Fungi - Florida State College at Jacksonville



Cell structure

Bacteria have very simple cells called “prokaryotic” cells. All other organisms ( plants, fungi, animals, protists ) have more complicated “eukaryotic” cells.

Web site name: The Biology Project

Web URL:

Read “Eukaryotics”

1). What is the glycocalyx? _________________________________________

2). What is the function of ribosomes? _________________________________

3). What are two functions of the Golgi body? __________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

4). What are two functions of lysosomes? ______________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

5). What is the function of mitochondria? ______________________________

6). What are “cristae”? ___________________________________________

7). What are two unusual features of chloroplasts and mitochondria? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8). What does this suggest about the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A) Web site name: Economist magazine (Note: you will need to Sign up with your name and Email address to read the whole article. Signing up is free. Do NOT click on “Subscribe”)

Web URL:

Read “Cell free biotech will make for better products”.

9). What is a ribosome’s job? ________________________________________

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10). What “useful chemicals” can be engineered from ribosomes and proteins?

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11). What is one advantage of getting rid of the cells? _____________________

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12). Which gut bacteria is used in this system? __________________________

13). What is the name of the enzymes that eat up the fragmented DNA? _____________________________

14). Which energy-carrying molecule powers the process of making proteins? ______________________

15). How many proteins can be processed in parallel? ________________

16). What do tubes which flash brightly indicate? ______________________

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17). Which disease will STRO-001 treat? ___________________________

18). Why does GreenLight want to make an undigestible analogue of ribose? ______________________________________________

19). How long ago was beer invented? _____________________________

B) Web site name: Cells Alive (Nucleus)

Web URL:

Click on “Start the Animation” then “Animal Cell”, then click on “Nucleus”

20). What is the nucleus surrounded by? ________________________________

21). How does the nucleus communicate? _____________________________________________________________

22). Why is a liver cell different from a muscle cell? _____________________________________________________________

Click on “Nucleolus”

23). What does the nucleolus produce? ____________________________________________________________

C) Web site name: Cells Alive (Animation)

Web URL:

Click on “Start the Animation” then “Animal Cell”, then “Mitochondria”

24). What is the function of mitochondria? _____________________________

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25). What is one similarity between the mitochondria and nucleus? _____________________________________________________________

26). Why are the cristae folded? _______________________________________

27). What is the primary energy source for the cell? ______________________

Click on “Cell membrane”

28). What does “hydrophilic” mean? __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

29). What color are the proteins in the diagram? _________________________

30). Which ions move through the proteins? _____________________________ _____________________________________________________________

Click on “Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum”

31). The ER is a continuation of ___________________ __________________

32). What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells? _____________________________________________________________

33). What is the function of smooth ER in liver cells? ____________________________________________________________

Click on “Cytoskeleton”

34) What is the primary importance of the cytoskeleton?

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35) What color are the stress fibers stained in the photograph? _____________

Click on one more organelle listed near the bottom of the screen.

36) Which organelle did you click on? ________________________________

37) Summarize the information about this organelle:

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D) Web site name: Economist magazine (Note: if it says you have reached your article limit, just clear your browser cache)

Web URL:

Read “Towards a body on a chip”

38) How would the test for a new drug “normally” be carried out?

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39) Apart from the “liver-on-a-chip” which two other organs are currently being produced by groups from Harvard University and the University of California?

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40) How many “tiny livers” does each liver chip contain? __________________

41) How does the lung-on-a-chip stretch and relax the cells, to mimic breathing?

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42) Do see any ethical concerns with having human heart cells “beating on their own at 55 – 80 beats per minute”? ______________________________________

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43) Why is the military interested in having 10 organs on a body chip?

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44) What are a couple of hurdles that still need to be overcome? ______________

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