12/08/2000 7:58 PM
07/11/2002 4:02 PM07/11/2002 3:39 PM
Quality Assurance Project Plan
Project: Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Confinement Animal Buildings (APECAB)
Funding Agency: USDA-IFAFS (Initiative for Future Agricultural and Food Systems)
____________________________________________
Larry D. Jacobson, Overall Project Manager, University of Minnesota
____________________________________________
Albert J. Heber, Technical Director and QA Manager, Purdue University
____________________________________________
Gerald R. Baughman, North Carolina State University
____________________________________________
Steven J. Hoff, Iowa State University
____________________________________________
John M. Sweeten, Texas A&M University
____________________________________________
Yuanhui Zhang, University of Illinois
Quality Assurance Project Plan [1]
for
Air Sampling & Measurement Methodology for Confined Animal Housing Systems (APECAB)
(A Six-State Emission Measurement Project)
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1146
July 15, 2002
APPROVALS
| | |
|____________________________________________ |_______________ |
|EPA Project Advisor: Bruce Harris |Date |
| | |
|____________________________________________ |_______________ |
|EPA Project Advisor: Cary Secrest |Date: |
| | |
|____________________________________________ |_______________ |
|EPA QA Advisor: Don Olson |Date: |
Table of Contents
1. 1. Project Management 4
1.1. Project/Task Organization and Schedule 4
1.1.1 Personnel and Agencies Involved 5
1.1.2. Personnel Responsibilities/Project Organization 5
1.1.3. Project Schedule 6
1.2. Problem Definition/Background 9
1.3. Project/Task Description 9
1.3.1. Project Objectives 9
1.3.2. Project Description 9
1.4. Quality Objectives and Criteria for Measurement Data 10
1.5. Special Training/Certification 11
1.6. Documents and Records 11
2. 2. Measurement Data Acquisition 12
2.1. Experimental Design 12
2.1.1. Gas Concentration Sampling and Measurement 13
2.1.2 PM10 Sampling 14
2.1.3. Temperature and Relative Humidity Measurement 15
2.1.4. Pressure Measurement 15
2.1.5. Ventilation Fan Monitoring 16
2.2. Sampling Methods 17
2.3. Sample Handling and Custody 17
2.4. Analytical Methods 18
2.5. Quality Control 18
2.6. Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance 20
2.7. Instrument/Equipment Calibration and Frequency 20
2.8. Inspection/Acceptance of Supplies and Consumables 22
2.9. Data Acquisition Requirements (Non-Direct Measurement) 22
2.10. Data Management 22
3. 3. Assessment/Oversight 24
3.1. Assessments and Response Actions 24
3.2. Reports to Management 25
4. 4. Data Validation and Usability 25
4.1. Data Review, Verification, and Validation 25
4.2. Validation and Verification Methods 26
4.3. Reconciliation with User Requirements 26
QAPP Distribution List
|Richard Hegg |USDA |
|Larry Jacobson |University of Minnesota |
|Albert Heber |Purdue University |
|Gerald Baughman |North Carolina State University |
|Yuanhui Zhang |University of Illinois |
|Steven Hoff |Iowa State University |
|John Sweeten |Texas A&M University |
|Cary Secrest |U.S. EPA Enforcement Division |
|Bruce Harris |U.S. EPA Research Triangle Park |
|Don Olson (EPA/HQ) |U.S. EPA OECA |
|Indiana Producer Contact* |Indiana Producer |
|Iowa Producer Contact* |Iowa Producer |
|Minnesota Producer Contact* |Minnesota Producer |
|North Carolina Producer Contact* |North Carolina Producer |
|Illinois Producer Contact* |Illinois Producer |
|Texas Producer Contact* |Texas Producer |
*PI’s will distribute QAPP to producers to maintain confidentiality.
1. Project Management
1.1 Project/Task Organization and Schedule
Larry Jacobson, University of Minnesota, is responsible for overall project management and for coordinating administrative logistics, including implementing sub-contracts, filing of project reports, and management of financial resources. Albert Heber, Purdue University, is responsible for directing the technical aspects of the project including creating, updating, distributing and implementing the quality assurance project plan, specifying instrumentation and equipment, designing, constructing and delivering the gas sampling systems, developing and distributing the data acquisition program, and analyzing the data.
Each University PI is responsible for selecting test stites, for installing and operating the equipment and instrumentation, and for assuring and controlling data quality. The end users of the data will be scientists, consultants, and state and federal regulators.
1.1.1 Personnel and Agencies Involved
|Name |Affiliation |Phone |E-mail |
|Larry Jacobson |University of Minnesota |612-625-8288 |jacob007@maroon.tc.umn.edu |
|Dick Nicolai |University of Minnesota |612-625-3701 |nicol009@tc.umn.edu |
|Verlyn Johnson |University of Minnesota |612-625-2720 |Johns357@tc.umn.edu |
|Phil Goodrich |University of Minnesota |612-625-4215 |Goodrich@tc.umn.edu |
|David Schmidt |University of Minnesota |612-625-4562 |schmi071@tc.umn.edu |
|Albert Heber |Purdue University |765-494-1214 |heber@purdue.edu |
|Jiqin Ni |Purdue University |765-494-1195 |jiqin@ecn.purdue.edu |
|Teng Lim |Purdue University |765-494-1195 |limt@purdue.edu |
|Ping Shao |Purdue University |765-494-1215 |shaop@purdue.edu |
|Yuanhui Zhang |University of Illinois |217-333-2693 |yhz@sugar.age.uiuc.edu |
|Matt Robert |University of Illinois |217-333-2611 |m-robert@age.uiuc.edu |
|Joshua McClure |University of Illinois |217-244-6316 |Jwm3941@age.uiuc.edu |
|Steven Hoff |Iowa State University |515-294-6180 |hoffer@iastate.edu |
|Dwaine Bundy |Iowa State University |515-294-1450 |Dsbundy@iastate.edu |
|David Beasley |North Carolina State Univ. |919-515-6795 |David_beasley@ncsu.edu |
|Gerald Baughman |North Carolina State Univ. |919-515-6756 |baughman@eos.ncsu.edu |
|Jodi Pace |North Carolina State University |919-513-4668 |jpace@eos.ncsu.edu |
|Roberto Munillo |North Carolina State University |919-515-6747 |munilla@unity.ncsu.edu |
|Jacek Koziel |Texas A&M University |806-359-5401 |ja-koziel@tamu.edu |
|Bok-Haeng Baek |Texas A&M University |806-359-5401 |bbaek@ag.tamu.edu |
|John M. Sweeten |Texas A&M University |806-359-5401 |j-sweeten@tamu.edu |
|Confidential |Indiana Producer |Confidential |Confidential |
|Confidential |Iowa Producer |Confidential |Confidential |
|Confidential |Minnesota Producer |Confidential |Confidential |
|Confidential |North Carolina Producer |Confidential |Confidential |
|Confidential |Illinois Producer |Confidential |Confidential |
|Confidential |Texas Producer |Confidential |Confidential |
|Dick Hegg |USDA |202-401-6550 |rhegg@ |
|Bruce Harris |U.S. EPA Res. Triangle Park |919-541-7807 |harris.bruce@ |
|Cary Secrest |U.S. EPA Enforcement Div |202-564-8661 |secrest.cary@epamail. |
|Don Olson |U.S. EPA OECA |202-564-5558 |olson.don@ |
1.1.2 Personnel Responsibilities/Project Organization
|Project Leaders |Jacobson and Heber |
|Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) |Heber |
|QAPP Review/Approval |Jacobson, PIs, EPA advisors |
|Field Support |Producer collaborators |
|Obtain Access Agreements |PIs |
|Internal QA/QC Audits of Field Tests |PIs |
|External Field Oversight |Heber, PIs |
|Media Inquiries |Jacobson, PIs |
|Field Data Analysis |Heber, PIs |
|NH3 Data Reporting |PIs |
|H2S Data Reporting |PIs |
|PM Data Reporting |PIs |
|Data Compilation/Final Report |PIs |
|Final Report Review & Approval |Jacobson/Heber/Hegg |
1.1.3 Project Schedule (October, 2001 to September, 2004)
| |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |
|Month |O |
| Don Olson |U.S. EPA headquarters |
| Bruce Harris |U.S. EPA Research Triangle Park |
| Cary Secrest |U.S. EPA Enforcement Division |
The following individuals or Agencies will receive copies of the final report.
