ES Ch 28 The Sun-Earth-Moon System



Name__________________________Period____

ES Ch 28 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

Objectives

1. Describe electromagnetic radiation. This means I can:

a. List the dangerous forms of electromagnetic radiation.

2. Explain how telescopes work. This means I can:

a. Compare and contrast the following types of telescopes: Hubble Space Telescope, refractive telescopes, reflecting telescopes including:

i. Type of electromagnetic radiation the telescope detects.

ii. Benefits and problems of each type.

iii. How the telescope works.

b. Describe the benefits of space telescopes compared to earth-based ones.

3. List examples of “spin-offs”, applications developed for space but then applied to our lives on Earth.

4. Identify features on the Moon. This means I can:

a. Define and label the following terms (if applicable) on a diagram: albedo, highlands, maria, impact craters, ejecta, rays, rilles.

b. Determine the relative age of features on the moon using the principle of superposition.

c. Compare and contrast the composition (what they are made of) of the moon vs. the earth.

5. Explain the theories about how the Moon formed. This means I can:

a. Compare and contrast the capture theory, simultaneous formation theory, and the impact theory including evidence supporting and contradicting the theory.

b. Contrast the age, albedo and formation of maria vs. highlands.

c. Describe the evidence that there is no tectonic activity on the moon.

6. Identify the relative positions and motions of Earth, Sun & Moon. This means I can:

a. Explain what causes earth’s day and night, seasons.

b. Compare and contrast summer solstice,. winter solstice, autumnal and vernal equinoxes.

c. Describe the following motions and their effects: rotation, revolution, tilt of axis, synchronous rotation.

d. Compare and contrast solar vs. lunar eclipses including

i. Alignment of the sun, earth and moon.

ii. The effect of perigee vs. apogee of the moon on solar eclipses

iii. The amount of eclipse (total vs. partial) from the umbra vs. penumbra.

iv. Which type eclipse (lunar vs. solar) is more common and why.

e. Compare and contrast high & low tides as well as spring & neap tides according to sun and moon alignment, tidal range, frequency and location.

7. Describe the phases of the Moon. This means I can:

a. List the moon phases in order starting with new moon.

b. Label a diagram of moon phases including the terms waxing, waning, crescent, gibbous, quarter (1st & 3rd), full, new.

Test Preparation:To study: Vocab & objectives at beginning of each section of book, notes, worksheets and their diagrams (diagrams in book too)

Computer Review: , Chapter Resources, Unit 8, Chapter 28

Sec 28.1 Tools

1. Radiation = __________ & _______________________ waves that travel through space

a. ______________ light

b. Other: Radio waves (_________ dangerous), microwave, infrared, UV, X-rays, gamma rays (______________dangerous)

c. Classified by ___________________, _______________ are more dangerous

Telescopes – ____________ radiation

d. Objects in space ___________ radiation in all portions of the electromagnetic spectrum

e. Benefits of telescopes

i. Have detectors that ____________ wavelengths our eyes can’t

ii. “Captures” extra light (more than our eye) due to large openings

iii. Can attach special equipment; ______________, ________________, _____________________ and can detect ________ objects

f. Types using Visible Light

i. Refracting: Focuses light by bending it as it goes through a _________

➢ Similar to light bent by water, eyeglasses, or magnifying glasses

➢ _______ type, ________________ in use

ii. Reflecting: Curved ___________ which REFLECTS the light to focus

g. Types of telescopes using other wavelengths

i. Infrared & UV also _____________ by ______________

ii. Radio – wire mesh ________________________ long wavelengths

iii. Gamma & X-rays – Special equipment, difficult because these waves ______ through most materials and ________ be ______________

2. Satellites & Probes & Space-Based Astronomy: Tools in space (__________ Earth’s atmosphere)

a. Benefits:

i. Earth’s atmosphere _____________ some waves from space so images ___

ii. Allows ____________ observation

b. Satellites _____________ Earth, __________________ its atmosphere

i. _________________________ Telescope-launced in 1990 & was expected to work until 2010, but they have decided to extend that

c. Human Spaceflight – currently ___________________ & __________________________

i. The shuttle program began in 1981

➢ To study the effects of _________________________ on humans and other living objects

