TOPIC 14 – MOTIONS OF EARTH, MOON, SUN



Topic 4 – Review Book

Motions of Earth, Moon and Sun

Define the Vocabulary

1. Coriolis Effect ________________________________________________________

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2. eclipse_______________________________________________________________

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3. Foucault pendulum ____________________________________________________

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4. geocentric model_______________________________________________________

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5. heliocentric model______________________________________________________

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Answer the following questions based on the reading:

Apparent Motions of Celestial Objects

1. What is an apparent motion?__________________________________

2. What is causing the apparent motion of stars moving across the sky from east to west? ______________________________________________

Daily Motion of Stars – Figure 4.1

3. How do most celestial (heavenly) objects appear to move across the sky?

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4. How do some of the stars near the North Star or Polaris appear to move?

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5. What is an arc? __________________________________________

a. Look at Figure 4.1 – This is a very important diagram that you need to understand. Looking east, south and west are all parts of an arc.

6. What is the constant rate of all DAILY (24 hour period) motion of celestial objects? ___________________________________________

Apparent Motion of the Planets Figure 4.2

7. Due to the complicated motion of Earth and the other planets revolving around the sun in different orbits and at different speeds, when the planets are viewed from earth what do the appear to do? ____________________

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Apparent Motions of Earth’s Moon

8. Does the moon follow the daily east-to-west motion of the stars? _____

9. How many minutes does the moon appear to rise later each day? _______

Apparent Sun Motions in Northern Mid-latitudes – Figure 4-3

10. What shape is the sun’s apparent path? ________________________

11. What are the changes in sun’s path with the seasons? ______________

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12. What happens to the number of daylight hours as the length of the sun’s path increases? What season has the greatest number of daylight hours?

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13. Where does the sun rise and set in the spring and fall? _____________

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14. Where does the sun rise and set in the summer? _________________

15. Where does the sun rise and set in the winter? __________________

Changes in the altitude of the sun at noon – Figure 4-4

Altitude – the angle in degrees of a celestial object above the horizon

16. What time of day does the sun reach the highest position in the sky? __

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17. What 2 factors determine the altitude of the sun at noon?__________

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18. Between what 2 latitudes is the sun directly overhead (90°) at noon?

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19. Why isn’t the sun ever directly overhead anywhere in the continental U.S.? (Hint: Key West, Florida has a latitude of 24.5°N) ______________

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20. According to Figure 4-4, at what latitude is the sun directly overhead on September 23 (Fall Equinox) and March 23 (Spring Equinox)? ___________

21. The Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) on what date (Summer Solstice)? ______________________________________

22. The Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S) on what date (Winter Solstice)? __________________________________

MODELS THAT HELP EXPLAIN APPARENT CELESTIAL MOTIONS

Geocentric Models Figures 4-5 and 4-6

23. Why did most early cultures believe in the geocentric model?________ _________________________________________________________

24. Figure 4-5 – what does it say the earth is not doing in the geocentric model?____________________________________________________

25. What 2 motions of earth are explained in a heliocentric model? ______

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ACTUAL EARTH MOTIONS

Rotation of Earth

26. What is earth’s rotation?___________________________________

27. What is its axis? _________________________________________

28. How many degrees is earth’s axis tilted from a line perpendicular to the plane of its orbit? ___________________________________________

29. The tilt of our axis never changes -the north end of the axis is directly below what star? ____________________________________________

30. How long does it take earth to rotate 360° from WEST TO EAST?___

Evidence of Earth’s Rotation

Hard to prove rotation before satellites because we cannot feel it

The Foucault pendulum (pronounced FOO-koh)

31. When a Foucault pendulum was observed in 1851, how did it appear to change? __________________________________________________

32. How is this proof of rotation? _______________________________

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Figure 4-8

33. The path of the Foucault pendulum only appears to change. What is actually happening? __________________________________________

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The Coriolis Effect

34. In the Northern Hemisphere, which direction is the deflection? ______

35. In the Southern Hemisphere, which direction is the deflection? ______

36. Why does this deflection occur? _____________________________

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37. What are some examples of matter deflected with respect to Earth’s surface? __________________________________________________

38. Sum it up - Why is the Coriolis Effect a proof of Earth’s rotation? ____

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Evidence of Earth’s Revolution Around the Sun

39. How long does it take the Earth to revolve around the sun? _________

40. Earth’s orbit is a slightly eccentric ellipse. Eccentricity means the degree of flatness of an ellipse or how far it is from being a circle. Does our slightly elliptical orbit cause the seasons? _________________________

41. Seasonal changes are evidence for revolution because as earth travels in its orbit around the sun due to earth’s tilt different parts of earth receive the direct rays of the sun. If we did not revolve, what would be the effect on seasons?________________________________________________

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42. Why are having different constellations associated with each of the 4 season’s proof of revolution? ___________________________________

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43. Figure 4-9 When are the constellations visible on Earth? ___________

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44. What happens to the sun’s apparent diameter as Earth revolves in its slightly elliptical orbit? (this happens because of the changing distance from the sun) __________________________________________________

Earth and Moon Motions and Time

45. What is the concept of the month based on? ____________________

46. What is a day based on? ___________________________________

47. What is a year based on? __________________________________

Local Time – this should be a review

48. What is time based on? ____________________________________

49. What is true about time at all locations on the same north-south line, meridians of longitude? _______________________________________

Time Zone or Standard Time

50. How many time zones are there? _____________________________

51. How wide apart and what is the difference in time between time zones? _________________________________________________________

Actual Motions of Earth’s Moon Figure 4-12

52. What common events are the results of the revolution of the moon around Earth as Earth revolves around the sun? _____________________

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53. What is the tilt and period of the moon’s revolution? ______________

54. Why do we see only one side of the moon from Earth? _____________

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Moon Phases

55. Except during lunar eclipses, how much of the moon is always receiving light from the sun? __________________________________________

56. Why does an observer on Earth see varying amounts of this lighted half as the moon moves in its orbit? _________________________________

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57. What type of change are the phases of the moon? ________________

58. The period from one full moon to the next is how many days? ________

59. Moon’s period of revolution is only how many days? ________________

(As the moon revolves around Earth, Earth is moving in its orbit around the sun. Therefore, it takes longer (approximately 2 days) for the moon to complete its full cycle from full moon to full moon)

Tides Figure 4-15

60. What causes the tides? ____________________________________

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61. The tidal effect is caused primarily by what? ____________________

62. Why? _________________________________________________

63. Few ocean shores experience an ideal cycle of tides but normally how many high tides and low tides are there in a 24 hour cycle? _____________

64. When the moon, earth and sun are in a straight line you get higher high tides and lower low tides. What is the result? ______________________

65. When the moon is a quarter phase, the sun is at a 90° angle to moon’s force resulting in lower high tides and higher low tides. What is the result?

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Eclipses

Lunar Eclipse

66. What is a lunar eclipse? ___________________________________

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67. This ONLY happens during what moon phase? ___________________

68. Why doesn’t this happen every month? ________________________

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Solar Eclipse

69. What is a solar eclipse and during what moon phase can it happen? ____

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