Forcible Displacement Is on the Rise Globally



Name_______________________________________AP HG 3.3Date______________POPULATION & MIGRATIONWhat are refugees and how do they impact countries?DO NOW: 411480015240What is a refugee?Why do refugees leave their home countries? Think of two reasons!228600264795What do you know about the countries listed in the tweet below?-228600-228600Refugees: people who have been __________ __________________from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their ______________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________.REASONS FOR FLEEING:POLITICAL_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SOCIAL _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ENVIRONMENTAL____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________REFUGEES IMPACT ON RECEIVING COUNTRY Adds to available ________________________Competition with locals for ____________________________Additional _________ on receiving country to _______________________ (housing, food, education, health care)Increased demand for services may result in price increases or _____________Increased strain on ______________________________ (water, energy)Refugee camps financially depend on ______________________________May pose costly __________________________ for receiving countryRefugees may provide _______________________________________ Forcible Displacement Is on the Rise GloballyPeople who are?compelled by force?to leave their homes face two options. They can flee to another locale within their home country, in which case they are known as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). Or they can flee to another country, becoming “refugees” when they cross an international border. Those who travel directly to the country in which they seek “safe haven” are referred to as “asylum seekers,” while those who flee to another country and wait there for an opportunity for resettlement in a third country are called “refugees for resettlement.”The number of forcibly displaced people around the world has skyrocketed since 2007, growing from 42.7 million that year to 68.5 million as of 2017. Much of this increase has been fueled by ongoing armed conflicts in Syria, Myanmar, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). However, people are also being displaced in large numbers by conflicts in Burundi, the Central African Republic, Iraq, South Sudan, Sudan, Ukraine, and Yemen.Refugee Flows Are Increasing WorldwideGiven the rising numbers of forcibly displaced people in general, it is not surprising that the numbers of refugees specifically are increasing. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there were 19.6 million?refugees worldwide?in 2017, up from 9.9 million in 2012.? In 2017, children under the age of 18 represented just over half (52 percent) of the?refugee population. The top-five?origin countries for refugees?in 2017 were Syria (6.3 million), Afghanistan (2.6 million), South Sudan (2.4 million), Myanmar (1.2 million), and Somalia (986,400).How U.S. Refugee Admissions Numbers Are DeterminedThe President, in consultation with Congress, determines the numerical?ceiling for refugee admissions?each year. The State Department and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) are the primary agencies that assess the viability of different refugee populations for admission, as well as the capacity of U.S. government officials to process them. For Fiscal Year (FY) 2019, the?ceiling?was set at an all-time low of 30,000, down from the previous all-time low of 45,000 set in FY 2018? — although the number of refugees admitted in 2018 was only half of that number (22,415)The largest share of refugees who came to the United States during FY 2018 were from Africa, followed by the Near East/South Asia, East Asia, Europe, and Latin America/Caribbean.? Specifically,46.5 percent (or 10,459) of all refugee arrivals came from Africa—compared to 31,624 in FY 2016 (the last year of the Obama administration).16.9 percent (or 3,797) of all refugee arrivials came from Near East/South Asia, a region that includes Iraq, Iran, India, Syria, and Egypt—compared to 35,555 in FY 2016.? 16.3 percent (or 3,668) of all refugee arrivals came from East Asia—a region that includes China, Vietnam, and Indonesia—compared to 12,518 in FY 2016.16.1 percent (or 3,612) of all refugee arrivals came from Europe—compared to 3,957 in FY 2016.4.2 percent (or 955) of all refugee arrivals came from Latin America/Caribbean—compared to 1,340 in FY 201623114080645Figure 1: Refugee Admission Ceiling and Refugees Admitted, FY 2008-2019*Refugee Admissions into the United States Have Declined Dramatically Under the Trump AdministrationThe prospects for refugees hoping to resettle in the United States changed abruptly in 2017. In January of that year, President Trump signed an?executive order?that suspended the entire U.S. refugee admissions program for 120 days. In addition, the Trump administration suspended indefinitely the entry of Syrian refugees into the country and lowered the FY 2017 refugee admissions ceiling from 110,000 (set under the Obama administration) to 50,000. The admissions ceiling was lowered to 45,000 in 2018 (with fewer than 50 percent admitted) and again to 30,000 in 2019.This pause in refugee resettlement was meant to give DHS and the State Department time to conduct a security review of the application and adjudication procedures for refugee admissions.? The refugee program did?resume—with the exception of nationals from?11 countries?(Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Mali, North Korea, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen) who were subject to an additional 90-day travel ban.? The ban and its subsequent iterations continued and were repeatedly challenged in court until June 2018, when the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the third iteration of the ban.?By the end of Calendar Year (CY) 2017, the U.S. government had resettled about 33,000 refugees, while other nations collectively resettled a total of 69,000. When the?population size?of the nations in which refugees are resettled is taken into account, Canada was the resettlement leader in CY 2017 at 725 refugees resettled per one million residents, followed by Australia (618), and Norway (528). In comparison, the United States resettled 102 refugees per one million U.S. residents.22860099060Noteworthy Facts and Statistics by Region/Country?Central African RepublicSince 2013, nearly 1 million men, women and children have fled their homes in desperation, seeking refuge within mosques and churches, as well as in neighboring countries (Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad and the Republic of the Congo).Central AmericaIn recent years, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras have experienced a dramatic escalation in violence by organized criminal groups, locally called maras.Current homicide rates are