➢ These flights lasted a maximum of 17 days (______________-term)

ii. The International Space Staiton has had astronauts living in it since 2000 (_________ - term)

3. Spin-offs = Space _______________________ used in _______________ ways

a. Space fuel pumps led to the development of artificial ______________ pumps

b. The Apollo program led to _____________ tools

Section 28.2 The Moon

1. Lunar Properties (Our moon’s properties are __________________ compared to those of ___________ moons)

a. ________________ moon ______________ to the size of Earth

b. Unusual orbit – its orbit is __________________ away

c. _________________ & __________________

d. Only large moon found in the _____________planets

i. Mercury & Venus – Have ___ moon(s)

ii. Mars – 2 _________ chunks of rock

2. Lunar Surface

a. Relatively dark

i. Only _____ albedo

ii. Albedo: The amount of sunlight that a planet _________________

iii. Most of the sunlight on the moon is __________________ instead

b. _______________________ temperature differences

i. Due to sunlight ________________________ on its lighted side & it has no atmosphere

ii. In the sun: 127o C (260o F) vs.

iii. Dark side -173o C (-343o F)

c. No erosion because there is no ________________________ (no _________________ & no _________________________)

i. Surface damaged by recent ______________________

d. Topography

i. Highlands: _________________, _______________ in color, ____________

ii. Maria (_____________): ________, _____________, low-level plains

iii. Impact Craters: Formed when a space object __________ on the moon’s surface

iv. Ejecta: Material _________________ out during impact, that _______ back to the moon’s surface

v. Rays: Long ________________ of ejecta, _____________-colored streaks

vi. Rilles: ___________________ within the maria

e. Composition of the Moon

i. Similar to _____________

ii. _______________ - Combination of silicon, oxygen & other elements

iii. Surface sediment differences compared to Earth: The moon has ___________ iron on its surface

iv. The moon’s maria contain ____________, similar to the basalt rock under the Earth’s oceans, but the moon’s maria contain _______________

v. ______ atmosphere

3. Moon History

a. Highlands are ________________________ years old

b. Heavily __________________ during the first 800 million years

i. Caused surface to be covered with _______________, a layer of _____________ rock caused by impacts

c. Maria are slightly __________________, ____________________________ years old

i. Impacts caused _________________ in the larger craters

ii. ____________ welled up from the interior & filled the _____________ of deep craters

iii. Impacts then __________________, so maria are _____________with ___craters

d. The _________ side of the moon has _______ maria

i. _____________ crust, so the cracks from impact ___________________ the lava

4. Do scientists think there is tectonic activity on the Moon? _____________ Why?

a. There are ________ active volcanoes

b. There is _________ magnetic field

c. Moonquakes are only strong enough to cause __________ to fall from a _____________ one time per year

Layers of the Moon

1. Layers of the moon are similar to those of _____________

Formation Theories – 3 main ones

1. Capture Theory

a. As the solar system was formed, a ____________ object came _______________to earth

b. It was ________________ by the Earth’s _________________, forming the _________

c. Problems with the theory

i. Object would have had to ______________ way down to be caught

ii. Earth & Moon have ______________ ___________________ - “captured” object that came from far away should be different

2. Simultaneous Formation Theory

a. Moon & earth were formed at the __________________ & in the ___________________

b. Positives:

i. Explains why the moon & earth are made of the _______________________ and have similar _____________________

ii. Would ___________ have had to slow down

c. Problems:

i. Doesn’t explain why the moon & the earth have ____________________ amounts

of ___________ ( The moon is __________________________)

3. Impact Theory

a. Most commonly __________________

b. Computer models indicate the Earth was hit by a _______________________ object about4.5 billion years ago

c. Positives:

i. Explains why there are ___________ similarities & differences in composition

ii. Explains why the moon is similar to earth’s _________-deficient __________

iii. Explains why there is ___ water - __________ from the impact would have______ any water