|Carrie Tengman |National Pork Board |
|Charles Beard |US. Poultry and Egg Association |
|Roel Vining |USDA Agricultural Air Quality Committee |
4. Data Validation and Usability
4.1 Data Review, Verification, and Validation
What criteria will be used to review and validate – that is, accept, or reject or qualify -- the data in an objective and consistent manner? See Chapter 3.5.1 of R5.
All data generated under this QAPP will be reviewed and validated primarily by the PIs of each state and secondarily by Purdue University.
Original raw data review will be done within two business days after the data were recorded from measurement. Data will be validated and verified by comparison with instrumental performance parameters as identified in the applicable section of this QAPP or instrument operation manual. Data will be evaluated for compliance with stated objectives for representativeness, precision, and accuracy. This will be done by comparing results of QC and calibration activities to the stated data quality criteria (Section 2). However, the evaluation process used to find and correct an error may not be defined in this QAPP because not all possible errors and corrections can be anticipated. Verification of the measurement data will be done during initial processing each week using Engine99, a data processing program developed at Purdue University.
4.2 Verification and Validation and Verification Methods
This section is very vague. Following the instrument manufacturer’s operating procedure is not a validation. See Test Method 301, 40 CFR Part 63, Appendix A for validation procedures. Describe the process. See Chapter 3.5.2 of R5, which says:
“Describe the process to be used for verifying and validating data, including the chain-of-custody for data throughout the life of the project or task. Discuss how issues shall be resolved and the authorities for resolving such issues. Describe how the results are conveyed to data users. Precisely define and interpret how validation issues differ from verification issues for this project. Provide examples of any forms or checklists to be used. Identify any project-specific calculations required.”.
4.3 Reconciliation with User Requirements
Any data not meeting the DQOs as outlined above will be flagged as invalid for comparison to screening level criteria. DQOs were inadequately described above.
References
AMCA. 1985. Laboratory methods of testing fans for rating. AMCA Standard 210-85. Arlington Heights, IL: Air Movement and Control Association.
Becker, H. 1999. FANS makes measuring air movement a breeze. Agricultural Research Magazine, July [].
Carlton, A.G. and A. Teitz. Design of a cost-effective weighing facility for PM quality assurance. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 52:506-510.
CEN. 2001. CEN/TC264/WG2. Determination of Odor Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry, Draft Air Quality Standard PrEN 13725. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization.
Heber, A.J. 2000. “Nitrogen Loss Measurements in Swine and Poultry Facilities”, ADSA DISCOVER Conference on Nitrogen Losses to the Atmosphere from Livestock and Poultry Operations. Nashville, IN, April 28-May 1.
Heber, A.J., J.-Q. Ni, B.L. Haymore, R.K. Duggirala, and K.M. Keener. 2001. Air quality and emission measurement methodology at swine finishing buildings. Transactions of ASAE 44(6):1765–1778.
EPA. 1996. Direct Measurement of Gas Velocity and Volumetric Flow Rate under Cyclonic Flow Conditions (Propeller Anemometer). EPA Conditional Test Method. Emission Measurement Branch, EMTIC CTM-019.WPF, Technical Support Division, OAQPS,
Table 1. Sample Collection and Analysis
|Location |Matrix |Parameters |Frequency |
|Ventilation inlet locations |Air |NH3, H2S, CO2 |Hourly |
|Ventilation exhaust locations |Air |NH3, H2S, CO2 |Hourly |
|Animal exposure locations |Air |NH3, H2S, CO2 |Hourly |
|Ventilation exhaust locations |Air |PM10 |1 min |
|Ventilation exhaust locations |Air |TSP |Weekly |
|Ventilation exhaust locations |Air |PSD |Twice |
|Ventilation exhaust locations |Air |Odor |Biweekly |
|Ventilation inlet locations |Air |Odor |Biweekly |
|Manure pit* |Manure |N, S, pH, MC |Monthly |
|Feed supply* |Feed |N, S |Per diet |
|Water supply* |Water |S |Quarterly |
*Optional
Table 2. Data Quality RequirementsObjectives (not referenced in text).
|Parameter |Sample |Detection |Quantitation |Estimated |Estimated |
| |Matrix |Limit |Limit |Accuracy |Precision |
|NH3 |Air |2 ppb |200 ppm |±15% |±5% |
|H2S |Air |1 ppb |10 ppm |±15% |±55% |
|CO2 |Air |50 ppm |2,000 ppm |±15% |±55% |
|CO2 |Air |200 ppm |10,000 ppm |±15% |±5% |
|PM10 |Air |1 μug/m3 |10,000 μug/m3 |±15% |±5% |
|Airflow |Air |0.05 m3/s |12 m3/s |±30% |±10% |
|Odor |Air |30 OU/m3 |40000 OU/m3 |50% |20% |
|Temperature |Air |-40 C |50 C |1 C |0.5 C |
|RH |Air |5% |95% |5% |2% |
|D. Pressure |Air |-100 Pa* |100 Pa |2% |0.25%** |
|Wind speed |Air |1 m/s |60 m/s |2% |2% |
|Wind direction |Air |0 deg |360 deg |3 deg |3 deg. |
*ISU and UM will use 0 Pa as lower limit.