among the highest ever recorded in the region.The number of people fleeing for their lives from Central America has grown by ten times in the past five years.90% of asylum-seekers in Mexico are from NTCA countries.EuropeThe ongoing conflict and violence in Syria, Iraq and other parts of the world is causing large-scale displacement and refugees are seeking safety beyond the immediate region.The lack of an increased number of legal pathways leaves so many people fleeing persecution with few choices, including many trying to reunite with family members in Europe.?More than 1.4 million people to take their chances aboard unseaworthy boats and dinghies in a desperate attempt to reach Greece, Italy and Spain en route to Europe since 2015.Iraq?More than 3 million Iraqis have been displaced across the country since the start of 2014 and more than 240,000 are refugees in other countries, including Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Germany.South SudanSince December 2013, brutal conflict in South Sudan has claimed thousands of lives and driven 3.3 million people from their homes. While an estimated 1.9 million people remain displaced inside the country, 2.2 million have fled as refugees to neighboring countries in a desperate bid to reach safety.?Uganda currently hosts the most South Sudanese refugees, having taken in more than 1 million people.Syria?Syrians continued to be the largest forcibly displaced population in the world, with 13 million people at the end of 2018. That’s more than half of the Syrian population.?More than 5 million people have fled Syria seeking safety in Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan and beyond. In Lebanon, where more than 1 million Syrian refugees reside, there are no formal refugee camps and approximately 70 percent of Syrian refugees live below the poverty line.In Jordan, over 660,000 Syrian refugees are trapped in exile. Approximately 80% of them live outside camps, while more than 140,000 have found sanctuary at the Za’atari and Azraq refugee camps. 93% of refugees in Jordan live below the poverty line.Rohingya Refugee EmergencyAs of?April 2018, an estimated 671,000 Rohingya children, women and men have fled to Bangladesh escaping violence in Myanmar since August 25, 2017.The Rohingya are a stateless Muslim minority in Myanmar. The vast majority of Rohingya refugees are women and children, including newborn babies. Many others are elderly people requiring additional aid and protection.The Rohingya refugee crisis is the fastest growing crisis in the world.UkraineTwo and a half years of conflict has left more than 1 million Ukrainians displaced from their homes, including 66,000 people with disabilities.?300,000 others have sought asylum in neighboring countries.YemenFighting in Yemen, already one of the poorest countries in the Middle East, has severely compounded needs arising from long years of poverty and insecurity.Nearly 20 million Yemenis need humanitarian assistance. Those forced to flee their homes are especially at risk. Over 2 million people now languish in desperate conditions, away from home and deprived of basic needs. The situation is so dire that 1 million displaced Yemenis have lost hope and tried to return home, even though it is not yet safe.OTHER HISTORICAL EXAMPLESCUBA3881120-297180The U.S. had regarded emigrants from Cuba as political refugees since the 1959 revolution that brought the Communist government of Fidel Castro to power. Under Castro’s leadership, the Cuban government took control of privately owned banks, factories and farms, and political opponents of the government were jailed. In the years immediately following the revolution, more than 600,000 Cubans were admitted to the United States. The largest number settled in southern Florida, where they have become prominent in the region’s economy and politics.A second flood in Cuban emigrants reached the United States in 1980, when Fidel Castro suddenly decided to permit political prisoners, criminals and mental patients to leave the country. More than 125,000 Cubans left within a few weeks to seek political asylum in the US, a migration stream that became known as the “Mariel Boatlift.” US officials were unprepared for the sudden influx of Cuban immigrants. Most were processed at Key West and transferred to camps. Beginning in 1987, the US agreed to permit 20,000 Cubans per year to migrate. 0139065HAITI Shortly after the 1980 Mariel Boatlift from Cuba, several thousand Haitians also sailed in small vessels for the United States. Under the dictatorship of Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude (Baby Doc) Duvalier, the Haitian government persecuted its political opponents at least as harshly as did the Cuban government, but the United States government drew a distinction between the governments of the two neighboring Caribbean countries and disallowed migrants, claiming they were migration for economic advancement rather than political asylum. However, the Haitians brought a lawsuit against the United States government, arguing that if Cubans were admitted, they should be too. The government settled the case by agreeing to admit Haitians. Why were migrants from Cuba considered refugees? Describe the Mariel Boatlift:Why weren’t Haitians originally let into the US as refugees?320040040640VIETNAMThe Vietnam War ended in 1975 when Communist-controlled North Vietnam captured South Vietnam’s capital of Saigon (since renamed Ho Chi Minh City). The US evacuated Saigon several thousand people who been closely identify with the American position during the war and who were, therefore, vulnerable to persecution after the Communist victory. Thousands of other pro-US South Vietnamese who could not fit on American evacuation helicopters tried to escape by boat (so-called boat people), by drifting into the South China Sea, hoping to be saved by the US Navy. Us naval officers could not take many aboard, because it was unfair to all those waiting elsewhere to be admitted as refugees. A second surge of Vietnamese boat people began in the late 1990s. Their most population destinations ere Malaysia, Hong Kong and Thailand, but many of these countries turned them away (Vietnam had faded and they no longer viewed boat people as refugees). According to an international agreement, most of the Vietnamese boat people who were judged refugees were transferred to other places, especially the US, Canada, Australia and France. In all, 800,000 Vietnamese people had reached the US since the end of the Vietnam War, another 1 million in other countries. Vietnam remains a major source of immigrants to the US, but the pull of economic opportunity is now greater than the push of political persecution. Why were some Vietnamese considered refugees after the Vietnam War?Who were the boat people?How has the nature of migration (push/pull factors) changed since the Vietnam War? ................
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