Daily Motions of the Earth

1. Rotation: _______________ of the earth around its _________

a. Causes _________ & _____________, and _____________ & ____________ of the sun

b. Solar Day = Once complete rotation

i. Basis for our _________________

c. Causes the ____________________ of the sun rising in the east & setting in the west

Annual Motions of the Earth

1. Revolution: __________________ motion around the _________

a. Year = the time to _____________________ 1 revolution

b. Ecliptic: ________________ in which the Earth orbits the Sun

2. Effects of Earth’s tilt

a. Tilted at __________ compared to the _________________

b. The combination of ____________ & __________________ causes ________________

c. Hemisphere tilted TOWARDS the sun;

i. Has ___________________ days

ii. Is in the __________________ season

iii. The sun appears ________________ in the sky

3. Solstices: Is the day when the sun reaches its _________________________ distance _______ of the equator

a. Summer solstice (for N. hemisphere) is when the sun is the furthest _________________

i. Has the __________ hours of daylight

ii. Sun is over ____________ - _________________________

iii. Occurs around ___________________

iv. Arctic circle has _________________

v. Antarctic has __________________________

b. Winter solstice (for N. hemisphere) is when the sun is the furthest __________________

i. Has the ______________ number of daylight hours

ii. Sun is directly over _________ - ____________________________

iii. Occurs around ________________

iv. Arctic circle has _________________________

v. Antarctic has ___________________________

4. Equinox: Sun is __________________ over the ________________

a. The number of daylight hours is ________________ the number of nighttime hours

b. _________________________ hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun

c. Autumnal equinox is approximately ______________________

d. Vernal ____________________ equinox- ____________________

Moon Phases = Sequential changes in the appearance of the moon (as seen from _______________)

➢ NOTE: ______ of the moon is ______________________ by the Sun, but we _____________________

➢ Waxing: Size of the lighted side of the moon appears to ___________________

o Moving from ___________ to _____________ moon

➢ Waning: Size of the lighted side of the moon appears to ___________________

o Moving from ___________ to _____________ moon

1. New moon: _________ is between the _______________________ (all 3 are ______________)

a. _____________ the moon as the ___________________ side is towards the earth

b. The _________________ side is away from us

2. Waxing crescent: _________________ of the lighted side is visible

3. 1st quarter: _______ of the lighted side is visible

4. Waxing gibbous: __________________ of the lighted side is visible

5. Full moon: _________________ is between the ___________________ (all 3 are __________)

a. _______________ lighted side is visible

6. Waning gibbous: ____________ of the lighted side is visible

7. 3rd quarter: _______ of the lighted side is visible

8. Waning crescent:_______________________ of the lighted side is visible

Motions of the Moon

1. Synchronous Rotation: Moon’s revolution (_____________) around the earth & its rotation are “synchronized”

a. Both take _____________ days (but phases take 29.5 days because Earth has moved around sun in that same time period)

b. So the ____________ side of the Moon ______________ faces the earth

2. Tides

a. Moon’s gravity has a _____________________ effect on the Earth’s tides than the Sun does, due to the moon’s ____________________

b. High tides occur on the sides of the Earth ____________________________ of the moon

c. High tides occur every ________ hours. Low tides also occur every __________ hours.

d. Spring tides occur when the earth, sun & moon are ____________________

i. __________________ tidal range: __________high tides & __________ low tides

e. Neap tides occur when the moon is at ______________________ to the earth & sun line

i. _____________ tidal range; ______________high tide & ___________ low tides

Eclipses

1. Solar eclipses: An are of the earth _______________ see _____________________ of the sun

a. Occurs during _________ moon phase, as _______________ passes _____________ the _____________ & the _______________

i. Only occurs if all 3 are ___________________ are in same _________ (Earth’s ____________________)

ii.

