Gross Morbid Pathology of Various Avian Species



Gross Morbid Pathology of Selected Avian Species

C. L. Davis Foundation “Gross Morbid Pathology of Animals”

March 19-23, 2007, A.F.I.P., Bethesda, MD

1. Rob Porter, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate American College of Veterinary Pathologists, Diplomate American College of Poultry VeterinariansWisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, 6101 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705

Tel: (608) 262-5432 Fax: (608) 262-5005 rob.porter@wvdl.wisc.edu

2. Intro Slide: “Not all avian pathology is enlarged liver and spleens and fibrin-covered air sacs…only about 40% is!”

3. Acknowledgements for contribution of photographs.

John Barnes, North Carolina State University

John King, Cornell University

Purdue University, ADDL

University of Wisconsin, Department of Pathobiological Sciences

4. Poultry Industry

Broiler: Progeny of broiler breeders, indoor confinement/litter bedding, marketed at 5-7 weeks of age; feed efficiency F, rupture between external iliac and ischiatic arteries

177. Peritoneum, turkey Perirenal hemorrhage Males, 8-14 weeks, probably a variant of aortic rupture of turkeys

DDX: trauma, cannibalism, anticoagulant rodenticides

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178. Body, broiler Ascites

179. Peritoneum, broiler Ascites

180. Peritoneum, broiler Ascites

181. Heart, broiler Right ventricular dilatation

182. Heart, broiler Left atrioventricular endocardiosis

Ascites syndrome of broilers and ducklings: right-sided congestive heart failure promoted by rapid growth rate (hypoxemia ( polycythemia, increased blood viscosity, decreased erythrocyte deformability ( pulmonary hypertension, increased cardiac workload ( right-sided cardiac failure and ascites.

DDX: Cardiomyopathy, salt toxicosis, liver disease

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183. Heart, broiler Vegetative valvular endocarditis, RV Enterococcus

DDX: Erysipelothrix, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus

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184. Heart, Macaw Anemia, Mf myocardial hemorrhage Avian polyomavirus

185. Heart, parrot Hydropericardium Avian polyomavirus

DDX, hydropericardium: salt toxicosis, avian viral serositis; EEE, West Nile virus

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186. Heart, poult Cardiomegaly Dilated cardiomyopathy

187. Heart, turkey Left and right ventricular dilatation Dilated cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy (Round heart disease), poults 2-3 weeks old, cause unknown, but possible genetic predisposition complicated by hypoxia in incubator with pathogenesis similar to ascites syndrome of broilers.

DDX: salt/sodium toxicosis if ascites present

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease

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188. Intestine, chicken Intestinal ascariasis

Ascaridia galli (chicken, turkey); A. dissimilis (turkey); A. columbae (pigeon)

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189. Crop, pullet Beak trim injury

190. Crop, pullet Choanal and ingluvial hemorrhage Beak trim injury- hemorrhage

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191. Crop, turkey poult Proliferative ingluvitis Candida albicans

192. Oral cavity, chicken Proliferative stomatitis Candida albicans

Candida albicans = crop mycosis; ubiquitous yeast colonizes mucosal surfaces when normal bacterial microflora is altered by or antibiotics or other diseases.

DDX: capilliariasis, poxvirus, trichomoniasis

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193. Crop, Bobwhite quail Proliferative ingluvitis Capillariasis

Capillaria contorta (direct), C. annulata (earthworm intermediate host). Eggs shed in feces and larvae develop in 10-15 days, consumed by bird or earthworm. Larvae hatch and burrow into wall of crop and upper esophagus. Mature after additional 15-25 days.

Capillaria obsignata (direct life cycle) resides in small intestine of birds and can cause decreased egg production in layer and broiler breeders.

DDX: candidiasis, vitamin A deficiency, trichomoniasis

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194. Yolk sac, chick Chick normal yolk sac

195. Yolk sac, chick Hemorrhagic yolk sacculitis

196. Peritoneum, chick Fibrinous peritonitis

Coliforms, Salmonella, Enterococcus. Peritonitis often secondary to yolk sac infection and rupture

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197. Liver, chick Gall bladder distension Inanition,

198. Gizzard, poult Foreign body- litter impaction Litter impaction

Gall bladder enlarges with inanition (“starve out”). Litter consumption indicative of discomfort of digestive tract (e.g., viral enteritis) or poor adaptation to brooder.

