive, points for taking arterial pulse and compression of the arteries to stop bleeding.

55. Axillary and arm arteries– origin, path, partition, topography, branches, anastomoses, regions of supplying, projection and exploration on an alive person, points for taking arterial pulse and compression of the arteries to stop bleeding.

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56. Forearm and hand arteries– origin, path, topography, branches, anastomoses, regions of supplying, projection and exploration on an alive person. Points for taking arterial pulse.

57. Arterial networks and arches of the upper limb – formation, functional and clinical considerations. Main arterial collaterals of the upper limb.

58. Thoracic aorta – limits, topography, branches, anastomoses, regions of supplying.

59. Abdominal aorta – limits, topography, path, classification of branches, regions for compression of the arteries to stop bleeding. Parietal branches of abdominal aorta – origin, spreading, anastomoses, regions of supplying.

60. Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta – origin, topography, distribution, anastomoses, regions of supplying, variations.

61. Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta – origin, topography, distribution, anastomoses, and regions of supplying, variations.

62. Common and external iliac arteries – origin, path, topography, branches, distribution, anastomoses, regions of supplying.

63. Internal iliac artery – origin, path, topography, branches, distribution, anastomoses, regions of supplying, gender specific features.

64. Femoral and popliteal arteries – origin, path, topography, branches, distribution, anastomoses, regions of supplying, exploration on alive, points for taking arterial pulse and compression of the arteries to stop bleeding.

65. Leg and foot arteries – origin, topography, branches, distribution, anastomoses, regions of supplying. Points for taking arterial pulse on the leg and foot arteries.

66. Arterial networks and arches of the lower limb – formation, functional and clinical considerations.

67. Blood vessels of pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary trunk and arteries – origin, topography, branches. Pulmonary veins – formation, tributaries, anastomoses, path, and drainage.

68. General review of the superior vena cava system. Head and neck veins – origin, topography, tributaries, anastomoses, regions of blood drainage, clinical considerations, exploration on alive. Cervical neurovascular bundle (carotid sheath) – topography, components.

69. Veins of the upper limb – classification, tributaries, exploration on alive and clinical considerations.

70. Subclavian, brachiocephalic and inferior cava veins – origin, path, topography, tributaries, regions of blood drainage, anastomoses, clinical considerations.

71. General review of the inferior vena cava system. Veins of the lower limb – topography, tributaries, exploration on an alive person, clinical considerations.

72. Iliac veins – origin, topography, tributaries, anastomoses, regions of blood drainage.

73. Inferior cava vein – origin, path, topography, parietal and visceral tributaries, regions of blood drainage, cava-caval anastomoses.

74. Portal vein system. Portal vein – origin, topography, tributaries, divisions, examination on alive. Porto-caval anastomoses, functional and clinical significances.

75. Fetal blood circulation.

76. Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the head and neck, examination on an alive person.

77. Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the upper limb, examination on an alive person.

78. Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the thorax.

79. Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the lower limb, examination on an alive person.

80. Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the abdomen and pelvis.

III. Blood vessels, lymphatics and innervations of the organs and parts of the body

81. Skin innervations of the head and neck.

82. Blood supply and nerve supply to the head muscles.

83. Blood supply and nerve supply to the neck muscles.

84. Blood vessels, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the teeth.

85. Blood supply and nerve supply to the salivary glands.

86. Blood supply and nerve supply to the tongue (scheme).

87. Blood supply to the brain, scheme of arterial circle of the brain.

88. Pathways of the brain venous drainage.

89. Innervation of the cerebral meninges, importance of prof. B. Z. Perlin’s research in this field.

90. Blood supply and nerve supply to the external and middle ears.

91. Blood supply and nerve supply to the eye and its annexes.

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92. Innervations of the striated muscles of eye ball (scheme).

93. Blood vessels, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the external nose and nasal mucosa.

94. Blood vessels, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the pharynx and esophagus.

95. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the larynx and trachea.

96. Blood supplying and innervation of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.

97. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the thoracic walls and mammary gland.

98. Blood supply and nerve supply to the thoracic skin, muscles and joints.

99. Blood supply to the spinal cord.

100. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the diaphragm.

101. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the lungs and pleura.

102. Blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves of the mediastinum.

103. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the hearth (scheme). The conducting system.

104. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the pericardium.

105. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the abdominal walls.

