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|Civilization / Era: |Political Characteristics |Achievements (Cultural) |Religious Characteristics (Cultural) |

| | | | |

|ROMAN EMPIRE |753 BC – 507 BC – 7 Kings of Rome (Romulus to several|Pax Romana – (Roman peace) |Belief in numina – invisible deities of nature, |

| |tyrants) |Refers to the general safety/stability granted |hearth, food, & fertility |

| |507 BC – 31 BC – Roman Republic |empire’s citizens by Roman military might |Belief in gods |

| |Representative gov’t, heavily class-based: |Latin language – fosters Romance languages of Europe |(notable similarities to Greek gods) |

| |-Senate – elite aristocracy made decisions |Greco-Roman achievements signify Roman studying of, |Priests offered sacrifices to gods in exchange for |

| |-Assembly – all male citizens had a voice |imitating of, and improving upon Greek |favor/support of Roman state |

| |-Civic offices – consul, tribune, praetors, etc. |accomplishments of the past |Jesus – Jew from Galilee (Israel) who defied status |

| |450 BC – Twelve Tables established | |quo of mainstream Judaism that endured harsh Roman |

| |(concession to plebeians, offering a clarification of| |rule. Jewish authorities feared such an upstart & |

| |laws/policies of Rome) | |turned him over to local Roman leader Pontius Pilate,|

| |Rome grants citizenship to conquered peoples | |who had him executed. |

| |264 BC – 202 BC – Punic Wars | |-Some frustrated w/ Roman rule & the seeming |

| |-Victory over Carthage nets Spain, Sicily, etc. | |compliance of Jewish leaders denote him as possible |

| |200 BC – 146 BC – Victory over Hellenistic kingdoms | |Messiah (chosen one) to bring back the good ol’ days |

| |adds Middle East & Egypt lands | |& kick out Romans |

| |59 BC – 51 BC – Caesar conquers Gaul | |45 AD – 58 AD – Paul of Tarsus spreads ideals of |

| |System of provincial governorships imposed on | |Jesus to Jews & Gentiles of Greek-speaking Eastern |

| |outlying territories (inadequate due to 1 yr terms, | |Empire |

| |senators’ political aspirations, & greed) | |-Sect of Christianity (Christos = Greek for cross, |

| |88 BC – 31 BC – Roman Civil Wars | |symbol of Jesus’ public demise) grows slowly but |

| |-Aspiring military dictators vie for control | |surely |

| |(Ex: Sulla, Pompey, Caesar, Mark Antony, Octavian) | |-Disenfranchised of empire (women, urban poor, |

| |Octavian ushers in a new era…. | |slaves, etc) possess spiritual hunger; are heavily |

| |31 BC – 330 AD – Roman Principate | |attracted to promise of Heaven, ideals/morals |

| |Empire ruled by dictator (emperor), though aspects of| |professed by Jesus |

| |Republic maintained (Senate, etc) | |Hierarchy of priests/bishops develops |

| |Octavian (Augustus) rules for 45 years | |Polytheistic Roman officials endorse violent |

| |-Reforms gov’t under his absolute authority, though | |persecution & suppression of growing Christian |

| |rules by example w/ morality & honor | |minorities to no avail; movement spreads |

| |-Provides equites (upwardly mobile middle-class) w/ | | |

| |civil service/admin. positions | | |

|Time Period: | | | |

| | | | |

|753 BC – 600 AD | | | |

|Related Key Concepts | | | |

| | | | |

|2.1. Development & Codification of Religious & | | | |

|Cultural Traditions | | | |

| | | | |

|2.2. The Development of States & Empires | | | |

| | | | |

|2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of | | | |

|Communication & Trade | | | |

|Most Important Thing to Remember: | | | |

| | | | |

|Pagan ( Christian Empire | | | |

| | | | |

|Republic / Principate | | | |

|Technological Characteristics (Cultural) |Interaction with Environment |Economic Characteristics |Social Characteristics |

| | | | |

|Experts in engineering: |Rome’s central location in Italy allowed for |Early Romans based status, wealth, & privilege on |Patricians – aristocracy |

|-Roads |unification there, then later of all Mediterranean |land ownership & independent farming |Plebeians – lower classes |

|-Walls |region |Latifundias – large estate farms |-Conflict of the Orders – term given the frequent |

|-Forts |Apennines Mtns. run north-south, while Alps Mtns. |-Established by unscrupulous wealthy prospectors, who|disagreement between the 2 social classes |

|-Bridges |shield the north |bought/stole land from peasants away serving in army |Basic unit in life was family |