**ISU and UM will use 1% accuracy units.
Table 3. Analytical Method References
|Parameter |Sample Matrix |References |
|Odor |Air |CEN, 2001 |
Table 4. Characteristics of Test Sites.
| |IN |MN |IL |IA |NC |TX |
|Species |Layers |Gestation |Farrow |Finish |Broilers |Finish |
|# buildings at site |16 |2 |2 |4 |2 |5 |
|Year of buildings |2002 |1994/97 |1997/98 | |1998 |2000 |
|Orientation |N-S |N-S |N-S |E-W |E-W |E-W |
|Building type |High-rise |PPR |PP |Deep pit |litter |PPR |
|Manure storage, d |730 |400 |21 | |730 |7 |
|Animal residence time, d |365 |1 wk |21 |120? |49 |140 |
|Outdoor storage |none |basin |None* | |none |lagoon |
|Spacing, ft |75 |30 | |60 |60 |60 |
|Ridge height, ft |38 |16 |25 | |17.2 |15 |
|Sidewall height, ft |21 |7.5 |10 |8 |7 |8 |
|# air inlets |10 | | |9 | |18-20 |
|Type of inlet |slot | | |CCB | |CCB |
|Inlet control method |pressure | | |pressure | |pressure |
|# fans/bldg or room |75 |6 |4 |8 |12 |6 |
|Largest fan dia., in. |48 |48 |48 |48 |52 |48 |
|Smallest fan dia., in. |48 |36 |18 |18 |36 |24 |
|# ventilation stages |8 | |4 | | |5 |
|# exhaust locations/SLG |4 | |2 | | |3 |
|Fan company |AT |AV |Multifan |Multifan |HH |AS |
|Controls company |AE |AV | |Multifan |HH |AS |
|Artificial heating? |N | |Y |Y | |N |
|Summer cooling |EP |EP |EP/tunnel |SK/tunnel |EP/tunnel |tunnel |
|24/7 internet |Y |Y | | |N |Y |
|Distance to site, mi. |43 |100 |60 |15 |63 |100 |
|Inventory/bldg |250,000 |929/512 |56/room |960 |25,000 |1,080 |
|Building width, ft |100 |48 |80 |41 |40 |41.5 |
|Building length, ft |604 |254 | |192 |400 |249 |
|Building area, ft2 |60,390 |12,192 | |7,872 |20,000 |10,333 |
|Shower in/out? |N | |Y |N | |Y |
|Start date |87/02 |9/02 | | | |9/02 |
|Completion date |10/03 | | | | |12/03 |
AE= Automated Environments
AS= Airstream
AT=Aerotech
AV = Aerovent
EP=evaporative pad
HH = Hired Hand
CCB=center-ceiling baffled inlet
SK=sprinkler system
*manure stored in deep pit of adjacent building
Abbreviations and Acronyms
APECAB Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings
BESS Bioenvironmental Systems and Simulations Lab at the University of Illinois
CAB Confined animal buildings
CCB Center-ceiling baffled inlet
CEM Continuous emission monitoring
DAQ Data acquisition
DQO Data quality objective
EP Evaporative pad
FRM Federal reference method
GSS Gas sampling system
IFAFS Initiative for Future Agricultural and Food Systems
MC Moisture content
MV Mechanically ventilated
PFA Grade of Teflon
PI Principle investigator
PM Particulate matter
PP Pull-plug manure pit
PPR Pull-plug manure pit with recharge
PM10 Particulate matter less than 10 μm diameter
PREF Primary representative exhaust fan
QA Quality assurance
QC Quality control
QAPP Quality assurance project plan
SLG Sampling location group
SOP Standard operating procedure
RH Relative humidity
TEOM Tapered element oscillating microbalance
TSP Total suspended particulates
Chemical Names
CO2 Carbon dioxide
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
N2 Nitrogen gas
NH3 Ammonia
NO Nitric oxide
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
S Sulfur
SO2 Sulfur dioxide
Appendix A
Description of Laying Houses in Indiana
Purdue University will measure emissions from two caged-hen laying houses, Figure A1. The laying houses are located about 64 km (40 mi.) from campus and are currently being constructed with population of the buildings (started in March) completed by July 1, 2002. The buildings are oriented E-W and spaced 75 ft (22.9 m) apart, Figure A2. The roofs of the buildings have 3:12 slope. Each building is 610 ft x 99 ft. (186.0 m x 30.2 m) and will house 250,000 hens in ten 580 ft (176.8 m) rows of crates (5 high) in the 10.8 ft (3.29 m) high upper floor. Manure will be scraped off boards under the cages into the 10.33 ft (3.15 m) high first floor where it will be for 24–30 mon. Manure drying on the first floor is enhanced with 36 in. (918 mm) dia. auxiliary circulation fans (Choretime # 40404-36). Ventilation air enters the second floor from the attic through temperature-adjusted baffled ceiling air inlets over each row of cages. Incoming air flows through evaporative cooling cells (8.92 ft or 2.72 m) in the roof of the attic, which are operated only when all fans are operating and when temperature exceeds a setpoint. There are 37 (fans #1-#37), 48-in. (122 mm) dia. belted exhaust fans (Aerotech Model AT481Z3CP-24 with 1.0 Hp Motor #PN-B-176835-04) fans distributed along the west sidewall and 38 (fan #38-#75) on the east sidewall, Figure A3. The fans are 12 ft (3.7 m) apart in groups and the groups are 24 ft (7.3 m) apart. Each building has 15 temperature sensors and is ventilated in 7 stages, Table A1. The first and second stages consist of 5 and 7 fans, respectively. Eggs are removed on conveyors into the egg processing plant. The lights are shut off for several hours each night. Egg production and water and feed consumption are recorded automatically. Daily mortalities are recorded manually.
Site Monitoring Plan
The barns selected for measurement are barns 13 and 14, the two westernmost buildings in a complex of four new buildings that were built immediately east of a site consisting of 12 older buildings, Figure A2. Figure A3 shows a schematic of the monitoring plan for the two buildings. The four exhaust locations will include two fans (W10 and W29 on barn 13 and W1 and W20 of barn 14) on the west sidewall and two fans on the east sidewall (E57 and E75 of barn 13 and E47 and E67 of barn 14). Each exhaust location will be sampled individually with one tube whose end is located about 0.5 m directly in front of the fan at the same height as the fan hub. The air inlet and animal exposure SLGs will each consist of three tubes or laterals connected in parallel to a mixing manifold. Each lateral will sample from a location in the middle of each of three lengths of the building. The end of each lateral tube for the air inlet SLG will be located in the attic about 10 cm above the baffled ceiling opening. The end of each lateral tube for the animal exposure SLG will be located in an emptied cage that is about 0.75 m above the 15-cm wide manure slot through which ventilation air enters the pit from the cage area. The control sequence for these locations is given in Table A2.
A TEOM will be located immediately upstream of fan E57 of barn 13 and fan W20 of barn 14 heretofore denoted as the primary representative exhaust fan (PREF), Figure A3.
Capacitance-type relative humidity and temperature probes will be located at gas sampling locations 4 and 6, Figure A3. A solar radiation shielded RH/temperature probe and a cup anemometer and wind van will be attached to a 9 m pole near the trailer.
Thermocouples will be used to measure temperatures at exhaust fan locations 1-3, sampling locations of the animal exposure SLG, the heated raceway between barn and trailer, the trailer itself, and the instrument rack. Additional temperatures will be measured by Purdue University using AD592 sensors (beyond scope of this QAPP).
Building static pressure will be measured between the center of the manure pit and both the north and sides of the building. The outside port will be located against the outside wall directly between two fans. These pressures will be different with northerly and southerly winds. Static pressure in the trailer will also be measured.
Fan operation will be monitored by using auxiliary contacts of fan motor relays in 24-VDC circuits in conjunction with digital inputs of the data acquisition system. Additionally, SVAs will be installed on the four monitored exhaust fans and cleaned weekly.