106. Peculiarities of blood supply and nerve supply to the hollow organs. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the stomach.

107. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the small intestine.

108. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the large intestine.

109. Peculiarities of blood supply and nerve supply to the parenchymas (full) organs. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the pancreas and spleen.

110. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the liver and gall bladder.

111. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the kidneys and suprarenal glands.

112. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the pelvic organs, gender specific features.

113. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the perineum, external genital organs, gender specific features.

114. Nerve supply to the upper limb skin.

115. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the upper limb muscles.

116. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the upper limb joins.

117. Nerve supply to the lower limb skin.

118. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the lower limb muscles.

119. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the lower limb joints.

120. General data about segmental innervations of the skin. Pain referred skin areas of Zaharin-Head.

List of questions on practical skills test

Demonstrate:

Region of the head and neck

1. Coats of the eyeball

2. Striated muscles of the eye

3. Optic nerve

4. Divisions of the bony labyrinth

5. Vestibulocochlear nerve

6. Trigeminal nerve

7. Ophthalmic nerve, its visible branches

8. Mandibular nerve, its branches

9. Lingual nerve

10. Facial nerve

11. Branches of the facial nerve

12. Parotid plexus

13. Connections of the facial nerve

14. Neurovascular packet of the neck

15. Vagus nerve

16. Cervical ganglions of the sympathetic chain

17. Hypoglossal nerve

18. Accessory nerve

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19. Cervical plexus

20. Phrenic nerve

21. Cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus

22. Cervical loop

23. Deep cervical and subclavian loops

24. Nervous connections of the regions of the head and neck

25. Common carotid artery, its branches

26 Sinocarotid reflexogenic zone

27. Internal carotid artery

28. Arterial circle of the brain

29. Branches of the external carotid artery

30. Maxillary artery

31. Arteries of the facial region

32. Subclavian artery

33. Branches of the subclavian artery

34. Arteries of the thyroid gland

35. Regions of compression of the arteries at the region of the head and neck

36. Veins of the facial region

37. Superficial veins of the neck

38. Internal jugular vein

39. Subclavian vein

40. Brachiocephalic veins

41. Blood vessels and nerves at the region of the hiomandibular triangle

42. Blood vessels and nerves of the carotid triangle

43. Blood vessels and nerves of the larynx

Region of the thoracic cage

44. Anatomical position of the heart

45. Auricles of the heart

46. Chambers of the heat

47. Valves of the heart

48. Arteries of the heart

49. Veins of the heart

50. Skeletotopy of the heart

51. Projection of the cardiac valves on the anterior thoracic wall.

52. Regions of auscultation of the noise of the heart

53. Blood vessels which start from the ventricles of the heart

54. Blood vessels opened into the atria of the heart

55. Aorta, its branches

56. Ascending aorta, its branches

57. Aortic arch, its branches

58. Branches of the descending thoracic aorta

59. Pulmonary trunk, its branches

60. Sinuses of the pericardium

61. Superior vena cava

62. Inferior vena cava

63. Blood vessels and nerves of the mediastinum /anterior, middle, posterior/

64. Internal thoracic artery, its branches

65. Phrenic nerve

66. Veins of the posterior mediastinum

67. Azygos and accessory hemiazygos veins, their tributaries

68. Vagus nerve

69. Thoracic part of the sympathetic chain

70. Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves

71. Intercostal blood vessels and nerves

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72. Esophageous plexus

73. Pulmonary plexus

74. Thoracic lymph duct

Abdominal cavity

75. Branches of the abdominal aorta

76. Bifurcation of the aorta

77. Parietal branches of the abdominal aorta

78. Visceral branches of the abdominal aorta

79. Branches of the celiac trunk

80. Superior mesenteric artery, its branches

81. Inferior mesenteric artery, its branches

82. Arteries of the stomach

83. Arteries of the small intestine

84. Arteries of the large intestine

85. Arteries of the suprarenal gland

86. Portal vein

87. Tributaries of the portal vein

88. Inferior vena cava

89. Tributaries of the inferior vena cava