|-Aqueducts (water transport) |Land rich in resources |-Many switched from growing of grain to more |-Several generations & slaves |

|Developments in architecture: |Rivers navigable, mountains passable |lucrative herding/olive oil/wine |-Head of household = all authority |

|-Domes (building roof feature) |Mild climate leads to year-round crops |-Led to huge rise in urban poor, grain shortage, need|Patrons vs. Clients – accounted for all business, |

|-Arches (building support) |80% of empire’s 50-50 million subjects lived rurally,|for imports, peasant unrest |social, cultural activity |

|Concrete – durable building material |though gov’t admin. & economic wealth centered in |Manufacturing of glass, metalwork, pottery often |Institutionalized inequality |

| |cities & towns |exported for luxury goods from corners of empire |Roman women lacked political rights, but exercised |

| |Rome = population 1 million people |Upper & Middle-class thrives on land/sea trade |economic freedom & received protection from family |

| | | |Evidence of women’s influence in art, poetry, & as |

| | | |advisors to their sons/husbands |

|Civilization / Era: |Political Characteristics (cont.) | |Religious Characteristics (Cultural) |

| | | |(cont.) |

|ROMAN EMPIRE |Emperors following Augustus all technically receive | | |

| |affirmation of Senate, though possess absolute | |306 AD – 337 AD Constantine assumes throne |

| |authority & control of army | |-Passes Edict of Milan – guaranteeing freedom of |

| |Later emperors would “adopt” a son, any man of noble | |worship to all throughout empire |

| |deeds to succeed them | |325 AD – Nicene Creed established in meeting of |

| |212 AD – Caracalla extends citizenship to all free | |Christian Church leaders |

| |adult males in empire | |-Sets up uniform religious practices all over |

| |235 AD – 284 AD – 3rd Century Crisis | |-Establishes church hierarchy: |

| |-20 emperors claim title for short periods of time, | |Patriarch ( Bishops ( Priests |

| |killed by own men or ousted by rivals | |392 AD – Theodosius bans all pagan ceremonies; thus |

| |-Germanic invaders attack frontier, spurring trend of| |old gods no longer accepted |

| |towns/cities constructing city walls | | |

| |-Treasury drained to ensure loyalty of army | | |

| |-Coins devalued of their precious metals | | |

| |-Trade/industry hurt | | |

| |284 AD – 305 AD – Diocletian saves empire | | |

| |-Reforms help revive/transform Roman state | | |

| |-Sets max prices for goods to curb inflation | | |

| |-Froze workers & their sons into professions for life| | |

| |to maintain stable, trained workforce | | |

| |-Black market emerges in response, and many lose | | |

| |loyalty to a gov’t interfering in their lives | | |

| |306 AD – 337 AD – Constantine takes over | | |

| |-Passes Edict of Milan – guaranteeing freedom of | | |

| |worship to all throughout empire | | |

| |(he converted & openly supported Christianity) | | |

| |-Moves empire’s capital from Rome to Byzantium, | | |

| |renamed Constantinople | | |

| |527 AD – 565 AD – Justinian restores glory | | |

| |-Reconquers lost territory in N. Africa/Italy | | |

| |-Establishes Justinian Code of Laws | | |

| |(reflecting 1,000 yrs of Roman laws/ethics) | | |

| |395 AD – Split into Western / Eastern empires | | |

| |410 AD – Rome sacked by Visigoths | | |

| |476 AD – Last emperor in Rome | | |

| |530 AD – Rome’s political power gone, as empire | | |

| |fractures into Germanic kingdoms, and economic & | | |

| |social order disintegrate into chaos | | |

| |(Patriarch of Rome, eventually called Pope, still | | |

| |retains role as religious authority in Rome) | | |

|Time Period: | | | |

| | | | |

|753 BC – 600 AD | | | |

|Related Key Concepts | | | |

| | | | |

|2.1. Development & Codification of Religious & | | | |

|Cultural Traditions | | | |

| | | | |

|2.2. The Development of States & Empires | | | |

| | | | |

|2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of | | | |

|Communication & Trade | | | |

|Most Important Thing to Remember: | | | |

| | | | |

|Pagan ( Christian Empire | | | |

| | | | |

|Republic / Principate | | | |

| | | |Social Characteristics (cont.) |

| | | | |

| | | |All landowning males expected to provide military |

| | | |service & supply shield, armor, spear, & sword |

| | | |Patricians lived in elegant hilltop villas |

| | | |Urban poor crowded into smelly slums of tenements |

| | | |amidst disease & fire risks |

| | | |Romanization – spread of Latin language & culture |

| | | |throughout empire |

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