Table A-1. Fan numbers and ventilation stages. Fans for stages 1 and 2 will be swapped in barn 13 to bring a stage 1 fan of each building close to the trailer.
|Stage |Number |ID of fans for each stage |
|1 |5 (continuous) |1,20,37,47,67 |
|2 |5+5=10 |10,29,39,57,75 |
|3 |10+8=18 |5,15,24,33,43,52,62,71 |
|4 |18+8=26 |6,16,25,34,44,53,63,72 |
|5 |26+8=34 |4,14,23,32,42,51,61,70 |
|6 |34+8=42 |7,17,26,35,45,54,64,73 |
|7 |42+14=56 |3,9,12,18,22,28,31,38,40,49,55,59,65,69 |
|8 |56+19=75 |2,8,11,13,19,21,27,30,36,41,46,48,50,56,58,60,66,68,74 |
|9 |75-19=56 |Evaporative pads on, stage 8 fans off |
Table A-2. Air stream control sequence. Solenoids 1 to 12 direct air streams to either the bypass manifold (M1) or the sampling M2 (when “open”). A = barn 13. B = barn 14.
|Sol |Location |Sampling period |
|# | | |
| |
[pic]
Figure A-1. Indiana measurement site. New buildings under construction.
Figure A-23. Layout of buildings. Barns 1-12 are west of these 4 new barns.
Figure A-32. Schematic of measurement locations and instrument configuration. Note: dP, differential pressure; F, Teflon filter (also installed at all sampling locations); CO2 analyzers have internal pumps and internal filters. Dimensions of mobile lab: 24 ft x 8 ft x 7 ft (7.32 m x 2.43 m x 2.13 m). Fan locations are not exact.
Appendix B
Swine Finishing Houses in Iowa
Appendix C
Swine Gestation Houses in Minnesota
The University of Minnesota will measure emissions from two swine gestation barns. The buildings are oriented N-S and spaced 30 ft (22.9 m) apart. The roofs of the buildings have a 4:12 slope. Each building is 254 ft x 48 ft. (186.0 m x 30.2 m) and will house 629 sows in six rows of crates. Manure is collected in a shallow pull-plug pits beneath the slatted floor for one week. Each week the pull plug is removed and liquid manure is allowed to flow to the first stage storage basin. The shallow pits are recharged with liquid from the second stage manure storage unit after the weekly manure removal.
The barn is tunnel ventilated. Minimum ventilation air enters the room from the attic through gravity baffled ceiling air inlets. Mild and summer ventilation air flows through evaporative cooling cells in the south end wall opposite the fans. There are five 48-in dia. and one 36-in dia. Aerovent belt-driven exhaust fans in the north end wall. The one 36-in fan operates continuously and the 48-in fans are staged to operate as room temperature increases.
Sows enter from the farrowing barn to be bred in the west breeding/gestation barn. Some sows are relocated into the east barn to remain during their 115 day gestation cycle before returning to the farrowing barn. Feed rations during the gestation cycle remain constant. Feed consumption varies for each sow depending on her condition.
Table C-1. Fan numbers and ventilation stages.
|Stage |Number |ID of fans for each stage |
|1 |1 (continuous) |C |
|2 |1 |2 |
|3 |1 |3 |
|4 |1 |4 |
|5 |1 |5 |
|6 |1 |6 |
Table C-2. Air stream control sequence. Solenoids 1 to 12 control air streams to either the bypass pump or the analyzer set (when “open”). Each sampling period takes 10 min. BE = east gestation barn. BW = west breeding/gestation barn.
|Sol |Location |Sampling period |
|# | | |
| | |
|Capacity |2400 sow |
|Number of rooms |6 |
|Pit |Shallow pull plug no recharge, drains to deep pit under breeding barn |
|Fans per room |2-48” SS, 1-24” VS, 1-18” VS |
|Ventilation style |Tunnel ventilated in summer, attic in winter (ceiling inlets are manually shut) |
|Stages |1: 18” VS; 2: 24” VS; 3: 48” SS; 4: 48” SS; 5: Heater (ceiling inlets manually shut off |
| |around 3) |
|Cooling |Evaporative pad |
|Electricity |Facility will allow addition to existing boxes, will need to discuss with electric company |
Table D-1. Farrowing house in Illinois.
Figure D-1. Layout of Illinois site.
Figure D-2. Gestation Building
Figure D-3. Farrowing house, Illinois site.
Appendix E
Broiler Houses in North Carolina
[pic]
Figure E-1. North Carolina measurement site.
Appendix F
Swine Finishing Houses in Texas
Texas A&M University will measure emissions from swine finishing houses. The swine finishing houses are located about 100 miles from Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Amarillo, Texas, in an flat, large and open area with a semiarid climate and limited farming. The buildings are operated since April, 2000. The buildings are oriented E-W and spaced 60 ft (18.3 m) apart. The site consists of five houses with 1080 swine each. The roofs of the buildings have 3:12 slope. Each building is 249 ft x 41.5 ft. (80 m x 12.7 m). Feces and urine drop through slats in the floor and are collected in the shallow pit with a slanted bottom reaching the maximum depth of 4 ft (1.2 m). Accumulated feces and urine are flushed by pulling plug from the shallow pit and discharge to an on-site lagoon very seven days. This is followed by filling the shallow pit with a recharge water from the same lagoon. The depth of the recharge water is typically several inches (approximately 0.1 m) to keep wet all of surface of the pit. The lagoon is located approximately 100 ft (30 m) north from the northernmost house on the site and is situated downwind from the direction of prevailing winds.
Ventilation air enters via opened curtains the short (western) side of the building and through approximately 20 ceiling air inlets evenly spaced over the entire length of the house. Each building is equipped with curtains alongside the south and north side of each building and are designed to drop in the case of power failure. There are 6 (fans #1-#6), two 24-in dia. and four 48-in. dia. belted exhaust fans distributed along the east short sidewall, Figure F1. Each building has 2 temperature sensors and is ventilated in five stages. The first stage consists of two 24-in dia working continuously. Stages second, third, fourth, and fifth consist of stage 1 fans plus additional 28-in dia. fan, respectively, resulting in all operating fans at stage 5. (Table F1). Swine finishing period last typically from 20 to 21 weeks. Water and feed consumption are recorded automatically. Daily mortalities are recorded manually.
Table F-1. Fan numbers and ventilation stages.
|Stage |Number |ID of fans for each stage |
|1 |2 (continuous) |1,2 |
|2 |2+1=3 |3 |
|3 |3+1=4 |4 |
|4 |4+1=5 |5 |
|5 |5+1=6 |6 |
Table F-2. Summer temperature (F) and ventilation stage settings for Texas site.
|Week of growing cycle |1 |2 and 3 |4 and 5 |6 and 7 |8 and 9 |10 to 21 |
|Set point temperature |75 |74 |73 |72 |71 |70 |
|Stage 1 |76 |75 |74 |73 |72 |71 |
|Stage 2 |77 |76 |75 |74 |73 |72 |
|Stage 3 |79 |78 |77 |76 |75 |74 |
|Stage 4 |81 |80 |79 |78 |77 |76 |
|Misting set point (5/15 min on/off) |93 |92 |92 |91 |90 |88 |
|Emergency fan thermostat |92 |92 |90 |90 |90 |90 |
|Emergency curtain thermostat |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 |
|Heaters set point |72 |71 |70 |69 |68 |67 |
Table F-3. Air stream control sequence. Solenoids 1 to 12 control air streams to either the bypass pump or the analyzer set (when “open”). Each sampling period takes 10 min. B1 = barn 1. B2 = barn 2.
|Sol |Location |Sampling period |
|# | | |
| |
[pic]
Figure F3F-1.. Schematic of measurement locations and instrument configuration at Texas site.