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199. Duodenum, broiler Mf necrotizing enteritis Eimeria acervulina: schizogony and gametogony in prox. small intestine

200. Jejunum, broiler Mf necrotizing enteritis E necatrix: schizogony in intestine

and gametogony in cecum

201. Cecum, chicken Necrohemorrhagic typhlitis E. tenella: schizogony and

gametogony in cecum

202. Ileum, broiler Necrotizing enteritis Eimeria brunetti: schizogony in prox. small intestine and gametogony in distal S.I.

203. Cecum, turkey Catarrhal typhlitis/coccidiosis Eimeria adenoeides

Turkey: Eimeria adenoeides-cecum, E. dispersa-small intestine, E. gallopavonis- ileum and colon; E. meleagrimitis- duodenum/jejunum

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204. Cecum, pheasant Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis Eimeria cholchici

Coccidia in pheasants are Eimeria colchici (cecal cores); E. duodenalis and E. phasiani.

DDX: Salmonella

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205. Intestine, duck Necrohemorrhagic enteritis Duck viral enteritis (DVE)

206. Esophagus, duck Fibrinonecrotic esophagitis Duck viral enteritis

Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirus, Species Anatid herpesvirus 1 (duck plague herpesvirus), dsDNA virus

DVE =“Duck plague.” Susceptibility limited to family anatidae-ducks, geese and swans. Transmitted by secretions/direct contact with rapid, high mortality. Probable carrier state in wild ducks. Lesions of vasculitis and necrosis: petechial hemorrhage and multifocal necrosis of heart, liver, pancreas, kidney. Intestines and gizzard filled with blood. Necrohemorrhagic to fibrinonecrotic membranes in esophagus

DDX: END, P. multocida, necrotic enteritis

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207. Liver, WL hen Hepatic lipidosis/hemorrhage Fatty liver disease

Most common in caged layers due to high calorie rations and minimal exercise. Also occurs in turkey breeder hens early in egg production.

208. Liver, cockatiel Hepatic lipidosis

Fatty liver DDX: bacterial sepsis, Pacheco’s disease, chlamydiosis

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209. Gizzard, duckling Ventricular (gizzard) myodegeneration Vitamin E deficiency

Vitamin E is natural antioxidant in alcoholic form. Selenium (co-factor for glutathione peroxidase) supplementation can reduce lesions in duck, turkey and chicken. Breast muscle similarly affected. Muscle lesions of Vit E deficiency are partially selenium responsive.

DDX: furazolidone toxicosis, lymphoma

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210. Liver, Mynah bird Hepatic hemochromatosis and pulmonary edema

Excessive iron storage is disease of mynahs, toucans, birds of paradise. Hemochromatosis; enhanced intestinal iron absorption compared to other birds and mammals, with inability to down-regulate iron absorption when fed iron rich ration. Ascites often occurs from hepatic disease or heart failure. Hepatomegaly, golden brown with scattered dark foci (Kupffer cells packed with hemosiderin).

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211. Body, turkey Cloacal hemorrhage HE of turkeys

212. Intestine, spleen, turkey Hemorrhagic enteritis/necrotizing splenitis HE of turkeys

Family Adenoviridae, Genus Siadenovirus, Species Turkey adenovirus 3 (Turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus), dsDNA virus

Hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys = subgroup II adenovirus infecting turkeys 4 weeks of age or older; causes immunosuppression of turkeys by cytopathic effects on IgM-positive B cells and macrophages. Serologically related to marble spleen disease virus of pheasants and avian adenovirus splenomegaly virus of broiler breeders.

DDX: Cannibalism; END, HPAI

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213. Cecum, pheasant Cecal nematodiasis Heterakis gallinarum

H. gallinarum infects variety of galliformes. Severe infections can form granulomas in cecal wall. Paratenic host (ova) for Histomonas meleagridis protozoa.

