Stage 1 Sleep



|Stage 1 Sleep |- light sleep, small, irregular beta waves, deeper sleep: theta waves

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| |Stage 2 Sleep |- sleep spindles appear, broken up by K complexes (large, slow waves); skeletal muscles relax | |

| |Stage 3 and 4 Sleep |- delta waves, deep sleep | |

| | |-breathing and heart rate decrease | |

| |REM |- eyes move vigorously, associated w/ dreaming; brain waves: theta &beta | |

| | |-Each sleep cycle is 90 min; as sleep progresses, stages 3 & 4 diminish while REM sleep gets | |

| | |longer | |

| | |-Sleep period goes from 1,2,3,4 and then retreats back to 1, and then enters REM | |

| |Alpha Waves |-brain waves produced when awake and relaxed | |

| |Sleep Spindles |-occur in Stage 2 | |

| | |-spikes of very rapid electrical activity | |

| |hypnogogic sensations |-relaxation | |

| | |-fail to respond to outside stimuli | |

| | |-begin stage 1 sleep | |

| | |-semiwakeful state of dreamlike awareness | |

| |Delta Waves |-longer, slower electrical waves | |

| | |-characteristic of NREM sleep | |

| | |-when our bodies rest | |

| |Paradoxical Sleep |-the fact that REM is a very deep stage of sleep yet our brain waves resemble those observed when | |

| | |we are awake | |

| | |-brain is active and heart rate and blood pressure elevated | |

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| |Night Terrors |-characterized by a frightened awakening with high physiological arousal (sweating, increased | |

| | |heart and respiration rates) | |

| | |-little/no recall of event in the morning | |

| | |-NREM occurrences | |

| |Sleep Apnea |-sufferer frequently stops breathing during the night and must “re-start” himself, awakening | |

| | |himself to some degree but often without complete awareness | |

| | |-sometimes undiagnosed | |

| | |-correlated with obesity and may be linked to alcohol consumption | |

| |Narcolepsy |-inability to stay awake | |

| | |-sudden, involuntary drop into sleep | |

| | |-sufferer quickly enters REM | |

| |Insomnia |-lack of sleep: inability to fall asleep or maintain sleep | |

| | |-possible causes: stress, alcohol, stimulants | |

| |REM Rebound |-if (in a REM deprivation studied) an individual is awakened at the onset of each REM period for | |

| | |some time, and then is allowed to sleep normally, the sleeper tends to have longer REM periods | |

| | |-suggests that bodies need REM | |

| |Dream Theory: Freudian |-manifest content: superficial “plot” of the dream | |

| |(Latent and Manifest) |-latent content: more important, unconscious, symbolic underlying meaning of the dream | |

| | |-controversial | |

| |Dream Theory (Activation |-postulates that dreams are the product of our awareness of neural activity due to sensory input | |

| |Synthesis Hypothesis) |while we are sleeping | |

| | |-neural repair, consolidation of memory, and protein synthesis occur during dreams | |

| |“Facts and Falsehoods” of |-hypnosis: altered state of consciousness in which the hypnotized person is very relaxed and open | |

| |Hypnosis |to suggestion | |

| | |-can be convinced that they see things that are not there or having experiences that they are not | |

| | |having | |

| | |-recall things they may otherwise may not have been able to recall | |

| | |-no recollection of hypnosis | |

| | |-not a real effect vs. participant living up to expectations of hypnotist | |

| |Theories of Hypnosis |1) Neodissociative theory – hypnotist divides mind into two parts – one part obeys hypnotist while| |

| | |other part – the hidden observer – silently observes | |

| | |2) Social Role Theory – hypnotized subject is acting out a social role consistent with the social | |

| | |situation; certain expectations of how to act and hypnotist gives instructions; subjects act | |

| | |according to guidelines; hidden observer gives permission to report pain | |

| |various psycho-active |-psychoactive drugs – chemical substance that impacts behavior, perceptions, moods, or mental | |

| |drugs, their effects and |processes | |

| |classifications |-4 broad categories: central nervous system (CNS) depressants, CNS stimulants, narcotics, and | |

| | |hallucinogens | |

| | |-depressants: alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers; slow nervous system activity, elevate mood, | |

| | |relax inhibitions, intoxicate | |

| | |-stimulants: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine; activate nervous system, speed up bodily | |

| | |function | |

| | |-narcotics: derived from opium plant: morphine, heroin; suppress pain, euphoria | |

| | |-hallucinogens: LSD, peyote, PCP; alter perceptions, sensory synesthesia | |

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