iii. ___________ monthly because moon is ______________________ due to tilted orbits

iv. Moon’s distance _______________, sometimes its shadow ______________ Earth

➢ Perigee- ______________ point to Earth in moon’s orbit

➢ Apogee- ______________ point

b. Moon creates a ________________________ on Earth, blocking all or part of our view of the _________________

c. Total eclipse = ______ of the Sun is blocked

i. NOTE: Will still see ______________, _________________, etc. from Sun’s ____

ii. Total eclipse is only see from the ________________, which is the ____________________________________

iii. Very few persons on earth will be in the ________________________, because the moon’s shadow is small

d. Partial eclipse = Only ___________ of the sun is blocked

i. Partial eclipse is seen by persons in the __________________________ which is the _______________________________________

ii. More persons will be in the _______________________

2. Lunar Eclipse: ________________ shadow covers part or all of the ________________ & the moon can’t be seen

a. Occurs during the _____________ moon, when the lighted side ______________ normally be seen

i. ______________ is between the __________ & the _______________

ii. Doesn’t occur every month, because moon not on Earth’s __________(moon is _______________________)

iii. Drawing of Lunar eclipse

b. Total lunar eclipse is seen if moon is __________________ in the Earth’s __________

c. Partial eclipse is seen if __________________ of the moon is __________________ in the Earth’s ________________________

d. Can be seen by the entire ______________________ side of the Earth if the sky is _____

e. Lasts _______________ than a solar eclipse because Earth’s shadow is _____________

f. Occurs ______________ than a solar eclipse, because the alignment __________have to be as precise

Review #1: Video & Sec 28.1

From video “Moon”

1. Possible cause of Pacific Ocean:

2. Why isn’t the earth covered with craters like the moon?

3. Moon formation theories

Section 28.1

1. Compare & contrast refracting and reflecting telescopes.

2. How do the types of electromagnetic radiation vary from each other?

Review #2: 28.1 Lunar Explorations

1. Name of 1st astronaut in space?

2. Example of a “spin-off” from space exploration?

3. Program with goal of 2-manned orbit of the moon?

4. Names & purposes of other moon programs?

Review #3: 28.2

1. In the diagram to the right, which crater is oldest? Youngest?

2. Albedo 45% vs. 26%. Which is brightest? Why?

3. Crater M is surrounded by dark material. Crater N has light streaks radiating from it.

a. Which is oldest? How do you know?

b. What is the term for the light streaks.

4. Demo: Play Dough Impact Craters. Predict amount of ejecta and crater size.

Review #4 – Solstices & Equinoxes

1. Describe the equinox

2. Describe the solstice

3. Does the distance from the Sun cause the Earth’s seasons? Why or why not?

4. How are the seasons in the northern & southern hemisphere related?

5. Why is the tilt of Earth on its axis important?

6. When the North Pole experiences 24 hours of daylight, what is happening at the South Pole?

Review #5 - Phases

1. Questions p. 767 #1-3

a. What are the causes of the seasons on Earth?

b. What would our seasons be like if Earth’s axis were not tilted?

c. Explain why the Moon goes through phases as seen from Earth.

d.

[pic]

2. In the diagram above:

a. Is the moon waxing or waning?

b. Name the phases shown

Review #6 - Eclipses

1. P.767 #5: If Earth’s axis were tilted 45 degrees, at what latitudes would the sun be directly overhead on the summer and winter solstices & on the vernal & autumnal equinoxes?

2. What causes a lunar eclipse?

a. Positions of earth, sun & moon?

b. Which moon phase?

3. What causes a solar eclipse?

a. Positions of earth, sun & moon?

b. Which moon phase?

4. Which occurs more often? Why?

5. Why do eclipses not occur each month during that moon phase?

Review #7 - Miscellaneous

1. What is apogee? Perigee?

2. What causes day & night?

3. What program was designed to study weightlessness?

4. What would happen if the earth was not tilted?

5. What if the earth was tilted at 45 degrees?

6. How long does earth’s rotation take?

7. In the diagram; type of tide? Phase of moon?

[pic]

8. How often does low tide occur?

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