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214. Cecum, liver, turkey Mf necr. hepatitis/fibrinonecr. typhlitis Histomonas meleagridis

DDX: Salmonella

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215. Oral cavity, WL hen Focal ulcerative stomatitis

DDX: Idiopathic, trichothecene mycotoxin, disinfectant contact necrosis

216. Oral cavity, chicken Granulomatous stomatitis/cellulitis with impacted feed

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217. Liver, chicken Multifocal necrohemorrhagic hepatitis Inclusion body hepatitis

Described in a variety of birds and often associated with adenovirus infection. Generic term for necrotizing hepatitis with basophilic to eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in hepatocytes; occurs with every serotype of adenovirus and infection often predisposed by immunosuppression from infectious bursal disease or chicken infectious anemia. Aplastic anemia may also be present.

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218. Esophagus, goose Focal esophageal dilatation/impaction Lead toxicosis

219. Gizzard, vulture Erosive ventriculitis with bile staining Lead toxicosis

Chickens and turkeys more resistant than waterfowl. Acid-fast intranuclear inclusions in renal tubule epithelium, basophilic stippling of erythrocytes and myonecrosis of heart.

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220. Body, chicken Pectoral muscle atrophy, emaciation Mycobacteriosis

221. Viscera, chicken Mf granulomatous enteritis, hepatitis and splenitis Mycobacteriosis

Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium, serovars 1, 2, 3. Observed most often in psittacine birds rather than galliformes, usually adult poultry.

DDX: Coligranuloma; Marek’s disease, lymphoid leukosis, carcinomatosis

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222. Intestine, broiler Fibinonecrotic enteritis Necrotic enteritis

Clostridium perfringens toxin types A and C. Overgrowth often preceded by coccidiosis or ascariasis, immunosuppression (IBD), wheat products in ration.

DDX: coccidiosis, ulcerative enteritis (C. colinum)

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223. Peritoneum, parrot Splenomegaly and mesenteric edema Pacheco’s herpesvirus

224. Liver, parrot Necrotizing hepatitis Pacheco’s herpesvirus

Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, Unassigned Genus, Species Psittacid herpesvirus 1, (Parrot herpesvirus), dsDNA virus

DDX: Chlamydiosis, polyomavirus; Salmonella

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225. Cloaca, parrot Cloacal papilloma Idiopathic

No virus consistently isolated. Can be associated with hepatic or biliary carcinoma.

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226. Proventriculus, Af. Grey Normal

227. Proventriculus, Af. Grey Proventricular dilatation disease

Myenteric ganglioneuritis, Macaw wasting disease. Diagnosis: lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of myenteric plexus of tunica muscularis of ventriculus and proventriculus, as well as small intestine and crop. Nonsuppurative encephalitis present in some instances. Viral particles associated with the disease (Gough RE, et al., Vet Rec, 139:24, 1996), but remain unidentified.

DDX: Gastric foreign body or other obstruction

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228. Intestine, cecum, poult Poult enteritis/mortality syndrome (PEMS)

229. Intestine, poult Peritoneal distension, intestinal dilatation PEMS

Multifactorial transmissible disease 1-3 week-old poults with diarrhea, growth depression or death. Complex of enteric viruses (astrovirus, coronavirus), Cryptosporidium meleagridis and bacteria (enteropathogenic E. coli).

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230. Body, poult Crop dilatation/Pendulous crop

Cause uncertain in turkey and chicken; often rapid water consumption in hot weather, other dietary influences such as high fat or starch in ration

DDX: Impaction, foreign body

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231. Oral cavity, WL hen Fibrinonecrotic stomatitis Quaternary ammonium

Quaternary ammonium disinfectants: direct toxic insult to mucosa

DDX: pox, vitamin A deficiency, trichothecene mycotoxins

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232. Peritoneum, poult Ascites Salt toxicosis: Greater than 2%

sodium in ration or 4g/kg body

weight ( visceral hemorrhages and ascites

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233. Cecum, rhea Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis Intestinal spirochetosis

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae: Four pathotypes; inhabit the cecum, ileum and rectum or rheas. Spirochetes not identified in ostrich and emu. Necrotizing typhlitis with high mortality in rheas.

Brachyspira intermedia: chickens- typhlitis and diarrhea, no mortality; Brachyspira alvinipulli: chickens-typhlitis, reduced growth rate and reduced egg production; Brachyspira pilosicoli: chickens- diarrhea and decreased egg production.