Note: dP= differential pressure; F=Teflon filter (also installed at all sampling locations); M= manifold; P=air pump; S= solenoid; V= valve for airflow rate adjustment; H2S and CO2 analyzers have internal pumps; CO2 analyzer has internal filter. Dimensions of the building: 249’ (L) x41.5’ (W). Dimensions of the mobile lab: 14’x8’x7. IA=indoor air. Fan and diffuser locations are not exact.
[pic]
Figure F-2. Texas measurement site.
[pic]
Figure F-3. Texas site layout.
[pic]
Appendix G: Standard Operating Procedures
1. Producer collaborations
2. Gas sampling system
3. Ammonia analyzer
4. Hydrogen sulfide analyzer
5. Carbon dioxide analyzer
6. Real-time PM10 monitor
7. Relative humidity sensors
8. Temperature transducers (UM - Johnson)
9. Wind anemometry (Purdue - Shao)
10. Differential static pressure transmitters (ISU - Hoff)
11. Fan Operation Ventilation Fan Monitoring
12. Data acquisition hardware (UM - Johnson)
13. Data acquisition software
14. Odor sampling
15. Odor evaluations with olfactometry and intensometry
16. Gravimetric TSP and PM10 samplers
17. Particle size distribution
18. Manure sampling (?)
19. Manure evaluation (Purdue – Heber)
20. Data management (Purdue - Heber)
21. FANS Analyzer (Purdue - Gallien)
22. Instrument shelter
23. Multi-Component Gas Mixing SystemWeather station tower
SOP 1. Information for Collaborating Producer
Project Description:
This research project is a 6-state project involving Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana, Texas, North Carolina, and Illinois. Each of the participating states has selected an animal species and building style most representative of production practices in their state. For Iowa, we selected a deep-pit, tunnel ventilated swine finisher. The purpose of this entire project is to accumulate base-line data on the emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and dust. This project is funded by the USDA and is a three-year research effort, with 15-months of this time devoted to on-site monitoring.
Measurements Taken:
1. Inside temperature and relative humidity
2. Fan status (on/off)
3. Static pressure difference between inside and outside the building
4. Inside ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide concentrations
5. Inside dust concentration
6. On-site weather data
Measurement Duration:
Continuous monitoring of two barns for 15 months, beginning late summer 2002.
Measurement Logistics:
Gas samples will be collected using flexible tubes, at 6 locations in each of two side-by-side barns (12 total gas samples). All gas samples and instrumentation equipment will be housed in a 7 ft x 14 ft single-axle trailer positioned approximately at the center between two side-by-side barns. This trailer will house a computer, instrumentation hardware, and gas analyzers.
University project staff will need to visit the site an estimated 3 times per week. This will be required to check equipment status, calibrate sensors, and to make sure everything is working as planned. Most all of this time will be spent in the instrumentation trailer and not the barns, although some time will need to be spent in the barns to change gas-line filters and to check sensors. Strict adherence to biosecurity as dictated by the producer will be followed.
Barn Modifications:
In order to introduce the sensor wires and gas sampling lines into both barns, a sampling PVC chase of approximately 6 inches in diameter will need to be introduced from the instrumentation trailer to each barn. This will require an access hole to be constructed to a small portion of one side-wall in each barn. This access hole will be sealed tight to not allow infiltration air from entering.
At the conclusion of the monitoring period, these access locations will be removed and the side-wall alterations will be restored to their original condition. All costs (supplies and labor) associated with any alterations will be covered by this research project.
Power will need to be supplied to the instrumentation trailer. The supply power specifications are as yet unknown. We will incur all costs associated with this aspect, and, we will supply a separate meter to log all power usage for purposes of reimbursement to the producer.
Requirements:
The collaborating producers are requested to provide the university the following information about the each building, if possible:
1. Feed consumption.
2. Animal diet
3. Animal inventory and weights.
1. Production outputs, eggs, marketed animals or birds.
2. Record of manure removals.
3. Record of cleaning operations.
4. Record of animal movements in and out of the building
5. Record of water consumption.
6. Advance notification of any alternation in production schedule and methods.
7. Record of equipment failures, e.g. ventilation fans, inlet control, etc.
Assurances:
In any discussions of the results, there will be no reference to the participating producer involved. Complete anonymity will be strictly adhered to.
Questions and Answers for Producer:
1. Q: How is the data obtained from the project going to be used?
A: Short answer is – in two ways. First, the work will help us establish methods for measuring the various items, especially the air pollutants and ventilation rate, which will stand up to critical scrutiny, be defensible in a court of law if necessary, and thus provide us with the capability of, eventually, truly measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of odor, dust, or ammonia control practices (products, systems, management methods). Secondly, the stated purpose is to determine emission factors to allow prediction of the amount of air pollutants people can fairly expect to come out of poultry and livestock buildings in the U.S. A good study was done by four countries in Europe a few years ago, which established the emissions from livestock and poultry buildings there, but in the U.S. we have different climates and production practices. The U.S. EPA is moving forward with their planning for more comprehensive regulations to control water and air pollution from livestock and poultry production. Unless we can obtain the best, most scientifically valid and representative data from real production facilities, the EPA and state agencies may base their regulations or policies on data that overestimates pollution from producers.
2. Q: Will you be cutting any holes in my buildings?
A: Not if we can avoid it. We do need to run lines of Teflon tubing and control wiring into each building, somehow, and we will avoid disrupting the building or its systems. If we do make any openings in the building, we will certainly repair them and return the building to its original condition at the end of the project. Also, the lines we run into the buildings will not in any way affect the functioning of the curtains.
3. Q: How much power will you need and how can you pay for the electricity you use in a way that’s not a burden on us (as producers, we don’t make a lot of money…)?
A: We can reimburse you for electricity used, or pay for the installation of a utility pole and submeter, and even set up an account with your power company. The latter method will probably be less of a hassle. We figure 50 amp service should be sufficient.
4. Q: How will you ensure you or your people won’t bring any diseases onto our farms?
A: We will follow your, or your company’s, biosecurity protocols. At the very least, we’ll disinfect vehicles we drive onto the farm according to your method, wear plastic boot covers all the time we are on the farm or in buildings, and make sure no one who comes onto your farm has been out of the country in the past 14 days or on another poultry or livestock farm in the past 24 hours.
5. Q: Can we have access to the data and be able to use it?
A: Absolutely. We can provide you access to the web page display of the data as it is being collected, give you data summaries as you wish, and even give you access to the trailer if you will be very careful (we might find ourselves in situations where the farmer could help us with a problem inside the trailer). Some of the data, like temperature, ammonia, and static pressure across fans, can help in managing the buildings, and we’d like to learn more about how you can use it.
SOP 2. Gas sampling system
An array of 3-way solenoid valves (#1-#12) in a gas sampling system (GSS) located in the trailer will allow semi-continuous measurements of gas concentrations by automatic sequential gas sampling through 10 to 100 m long, heated Teflon tubes (1/4" or 6.4 mm ID) at 4-7 L/min from multiple locations, Figure 1.
