Figure 7.x The surface weather map (also called the sea ...
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Figure 6.1 The force diagram of two opposing forces is represented by the black and red arrows. The resulting force on the parcel of air (black circle) is represented by the blue arrow. Since the two forces are acting in opposite directions, the net force is in the direction of the largest force and its magnitude is the difference between the individual forces. So, the object will move to the left.
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Figure 6.2 The graphical method of determining the resultant of two forces acting on a parcel of air at an angle to each other. The two given forces are represented by the red and black arrows. First construct a parallelogram with the two given forces as sides. The direction and magnitude of the net force is determined by drawing an arrow from the point of application of the given forces to the opposite angle of the parallelogram. The parcel will follow the path of the blue arrow.
Figure 6.3 Wind direction is defined as the direction the wind is coming from and is expressed in degrees or as compass points. (Figure similar to Ahren's figure 6.22)
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Figure 6.4 This image is a composite of several satellite views identifying Hurricane George during the period 18-28 September 1998. The storm follows this path because of a complex interaction of forces. To complicate matters, forces also act to rotate the storm in a counter-clockwise direction. The hurricane force winds generate large ocean waves that crash into the coasts eroding beaches. This chapter introduces these forces that drive weather disturbances. Chapter 8 provides more detail on hurricanes and the movement.
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Figure 6.5 Meteorologists convert pressure measurements to sea level values so that they can compare atmospheric pressures measured at different altitudes. (Probably want to combine figure 6-7 from Lutgen's with bottom of Ahren's figure 6.7, as suggested above.)
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Figure 6.6 The surface weather map (also called the sea-level map) for Monday, November 10, 1975. When two isobars are close together, only a short distance need be traveled to observe a pressure change. The pressure gradient, and thus pressure gradient force is weak when the isobars are far apart. Strong winds are accompanied by narrow spacing of the isobars. Note that the winds over the Great Lake region are greater than those over Texas. (See web for map). This map needs to be simplified - include fronts, isobars and some wind barbs.
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Figure 6.7 Upper air maps plot lines of constant height of a pressure . The above is an example of 500 mb upper air chart for Novermber 10, 1975. Cities throughout the world launch weather balloons that measure pressure as a function of altitude. Lines of constant altitude of where the 500 mb pressure is are then drawn. Simplify map, we should also include and inset similar to Lutgens has in bottom of figure 6.14b, though our surface would also tilt.
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Figure 6.8 Isolines of constant height are proportional to the pressure gradient force. The 850 mb pressure surface is represented by the lower left colored diagram. The 850 mb pressure is higher over city A than city B. Lines of constant height of the 850 mb pressure show this relationship as seen in the lower right figure. The pressure gradient force, represented by arrows, occurs where the lines of constant altitude are closer together. The pressure gradient act perpendicular to the lines of constant altitude of the pressure. (Might have to reorganize these three figures - e.g. stack them)
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Figure 6.9 The top figure represents the planned, and actual path, of the launched craft. The bottom picture presents the apparent path due to the earth’s rotation. The earth is rotating counterclockwise.
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Figure 6.10 City X is closer to the equator and must therefore travel faster than City Y. The dark orange arrow represents the path traveled by a parcel of air originating at City X and heading toward City Y. The orange arrow represents the a parcel traveling from City Y to City X. In both cases, the Coriolis force makes the parcels path deflect to the right. Need to take some liberty to demonstrate the effect of latitude.
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Figure 6.11 When in hydrostatic balance, an air parcel does not move vertically as the forces acting on the parcel are balanced. The parcel can still be accelerated horizontally.
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Figure 6.12 When the air between two pressure surfaces is warmed, the distance between the two layers, or thickness, increases. Cooling the layer reduces the thickness.
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Figure 6.13 A geostrophic wind represents a balance between the pressure and Coriolis forces. The lines represent heights of constant altitude of the 500 mb pressure surface. (Might want to put a map of North America below this (see Lutgens, figure 6-13).
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Figure 6.14 A parcel of air is placed and released at rest in a region of the atmosphere with a pressure gradient. The pressure gradient force (represented by the black arrows) accelerates the parcel towards lower heights. Once the parcel begins to more the Coriolis force (orange arrows) begins to act at right angles to the parcels direction of motion (blue line). The pressure gradient force always acts perpendicular to the isohytes, while the Coriolis force only act to the right of the parcel motion. The geostrophic wind results when the pressure gradient force balances the Coriolis force.
Might want to put a map of North America below this (see Lutgens, figure 6-13
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Figure 6.15 A force diagram representing the forces acting on an air parcel moving around a High pressure (left) and a low pressure (right).The gradient wind direction is represented by the green arrows. Note that the wind direction keeps changes so that in the Northern Hemisphere the air rotates clockwise around the High pressure and counterclockwise around the Low pressure. (Might want to put a few parcels, as in Lutgens Figure 6-15, include centripetal force that acts towards the center of the H or L)
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Figure 6.16 A simplified view of why the winds in the midlatitudes tend to blow from west to east. Blue represents cold air and red warm. On average, the tropospheric temperature decreases poleward. This leads to sloping pressure surfaces, pressure gradient forces that act from high to low pressure. Winds are directed into the page because of the Coriolis force.
Make this a thhree-dimensional plot - turn the lines of constant pressure into planes parrallel to one another. Show pressure gradient force from high to low pressure, along with Coriolis force and direction of the wind, which is into the paper.
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Figure 6.17 At the surface, friction causes the wind to cross the isobars and converge towards regions of low pressure. Surface friction determines the angle at which surface winds cross the isobars.
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Figure 6.18 Top and cross-section views through a high and low. For a low pressure at the surface to maintain, there must be divergence aloft to offset the convergence at the ground.
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Figure 6.19 Sequence of images depicting the formation of the sea breeze. (Want to make lines curved as in Lutgen's figure 6.10)
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Figure 6.20 A sequence of satellite images demonstrating the sea breeze along the east coast of North America. The first image is at 1545 UTC, which is approximately 8:45 am. Notice that along the North Carolina coast, there are few clouds over the Atlantic Ocean, and many scattered clouds over land. There is a distinct cloud-free boundary at the coast line. By 1815 UTC (1115) the clouds have moved inland, marking the boundary of the upward branch of the sea breeze, or the sea breeze front. As the day progresses and the temperature difference between the land and ocean increases, the circulation gets stronger and the sea breeze front penetrates farther inland (2015 UTC). On this day the atmosphere is susceptible convective activity and the lifting associated with the sea breeze is enough to 'kick off' convection by 2145 UTC (1545).
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Figure 6.20 A land breeze forms during the night as the land cools faster than the sea. (Want to make lines curved as in Lutgen's figure 6.10)
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Figure 6.22 The size of an atmospheric disturbance is related to how long it lasts. (Change "Spatial Scale" to "Size" and "Temporal Scale" to "Life Span".)
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