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234. Intestine, chicken Intestinal cestodiasis

Chicken: Genus: Raillietina, Davainea, Amoebotania, Choanotaenia and Hymenolepsis;

Turkey: Raillietina, Metroliasthes; Ducks/geese: Hymenolepsis, Fimbrairia

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235. Proventriculus, pigeon Proventricular parasitism Tetrameres americana

T. americana, a proventricular nematode, has grasshopper/cockroach intermediate host. Adult female embeds in proventricular glands. Often subclinical, but can lead to emaciation and anemia.

T. crami- wild and domestic ducks

T. fissispina- wild and domestic ducks

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236. Macaw chick Fibrinous cellulitis Trauma: crop tube injury

DDX: esophageal thermal burn, injection granuloma

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237. Oral cavity, dove Fibrinonecrotic stomatitis Trichomonas gallinae

238. Esophagus, pigeon Fibrinonecrotic esophagitis Trichomonas gallinae

Pigeons (canker), falcons (frounce), flagellated protozoan that colonizes upper digestive tract mucosa to form multifocal to coalescing, punctate fibronecrotic lesions. Lesions can extend to crop/proventriculus and flagellates can occasionally invade liver (multifocal necrosis).

DDX: vitamin A deficiency, candidiasis, poxvirus

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239. Oral cavity, broiler Mf ulcerative stomatitis and glossitis Trichothecene

mycotoxicosis

Fusarium mold toxins: T-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), and nivalenol. Promote feed refusal and necrosis of oral mucosa and skin in contact with mold toxins., rapid necrosis/depletion of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues.

DDX: quaternary ammonium exposure, wet pox, trichomoniasis.

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240. Liver, duodenum, poult Mf necrotizing hepatitis and pancreatitis Turkey viral hepatitis (TVH)

Virus causing TVH has not yet been identified, suspect picornavirus. Affects only turkeys; under 6 weeks; usu. sudden death with causing multifocal hepatic and pancreatic necrosis.

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241. Int, Liver, Bobwhite quail Mf fibrinonecr enteritis, necr. hepatitis Ulcerative enteritis

UE = “Quail disease.” Clostridium colinum: acute infection resulting in sudden death; quail most susceptible, but also turkey, chicken, pheasant, grouse, partridge, pigeon. Bird ingests feces, litter, water or feed contaminated with spores( hemorrhagic to fibrinonecrotic enteritis + peritonitis and pale, necrotic foci in liver. Splenomegaly and hemorrhage also observed.

DDX: necrotic enteritis, coccidiosis, histomoniasis

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242. Esophagus, chicken Proliferative esophagitis (hyperkeratosis) Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin maintains epithelial structure/function and mucus production . Deficiency: decreased egg production, ocular discharge with eyelid pasting, hyperkeratosis caused by squamous metaplasia of mucous glands; renal tubular degeneration results in visceral gout. Signs in wide variety of birds.

DDX: candiasis, wet pox, trichomoniasis, capillariasis

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UROGENITAL SYSTEM

Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease

__________________________________________________________________________Egg, chicken Egg membrane mycosis, Aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus

Common contaminant of ducts, vents of incubators.

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243. Body, pullet chick Ureteral/cloacal urate accumulation Dehydration

244. Kidney, pullet chick Visceral gout Dehydration

DDX: high calcium or vitamin D3 in ration, avian nephritis virus (astrovirus in Japan; affects only chicks).

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245. Eggs, WL chicken Soft shell and shell-less eggs Egg drop syndrome

Family Adenoviridae, Genus Atadenovirus, Species Duck adenovirus A

(Duck adenovirus 1 = egg drop syndrome virus)

Subgroup III adenovirus (old terminology); not documented in U.S., but in Europe an Asia causes egg production losses in otherwise laying hens. Histology: Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of shell gland of oviduct.

DDX: low calcium in ration, NDV, IBV, incomplete molt

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246. Oviduct, Bantam hen Egg-impacted oviduct Most common in small breeds

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247. Kidney, WL hen Renal/visceral gout Water deprivation

248. Peritoneum, WL hen Visceral gout

249. Liver, heart, WL hen Visceral gout

250. Kidney, chicken Urolithiasis with hydroureter and contralateral renomegaly IBV

DDX: Water deprivation, primary renal disease, nephrotropic IBV, high Ca or Vit D3 in ration, citrinin/ochratoxin/oosporein mycotoxins; vitamin A deficiency

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251. Egg, WL chicken Malformed/wrinkled egg shells Infectious bronchitis