A 47-mm dia., in-line Teflon PFA filter holder housing a 47-mm dia., Teflon PTFE-laminated polypropylene membrane filter with 0.45 μm pore size will be installed at the sampling end of each gas sampling tube to remove airborne particulates greater than 0.45 μm diameter from the sampled air. The filters will be changed at least biweekly. Filter loading will be as detected by underpressure monitoring in manifold M2 with a 0-250 Pa (0-1 lb/in2) differential static pressure sensor, Figure 1.
The selected gas stream will flow from the sample inlet via Teflon tubes through a 3-way Teflon-lined solenoid valve, a Teflon manifold (M2), a Teflon bag sampling port, a Teflon-lined diaphragm pump (P2), a stainless-steel lined 0-10 L/min mass flow meter (MFM) and a Teflon sampling manifold (M3), Figure 1. The internal pumps of the gas analyzers will draw air from manifold M3.
A vacuum pump (P1) will draw air from a selected sampling location via solenoids #1 to #12 and a Teflon manifold (M2), and transport the air stream to another Teflon manifold (M3), which connects to each gas analyzer with a short (> (< 3 m) 1/8” i.d. and 1/4” o.d. Teflon tube. The wetted surface of P1 will be coated with Teflon PTFE. Internal and external pumps of all connected gas analyzers will draw air from M3. All air stream connections between M2 and the solenoids will be short 1/4” i.d. and 3/8” o.d. Teflon tubing.
Bypass pump P1 will draw air continuously from all inactive (unsampled) sampling tubes via 3-way solenoid valves and manifold M1 at about 1.0 L/min per tube (for 11 tubes). Bypass pumping will reduce the response time of the gas analysis by at least the residence time in the tubes, e.g. 38 s for a 100 m long tube at 5 L/min.
Sampling probes
Heated sampling tubes will be used to prevent condensation. Self-regulating heat trace will be controlled by LabView and a backup thermostat.
Figure 1. Schematic of instrument configuration. Note: F, Teflon filter (also installed at all sampling locations); H2S and CO2
analyzers have internal pumps and CO2 analyzers have internal filters.
SOP 3
Chemiluminescence Ammonia analyzer (TEI Model 17C)
Description and Principle of Operation
The chemiluminescence NH3 analyzer (Model 17C, Thermal Environmental Instruments (TEI), Franklin, MA) is a combination NH3 converter and an NO-NO2-NOx analyzer. Ammonia in the air sample is oxidized to nitric oxide (NO) with a catalytic converter at 875°C. The NO is further oxidized by gas-phase titration with ozone (O3) in the analyzer’s reaction chamber, producing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in an excited state (Equation 1). At reduced pressure created by a vacuum pump, some of the excited NO2 molecules emit radiation as they return to a lower energy state. With excess O3, the intensity of the radiation is proportional to the concentration of NO.
NO + O3 ( NO2 + O2 + hv (1)
where O2 is oxygen and hv represents photons, particles of light energy, or radiation energy that is generated by moving electric charges. The emitted radiation is detected by a photomultiplier tube (PMT), which in turn generates an electronic signal that is processed into a gas concentration reading. Sample air is drawn at a flow rate of 1.0 0.6 L/min from the converter into the NH3 analyzer through a particulate filter, a glass capillary, and a solenoid valve. The solenoid valve routes the sample either directly into the reaction chamber (NO mode), through the molybdemum converter and the reaction chamber (NOx mode), or through the catalytic converter and the reaction chamber (Nt mode). The NH3 analyzer’s full scale is adjustable up to 200 ppm. It has a lower detectable limit of 1 ppb. Its precision is 0.5% of full scale and the 0 to 90% response time is 120 s with 10 s averaging (TEI Model 17C Chemiluminescence NH3 Analyzer Instruction Manual). Ammonia concentration is calculated based on the difference between the readings obtained by the Nt and NOx modes. The response time of the instrument is decreased if operated only in the Nt mode. Additionally, the costs of NH3 scrubbers required with the NO and NOx modes are avoided.
Calibration
Calibration Gases
Zero air, nitric oxide (NO) in N2 and NH3 in air are used to calibrate the instrument. However, if the instrument is operated only in the Nt mode, then NO is needed only to periodically assess the need to maintain the converter by testing its efficiency.
Zero and Span Check Procedure for Analyzer Only
• Record calibration date and time in the lab notebook.
• Detach the NH3 inlet tube including the filter from the existing sampling manifold. Close the pipe adapter of the sampling manifold with a cap or plug.
• Attach the NH3 analyzer inlet tube including the filter to a calibration manifold.
Zero Gas Check
1. Close regulator valve on the zero gas cylinder
2. Open main valve on zero gas cylinder
3. Insert the 1/8” ID tubing (from the gas cylinder) into the calibration manifold connected to the valve; then open the regulator valve to allow gas flow. Zero gas is now flowing from the cylinder to the analyzers
4. Adjust regulator valve until vent airflow is about 1 L/min (read from bottom of ball of the vent monitoring flow meter installed in outlet of calibration manifold). This provide a little extra zero air to the analyzers and keep the pressure inside the manifold close to the atmospheric pressure.
5. Record time and analyzer display in lab notebook after display is stabilized (typically 5 to 10 minutes).
6. Press MENU button on the NH3 Analyzer
a. Select calibration press ENTER
b. Select calibrate zero press ENTER
c. When reading is stable, press ENTER to zero the analyzer
d. Press RUN
7. Close regulator and remove tubing from zero gas cylinder.
Span Gas Check (NO)
1) Close regulator valve on span gas cylinder
2) Open main valve on span gas cylinder
3) Insert 1/8” ID tubing (from the gas cylinder) into the calibration manifold connected to the valve; then open the regulator valve to allow gas flow
4) Adjust regulator valve until calibration manifold exhaust airflow is 1 L/min (read from bottom of ball of the flow meter).
5) Record the time and analyzer display on the lab notebook after display is stabilized (typically 5 to 10 minutes).
6) Press MENU on the NH3 Analyzer
a. Select calibration press ENTER
b. Select NO press ENTER
c. Set NO value to the certified concentration of the calibration gas
d. When readings are stable press ENTER
e. Press RUN
7) Close regulator and remove tubing from gas cylinder
Span Gas Check (NH3)
1) Close regulator valve on span gas cylinder
2) Open main valve on span NH3 cylinder
3) Insert 1/8” ID tubing (from the gas cylinder) into the calibration manifold connected to the valve; then open regulator valve to allow gas flow
4) Adjust regulator valve until gas flow is 1 L/min (read from bottom of ball of the flow meter).
5) Record the time and analyzer display on the lab notebook after display is stabilized (typically 5 to 10 minutes).
6) Press MENU on the NH3 Analyzer
a. Select calibration press ENTER
b. Select NH3 press ENTER
c. Set NH3 value to concentration of the calibration gas
d. When readings are stable press ENTER
e. Press RUN
7) Close regulator and remove tubing from gas cylinder
Post Calibration
Reattach the filters to the existing gas sampling system.
