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Lymphatic and Immune System Guided Notes-The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, and _____________________________________. Lymph VesselsLymph capillaries flow into_______________________________________. It enters the ________________________________ vessels through the ______________________________________________ and left thoracic duct. LymphLymph is the excess tissue fluid _____________________________________________________________. Transport is aided by _______________________________________ of smooth muscle in the _____________________________________. It goes one way only back towards the _______________________. It is assisted by __________________________.Lymph NodesThey are clustered along vessels. ___________________ moves through them, and ____________________________________ and _________________________________ within them remove bacteria, viruses and ______________________ before it returns to the blood.Lymph Organs- Include __________________________________________________________________________________.SpleenIt is located in the ______________________________________ cavity below the _______________________________. It’s the site for lymphocyte _________________________________ and immune surveillance. It helps to ___________________________ worn out _______________________________ and recycles them.Tonsils They ring the ____________________________ (throat). It traps and removes bacteria and other foreign _________________________ entering the throat that generates ______________________________________________. Tonsils in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx are called _______________________. They can become congested with _______________________________ and become red, swollen, and sore. This is known as ______________________________.ThymusIt’s location is inferior to the ______________, under the __________________________over the heart. It is prominent in _____________________________; it’s active the first year and atrophies after ______________________. T ___________________________ mature and become able to defend against ____________________________ in the immune response.Peyer’s PatchesLocated on the _____________________________________________________________. Macrophages _________________________ and destroy ____________________ preventing them from penetrating the intestinal wall. They generate __________________________ lymphocytes for long term _____________________________.Body Defense: Non-specific vs. SpecificNon SpecificResponds ___________________________________ to any threat. They are on surface membranes, ________________________, are considered natural ___________________ cells. They are sent out during an _____________________________________ response. Complement and ______________________. This response causes a _____________________.Surface MembranesPhysical barriers include: skin, ______________________________________, lysosomes in fluids, _____________________, and ___________________. Phagocytes are ______________________________ that engulf and destroy _______________________________. Natural killer cells act _______________________________________ to ___________ any virus containing _________________________ cells.Antimicrobial Chemicals- include complement and ___________________________. Complement refers to a group of circulating _________________________ that can become _____________________ to foreign cells such as _____________________, fungi, or mismatched ______________, causing cell ________________________________.Interferon is secreted by ___________________ infected cells that are ready to ____________. The interferon attaches to ____________________________________________ and protects those cells from ____________________________________________.FeverA fever can help the body by ___________________________________________________________________________________, and hiding ________________ and ______________ that is necessary for _______________________.Specific=Immune SystemIt targets against specific _________________________. AntigensAntigens are any substance capable of _______________________________________________________________ and provoking a ______________________. Foreign invaders= non-self. Major ____________________________ complex=self.AntibodiesAntibodies= _____________________________= proteins secreted by ____________________________________________. They are capable of binding specifically with that ____________________________. They don’t specifically ___________, they ________ them for _____________________________.The Immune Response1. It’s ____________________________ specific2. It’s ____________________________3. It has ____________________________Cells of the Immune System include Lymphocytes and MacrophagesLymphocytesThey come from _________________________ of bone marrow. T cells develop __________________________________________ in thymus. B cells develop __________________________________________ in the bone marrow. ImmunocompetanceIt’s signaled by the appearance of ______________________________________________________ on the surface of the ________________________________.Two Arms of the Immune System-_________________________ deals with antibody-______________________ reactions to fight __________________________ invaders.-________________________ deals with cell to cell interactions, where different ______________ bind with problem cells to ____________________________________.Humoral Immune System-Free ______________________ or antigen presenting ______________________________ that can activate _______________________T cells that activate ___________________. Those B cells give rise to ____________________ cells and ________________________ B cells. The plasma cells become _________________________ secreting machines. The memory _____________ may exist in the body for years, enabling it to respond ____________________________ if there is subsequent __________________________.What is an antigen presenting macrophage?A macrophage _______________________ an invader. Some of the ____________________________________ appear on the surface of the macrophage. A lymphocyte (Helper T cell) is ____________________________ by the foreign ____________________________ on the surface of the macrophage. The ______________ finds an antigen that matches its __________________. It waits until it’s ________________________ by a ________________________________. It divides to produce ______________________________ and memory __________________. Plasma cells produce _____________________________ to react with the ______________________ antigens. Phagocytes will “_______” pathogen cells that are _____________________ with antibodies. If the ________________ intruder invades the body, the ____________________ cells will mount an ______________________________ attack. Primary response peaks in about _______ days, then declines over __________________________. Secondary response is _________________, more prolonged, and more ________________________ (involves ______ cells).Active and Passive Humoral ImmunityActive Humoral Immunity:-_______________________ acquired from ______________________ (contact with a pathogen). __________________________ acquired from _______________________ which are dead or _______________________ (weakened) pathogen. Passive Humoral Immunity-Naturally acquired-________________________ pass from mother to fetus via _______________________ or breast milk. Artificially acquired from __________________________ of immune serum (gamma globulins).Cellular Immune ResponseCellular immunity involves ____________ different types of cells: -Helper ___________, suppressor ________ cells, ______________________ T cells, and memory ____________. T cells must _____________________ self and _____________________________. They cannot recognize ____________ antigens, the antigens must be __________________________ to the _______________. -Activated ___________________ T cells will help activate __________________________ T cells.-Cytotoxic T cells will kill ___________ infected cells and ___________________ cells.-Suppressor T cells ____________ or ____________ the activity of B and T cells once the ______________________ or attack by foreign cells has been ________________________.Organ Transplant and RejectionTypes of Transplants:-_______________________-from self. -_______________________ genetically identical (twin)-_______________________-unrelated person-_______________________-animalBefore a graft is attempted, ______________ antigens must match and at least __________ of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) must match. After surgery, __________________________________________ drug therapy must be started to avoid ______________________________. It leaves the patient open to ________________________. AllergiesThe body mounts a vigorous immune response in which the immune system causes ________________________________________________________________ a perceived threat. It’s triggered by the release of _______________________, and IgE antibodies bound to ______________ cells. Symptoms include a runny nose, itch, ______________, smooth muscle ____________________________, and ___________________________ shock. Immunodeficiencies SCID- a _________________________ deficiency of both _______ and ________ cellsAIDS-cripples the immune system by ________________________ with the activity of ____________________________.Autoimmune DiseasesThe immune system loses its ability to __________________________________________________. The body produces ________________________ and sensitized _______ cells that attack and ______________________________ its own _________________________. Examples include:-MS: ______________________________________-Type I Diabetes: ___________________________________________________________-SLE: _______________________________________________________________________-RA: ____________________________________________________ ................
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