(coronavirus)

DDX: Newcastle disease virus, abnormal calcium/phosphorus in ration

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252. Egg, WL chicken Thinning of thin albumen layer Infectious bronchitis

DDX: Newcastle disease, nicarbazine (anticoccidial)

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253. Peritoneum, WL hen Internal oviposition Oviduct obstruction/tumor /infection

Often idiopathic and may not affect long term productivity of hen

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254. Oviduct, WL hen Cystic right oviduct Persistence of right Mullerian duct

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255. Oviduct, chicken Fibrinoheterophilic salpingitis

DDX: E. coli, P. multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer (duck)

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NEOPLASIA

Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease

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Chicken neoplasms associated with infection by the leukosis/sarcoma group of retroviruses: Lymphoid leukosis, erythroblastosis, myeloblastosis, myelocytomatosis, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, chondroma, osteosarcoma, nephroblastoma, renal carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, mesothelioma, meningioma, glioma and benign counterparts.

Family Retroviridae, Subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, Genus Alpharetrovirus, Species Avian leukosis virus; DNA/RNA Reverse Transcribing virus

Retrovirus of leukosis/sarcoma complex. Chicken genome contains endogenous viral loci (ev). Exogenous virus subgroup A transmitted vertically and horizontally. Exogenous virus induces neoplastic transformation of B lymphocytes. Subgroups A-D avian leukosis viruses can produce lymphoid leukosis. ALV Subgroup J produces myelocytomatosis.

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256. Pancreas, chicken Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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257. Ovary, WL hen Ovarian adenocarcinoma

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258. Peritoneum, WL hen Metastatic carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)

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259. Peritoneum, BB hen Metastatic carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)

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260. Kidney, rooster Embryonal nephroma

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261. Lung, chicken Hemangiosarcoma

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262. Peritoneum, rooster Mesothelioma

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263. Head, chicken Cranial myelocytoma ALV-J virus

264. Liver, spine, chicken Hepatic/vertebral myelocytomas ALV-J virus

265. Liver, chicken Mf hepatic myelocytomas ALV-J virus

Myelocytoma (myelocytic myeloid leukosis) develops from periosteum on flat bones of skull, ribs, pelvis, trachea, sternum

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266. Body, processed broiler Squamous cell carcinoma

Usu. seen at processing and histologically resemble keratoacanthoma rather than carcinoma. Arise in feather follicle epithelium and can regress.

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267. Liver, turkey Mf hepatic lymphoma Reticuloendotheliosis

Retrovirus structurally distinct from leukosis/sarcoma complex. Natural hosts are turkey, chicken, ducks, geese, pheasants, quail, peafowl. Both vertical and horizontal transmission.

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268. Wing, lovebird Cutaneous fibroma

DDX: feather follicle cyst, poxvirus, squamous cell carcinoma

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269. Kidney, budgerigar Renal adenocarcinoma

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270. Beak, budgerigar Hemangiosarcoma

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271. Subcutis, cockatiel Lipoma, subcutis

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272. Liver, parrot Biliary carcinoma

REFERENCES

1. Diseases of Poultry. M. Saif (ed.); Iowa State University Press, 2003

2. Poultry Production (13th Edition). R. Austic and C. Neshem, Lea & Febiger Publishers, 1990

Avian Disease Manual (4th Edition). C. Whiteman and A. Bickford (eds.), Kendall Hunt Publishing, 1990

3. Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens, 4th Edition. Swayne et al. (eds). American Association of Avian Pathologists, 1998.

4. Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production, 5th Edition. D. Bell and W.D. Weaver, Jr. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

5. Avian Histopathology, 2nd Edition. C. Riddell (ed). American Association of Avian Pathologists, 1996.

6. Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds. R.E. Schmidt, et al. (eds.), Iowa State Press, 2003.

7. Pigeon Health and Disease. D. C. Tudor. Iowa State University Press, 1991.

8. Ratite Management, Medicine and Surgery. T.N. Tully and S.M. Shane (eds.). Krieger Publishing Company, 1996.

9. Poultry Metabolic Disorders and Mycotoxins. S. Leeson, G. Diaz and J.D. Summers. University Books, 1998.

10. Color Atlas of Avian Histopathology. C. Randall and R. L. Reece. Mosby-Wolfe Publishers, 1996.

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