Check and close main valves on all cylinders
Calibration of the NH3 analyzer is complete
Maintenance (to be completed)
List of Spare Parts (to be completed)
Vacuum Pump (TEI p/n 9456, cost was $1,841 on January 2002)
KNF Neuberger
KNF Double Headed Vacuum Pump (PU 425-NO26.3-8.90)
2 Black Forest Road
Trenton, NJ 08691
609-890-8600
Vacuum Pump (alternative less expensive source .. $588 on January 2002)
Pump needs to provide 29 inches of mercury dead head
Part No. LAA-V104-NQ
Clean Air Engineering
500 W. Wood Street, Palatine, IL 60067
1-800-553-5511 ext. 2222
Vacuum Pump repair kit # K425 9XTP ($41 from KNF Neuberger)
Manufacturer Contact Information
Thermo Environmental Instruments ()
8 West Forge Parkway
Franklin, MA 02038
Tel: (508) 520-0430 ext. 6812
Fax: (508) 520-1460
Sales: Souphin A. Sithideth, Inside Sales Engineer, e6812, E-Mail: SSithideth@
Service: Barry Pepin, Service Engineer, e6908, E-Mail: Bpepin@
Calibration Record Sheet for TEI Model 17 Ammonia Analyzer
Date of Calibration: __________________ Calibrated by: __________________
|Time |Items |Unit = |Notes |
| |Vacuum pressure, (mm Hg) | | |
|: : | | | |
| |Ozonator airflow (L/min) | | |
| |Sample airflow (L/min) | | |
|: : |Zero air applied |--- |Cylinder P: ___ psi |
|: : |Time switch on |--- | |
|: : |Nt Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | |
|: : |Nt Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | |
|: : |Reset to zero gas |Yes/No | |
|: : |NO (______ ppm) applied |--- |Cylinder P: ___ psi |
|: : |Nt Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | |
|: : |Nt Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | |
|: : |Reset to span gas |Yes/No | |
|--- |New coefficient | | |
|: : |NH3 (______ ppm) applied |--- |Cylinder P: ___ psi |
|: : |Nt Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | |
|: : |Nt Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | |
|: : |Reset to span gas |Yes/No | |
|--- |New coefficient | | |
|: : |New coefficient saved |Yes/No | |
|: : |Time switch off (5 min/10 min) |--- | |
|: : |Connect analyzer back to sampling system. |
|Note: |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
SOP 4
Pulsed-fluorescence hydrogen sulfide analyzer
(TEI Model 45C)
Description and Principle of Operation
Hydrogen sulfide is converted catalytically at (200-400 °C) to SO2 with a converter (TEI Model 340) followed by measurement with a pulsed fluorescence SO2 detector (TEI Model 45C) (U.S. EPA. Method EQSA-0486-060) equipped with a high intensity xenon lamp. The analyzer is based on the principle that SO2 molecules absorb ultraviolet (UV) light and becomes excited at one wavelength, decay to a lower energy state, and emit UV light at a different wavelength (Equation 2).
SO2 + hv1 ( SO2* ( SO2 + hv2 (2)
where * refers to a molecule in an excited state. The emitted UV light is proportional to SO2 concentration and is detected by a PMT. The SO2 analyzer has a range of 0.05 to 100 ppm, a response time of 60 s with a 10 s averaging time, and a sample flow rate of 1.00.5 L/min. Full scale is adjustable up to 100 ppm. The data averaging time is adjustable up to 60 s. The guaranteed precision is 1% of reading or 1 ppb (whichever is greater) and the linearity is ±1% of full scale (TEI Model 340 H2S Converter Instruction Manual and Model 43C Pulsed Fluorescence SO2 Analyzer Instruction Manual).
Calibration
Calibration Gases
Zero air, sulfur dioxide (SO2) in N2 and H2S HHBHin N2 are used to calibrate the instrument. Unless SO2 is one of the target analytes, it is only used to check converter efficiency.
Zero and Span Check Procedure for Analyzer Only
• Record the calibration date and time in the lab notebook.
• Detach the H2S inlet including the filter from the existing sampling manifold. Close the pipe adapter of the sampling manifold with a cap or plug.
• Attach the H2S analyzer inlet tube to a calibration manifold.
Zero Gas Check
1. Close regulator valve on the zero gas cylinder
2. Open main valve on zero gas cylinder
3. Insert the 1/8” ID tubing (from gas cylinder) into the calibration manifold connected to the valve; then open the regulator valve to allow gas flow. Zero gas is now flowing from the cylinder to the analyzers.
4. Adjust regulator valve until airflow is 1 L/min (read from bottom of ball of the vent monitoring flow meter installed in outlet of calibration manifold). This provide a little extra zero air to the analyzers and keep the pressure inside the manifold close to the atmospheric pressure.
5. Record time and analyzer display in lab notebook after display is stabilized (typically 5 to 10 minutes).
6. Press MENU button on the SO2 Analyzer
a. Select calibration press ENTER
b. Select calibrate zero press ENTER
c. When readings are stable press ENTER to zero the analyzer
d. Press RUN
7. Close regulator and remove tubing from zero gas cylinder
Span Gas Check (SO2)
1) Close regulator valve on span gas cylinder
2) Open main valve on the SO2 cylinder
3) Insert 1/8” ID tubing (from gas cylinder) into the calibration manifold connected to the valve; then open regulator valve to allow gas flow
4) Adjust regulator valve until gas flow is 1 L/min (read from bottom of ball of the flow meter).
5) Record the time and analyzer display on the lab notebook after display is stabilized (typically 5 to 10 minutes).
6) Press MENU on the SO2 Analyzer
a. Select calibration press ENTER
b. Select SO2 press ENTER
c. Set SO2 value to concentration of the calibration gas
d. When readings are stable press ENTER
e. Press RUN
7) Close regulator and remove tubing from gas cylinder
Span Gas Check (H2S)
1) Close regulator valve on the span gas cylinder
2) Open main valve on span gas cylinder
3) Insert the 1/8” ID tubing (from gas cylinder) into the calibration manifold then open the regulator valve to allow gas flow
4) Adjust regulator valve until airflow is 1 L/min (read from bottom of ball of the flow meter).
5) Wait for 5 to 10 minutes for the display to stabilize, record the time and analyzer display on the lab notebook
6) Press MENU on the H2S Analyzer
a. Select calibration press ENTER
b. Select H2S press ENTER
c. Set H2S value to the concentration of the calibration gas
d. When readings are stable press ENTER
e. Press RUN
7) Close regulator and remove tubing from gas cylinder
Post Calibration
Reattach the filters to the existing gas sampling system.