90. Parietal tributaries of the inferior vena cava

91. Visceral tributaries of the inferior vena cava

92. Hepatic veins

93. Elements of the hilum of the liver and hepatoduodenal ligament

94. Lienal vessels

95. Renal veins

96. Testiculary /ovarian/ artery

97. Branches of the lumbar plexus

98. Lumbar part of the sympathetic chain

Pelvic cavity

100. Iliac vessels

101. Branches of the internal iliac artery

102. Branches of the external iliac artery

103. Iliac veins

104. Blood vessels and nerves passing through the suprapiriform foramen

105. Blood vessels and nerves passing through the infrapiriform foramen

106. Contents of the obturator canal

107. Obturator nerve

108. Femoral nerve

109. Sacral plexus, its branches

110. Vegetative plexuses and ganglia of the pelvic cavity

Upper limbs

111. Axillary artery

112. Branches of the axillary artery

113. Blood vessels of the region of the arm

114. Arteries of the forearm

115. Arteries of the elbow net /rete cubity/

116. Radial artery

117. Palmar arteries, their branches

118. Regions of compression of the arteries of the upper limb

119. Axillary vein

120. Superficial veins of the upper limb

121. Short branches of the brachial plexus

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122. Axillary nerve

123. Long branches of the brachial plexus

124. Radial nerve

125. Median nerve

126. Ulnar nerve

127. Musculocutaneous nerve

128. Blood vessels and nerves of the arm

129. Cutaneous nerves of the arm

130. Humeromuscular canal, its contents

131. Intercostobrachial nerves

132. Nerves of the region of the forearm

133. Blood vessels and nerves of the ulnar groove

134. Cutaneous nerves of the forearm

135. Nerves of the hand

Lower limbs

136. Femoral artery

137. Branches of the femoral artery

138. Deep femoral artery, its branches

139. Popliteal artery, its branches

140. Arteries of the region of the leg

141. Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

142. Peroneal artery, its branches

143. Blood vessels which form arterial net of the knee

144. Arteries of the foot

145. Dorsal artery of the foot, its branches

146. Arterial arches of the foot

147. Regions of compression of the arteries of the lower limbs

148. Regions where can be touched pulse of the arteries of the foot

149. Femoral vein

150. Superficial veins of the lower limbs

151. Veins of the foot

152. Dorsal venous net of the foot

153. Nerves of the region of the thigh

154. Femoral nerve

155. Schiatic nerve

156. Cutaneous nerves of the buttocks

157. Cutaneous nerves of the thigh

158. Nerves of the leg

159. Cutaneous nerves of the leg

160. Tibial nerve, its branches

161. Common peroneal nerve, its branches

162. Superficial peroneal nerve, its branches

163. Deep peroneal nerve

164. Saphenus nerve

165. Cutaneous nerves of the foot

166. Dorsal nerves of the foot

167. Plantar nerves of the foot

168. Blood vessels and nerves which pass through the suprapiriform foramen

169. Blood vessels and nerves which pass through the infrapiriform foramen

170. Blood vessels and nerves of the femoral triangle

171. Blood vessels and nerves of the vastoadductorius canal

172. Blood vessels and nerves of the popliteal fossa

173. Anatomical structures of the cruropopliteal canal

174. Plantar grooves, their contents

175. Anatomical structures of the Pirogov‘s canal

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Graphical representation of some aspects of cardiovascular, peripheral nervous systems and sense organs

1. Projection of the heart on the anterior thoracic wall (skeletotopy) .

2. Projection of the heart valves on the anterior thoracic wall

3. Innervation of the heart

4. Formation of the spinal nerve

5. Topography of the cranial nerves nuclei on the rhomboid fossa

6. Arterial circle of the brain

7. The corticonuclear tract

8. Conductive pathway of the trigeminal nerve

9. Conductive pathway of the facial nerve

10. Conductive pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve

11. Conductive pathway of the vagus nerve

12. Reflex arch of the vegetative nervous system

13. Location of the vegetative nervous centers

14. Conductive pathway of the optic analyzer

15. Nerve-supply of the muscles of the eyeball

16. Conductive pathway of the acustic analyzer

17. Conductive pathway of the vestibular analyzer

18. Conductive pathway of the smell analyzer

19. Conductive pathway of the taste analyzer

20. Nerve-supply of the tongue

21. Conductive pathway of the tactile sense

22. Conductive pathway of the pain and temperature

Aprobat la şedinţa catedrei Anatomia Omului.

Extras din procesul verbal nr. 6 din 06.12.2013

Şef catedră,

profesor universitar I. Catereniuc

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