Rome Notes Part 2



Rome Notes Part 2The Roman EmpireEconomic TurmoilGap between rich and poor widens as Roman Republic growsFarmers, former soldiers, lose to large estates; become homelessTwo _tribunes__, Tiberius and Gaius, try to help poor, are murdered _Civil war___—conflict between groups within same country begins Military UpheavalMilitary becomes less disciplined and disloyalSoldiers recruited from poor; show loyalty only to their generalsJulius Caesar Takes ControlMilitary leader _______Julius Caesar________ elected consul in 59 B.C.Caesar, Crassus, Pompey form a __triumvirate__—a group of three rulersMilitary victories give Caesar increasing popularity and powerPompey fears Caesar’s growing power and challenges himCaesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, Egypt Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C. Caesar’s ReformsCaesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for poorGroup of senators opposes Caesar; kills him on _March 15, 44 BC (the Ides of March) ______. The Roman EmpireBeginning of the Empire43 B.C., Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus alliance ends in jealousy, violence In 31 B.C., ___Marc Antony_____ and Cleopatra’s forces are defeated at ActiumOctavian accepts title of Augustus, “exalted one,” and rules Rome Pax RomanaUnder __Augustus___, Rome moves from a republic to an empirePower no longer resides with citizens, but a single rulerRome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as the _Pax Romana___. A Sound GovernmentAugustus, Rome’s ablest ruler, creates lasting system of governmentglorifies Rome with beautiful public buildings sets up a civil service to administer the empire Agriculture and TradeAgriculture most important industry in empire; 90% of Romans farmCommon coin, __denarius______, makes trade within empire easierRome has vast trading network, includes China and IndiaNetwork of Roman roads links empire to Persia, Russia The Rise of ChristianityRomans Conquer JudeaRome conquers ___Judea______, home of Jews; makes it part of empire, A.D. 6Many Jews believe a ___Messiah______, or savior, eventually will free them Jesus of Nazareth__Jesus____—a Jew born in Bethlehem (around 6 to 4 B.C.), raised in NazarethAt age 30 begins preaching __public ministry____, Ten CommandmentsDoes good works, reportedly performs miraclesStresses personal relationship with God, love for friends and enemies A Growing Movement __Apostles___—the twelve men who are disciples (or pupils) of Jesus Jesus ignores wealth and status; his message appeals to poor Jesus’ DeathMany Jews view Jesus as the Messiah; others see him as a hereticRoman governor __Pontius Pilate_____ sentences Jesus to be crucifiedApostles believe Jesus ascended into heaven after deathChristos, Greek word for “savior”; Christianity derived from “Christ” A World ReligionChristianity’s ExpansionChristianity becomes powerful force; reasons for widespread appeal: embraces all peoplegives hope to the powerlessappeals to those repelled by extravagance of Roman lifeoffers personal relationship with a loving Godpromises eternal life after deathConstantine Accepts Christianity__Constantine____—Roman emperor battles for control of Rome in A.D. 312 Has vision of cross, Christian symbol; places on soldiers’ shieldsBelieves Christian God helped him win; legalizes Christianity In A.D. 380 Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity religion of empireEarly Christian ChurchPriests direct a single church; bishops supervise numerous churchesApostle _Peter_____—first bishop of Rome; clergy trace their authority to him_Pope____—the father, or head, of Christian Church; Rome, center of Church A Single VoiceChurch leaders compile standard Christian beliefs in New Testament__The New Testament____ added to Hebrew Bible (also called Old Testament) Christianity Spreads through the EmpirePaul’s MissionApostle Paul—spends life preaching and interpreting ChristianityCommon languages of Latin and Greek help to spread messagePaul stresses _Jesus___ is son of God who died for people’s sins_Paul___ declares that Christianity open to all converts Jewish RebellionJews rebel against Rome; Romans storm Jerusalem, destroy Temple Rebellions in A.D. 66, 70, 132 fail; Jews driven from homeland_Diaspora______—centuries of Jewish exile (from Greek word for “dispersal”) Persecution of the ChristiansChristians won’t worship Roman gods; become enemies of Roman ruleRoman rulers use Christians as scapegoats for hard timesAs _Pax Romana___crumbles, Christians crucified, burned, killed in arena ................
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