Check and close main valves on all cylinders
Calibration of the H2S analyzer is complete
Maintenance (to be completed)
List of Spare Parts (to be completed)
Manufacturer Contact Information
Thermo Environmental Instruments ()
8 West Forge Parkway
Franklin, MA 02038
Tel: (508) 520-0430 ext. 6812
Fax: (508) 520-1460
Sales: Souphin A. Sithideth, Inside Sales Engineer, e6812, E-Mail: SSithideth@
Service: Barry Pepin, Service Engineer, e6908, E-Mail: Bpepin@
Calibration Record for the Hydrogen Sulfide Analyzer
Date of Calibration: __________________ Calibrated by: __________________
|Time |Items |Unit = |Notes |
|: : |Sample airflow (L/min) | | |
|: : |Zero air applied |SO2 |H2S |Cylinder P: _____ psi |
|: : |Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | | |
|: : |Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | | |
|: : |Reset to zero gas |Yes/No | |
|: : |SO2 ( __ ppm) applied |--- |--- |Cylinder P: _____ psi |
|: : |Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | | |
|: : |Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | | |
|: : |Reset to span gas |Yes/No | |
|: : |H2S ( __ ppm) applied |--- |--- |Cylinder P: _____ psi |
|: : |Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | | |
|: : |Reading (ٱ PC, ٱ Analyzer) | | | |
|: : |Reset to span gas |Yes/No | |
|: : |New coefficient saved |Yes/No | |
|: : |Connect analyzers back to the CEM system. |
SOP 5. Carbon Dioxide Analyzer
Carbon Dioxide Analyzers
Two carbon dioxide analyzers (Model 3600, Mine Safety Appliances, Co., Pittsburgh, PA) will be utilized.
Calibration Gases
Zero air and carbon dioxide (CO2) in N2 will be used in the calibrations.
Calibration Procedure
• Record the calibration date and time on the lab notebook.
• Detach the CO2 inlet from the sampling manifold of the CEM. Close the pipe adapter in the sampling manifold with a cap.
• Attach the CO2 inlet to the manifold of the calibration loop.
Zero Gas Check
1) Close regulator valve on the zero gas cylinder
2) Open main valve on zero gas cylinder
3) Insert the 1/8” ID tubing (from the gas cylinder) into the calibration manifold then open the regulator valve to allow gas flow
4) Adjust regulator valve until airflow is 1 L/min (read from bottom of ball of the flow meter). This provide a little extra aero air to the analyzers and keep the pressure inside the manifold close to the atmospheric pressure
5) Wait for 5 to 10 minutes for the display to stabilize, record the time and analyzer display on the lab notebook
6) If the stabilized reading is > 50 or 50 or μm ?
5. Coulter Multisizer: 0.6 – 20 μm (up to 120 μm)
Procedure:
1. All samplers will be located as close together and around the location discussed for the filter sampling above. All inlet heights will be approximately the same.
2. Filter samples will be handled similarly to above.
3. Samples requiring filters (impactor and Coulter) will be run continuously for a period of time (>8 hrs) sufficient to get accurate gravimetric results.
4. The continuous counting instruments will collect samples periodically during the same time period.
5. At least two time periods will be tested at each location, one at night and one during the day.
6. Conversion to necessary standard units (e.g., aerodynamic diameter) and corrections will be made as required for each instrument
Site Visits:
1. Site visits will be scheduled with each site coordinator.
2. One visit per site, two days on-site measurements for each visit.
QA/QC
1. ?% Blanks will be collected similar to the filter blanks discussed previously
2. Appropriate calibration of the equipment will be conducted prior to the beginning of measurement, as recommended by the manufacturers.
3. Appropriate cleaning and maintenance of the equipment will be done as necessary, as recommended by the manufacturers.
SOP 185. Methane and NMOC analyzerManure sampling
SOP 19. Manure evaluation
SOP 20. Data management
SOP 2172. Instrument shelter
Instrument Placement
Instrument racks should be constructed of steel and be able to accept sliding trays or rails. Open racks help to keep instrument temperature down and allow air to circulate through easily.
Shelter Maintenance
The following should be conducted on a regular basis:
• Floor cleaning
• Air conditioner cleaning and testing.
• AC filter replacement.
• Supply air filter replacement
• General cleaning.
• Weed abatement
• Roof inspection and repair
Site Log
A site log should be kept at the instrument shelter. Whereas technical details belong in the instrument logs, the site log is a chronology of events that occur at the monitoring site and a narrative of problems and solutions to problems. Items in this log should include:
• Date, time and initials of person(s) who have arrived at the site.
• Brief description of weather
• Brief description of exterior of site, e.g. anything unusual.
• Brief description of the barns, e.g. anything unusual, production status.
• Description of work accomplished at the site
• Detailed information about the instruments needed for repairs or troubleshooting.
Routine Operations
A table of routine operations should be prepared. These are duties that must be performed in order to operating a monitoring site most efficiently. Each item should have a frequency associated with it.
• Check exterior. Weekly.
• Leak tests. Weekly
• Calibrate gas analyzers. Weekly.
• Inspect tubing. Monthly.
• Change filters. Biweekly.
Environmental Control
The shelter should be ventilated with outside air. The outside air of 50 to 300 cfm must flow through a dust filter to remove particulate matter and an activated carbon filter to remove odor and gases before it enters the shelter. The blower forcing air through these filters will also create a positive pressure in the shelter with respect to the air outside the shelter, thus preventing contaminated air from entering the shelter via cracks.
The electric-powered air conditioner and heater must be able to maintain the shelter temperature within the highest minimum temperature and the lowest maximum temperature of the instruments.
The temperature of the shelter must be kept above the dew point of the air being sampled. This will prevent condensation in the gas sampling system.
Cool air from the air conditioner will be directed away from unheated gas sampling lines.
The shelter temperature must be monitored on a 24-h basis and recorded along with the other measurement variables.
Electrical Service
The environmental shelter must have sufficient electric power for the instruments in the shelter. It should be sufficiently grounded for proper operation of all equipment. The neutral to earth voltage should be tested during monitoring to determine whether it meets the requirements of the electric code. If not, corrective actions will be taken.
Other Services
A small refrigerator to store lunches, samples and certain supplies is recommended. A microwave for heating refreshments and a lavatory for washing hands are desirable. Worker comfort is important for assuring quality work at the site.
SOP 2317. Weather Station Set-Up and Operation
Introduction
This SOP describes the procedures to follow for the continuous determination of weather patterns surrounding a monitored housing unit. This SOP describes the set-up and sensors required.
Equipment Needed
1. 10m tri-bar radio tower or equivalent
2. R.M. Young Wind Sentry anemometer and vane Model 03001 or equivalent
3. Vaisala relative humidity and temperature sensor Model HMD60YO
4. Shielded enclosure for RH/T sensor
5. LI-COR Model LI200X pyrometer or equivalent
Procedures
The standard tower height for recording wind speed and direction is 10 m (32.8 ft). The tower plus extension arm should be placed such that the anemometer and wind vane are at this height above the ground, in an obstruction-free area of 50 feet in all directions. Solar and RH/T measurements should be installed at a height of approximately 1.5 m. An example set-up is shown below.
R.M. Young
Wind Sentry Set
Model 03001
Shielded T/RH
Pyrometer
(solar)
Terminal
Connections
The tower should be supported with a concrete footing of 30 inch diameter and 42 inch depth or secured with three guy-wires. The wind vane must be positioned for true north using the following directional requirements (with a dead-band of no more than 5 degrees):
|Wind From |Degrees |
|North |0 (or 355 to 360 with a 5 degree dead-band) |
|East |90 |
|South |180 |
|West |270 |
All weather station data will be permanently stored at 10-minute averaged periods. Wind direction data will include standard deviation of wind as per U.S. Weather Bureau Standards. All data will be stored with the following conventional units:
|Component |Units |
|Wind Speed |m/s |
|Wind Direction |degrees as per convention listed above |
|Temperature |C |
|Relative Humidity |% |
|Solar |W/m2 |
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[1] Principal Author: A.J. Heber, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1146.
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