From Stephanie 2/23/05



CHAPTER 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS

The purpose of the chapter is to provide a description of the situation of respondents of reproductive age in the country. This information is useful for understanding the context of the reproductive and health status of women and men. Percent distributions of various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are shown for the full sample. The main background characteristics that will be used in subsequent chapters on reproduction and health are age at the time of the survey, marital status, broad education levels, urban/rural residence, region and, the wealth quintile to which respondents belong. In addition, information is provided on employment and work status.

This chapter should also provide insights on the meaning of major characteristics of survey respondents in the context of the country, and non-DHS explanatory information should be brought in to complement and expand the DHS data.

Besides a better understanding of many social and demographic phenomena discussed in the following chapters, this general description of the population is useful for assessing the economic and social development of the country and its regions.

| |Tableau 3.1 Caractéristiques sociodémographiques des enquêtés | |

| |Répartition (en %) des femmes et des hommes de 15-49 ans selon certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE]| |

| | |Femme |Homme | |

| |Caractéristique |P|

| |sociodémographique |o|

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| |Note : Le niveau d’instruction correspond au plus haut niveau d’instruction atteint, qu’il ait été achevé ou non. | |

| |na = non applicable. | |

| | | |

Table 3.1 shows a description of the basic characteristics of the women and men interviewed in the survey and provides the background for interpreting findings presented later in the report. The variables included in Table 3.1 are illustrative. Other variables of interest for the population surveyed may be added to the table.

In Table 3.1 marital status is separated into five subcategories. In most tables the categories “married” and “living together” are combined and referred to collectively as “currently married” and in all other tables in this report the categories “divorced/separated” and “widowed” are combined into a single category.

For surveys involving a weighted sample, both the weighted and unweighted number of cases for each category should be included in Table 3.1. For such surveys only the weighted number of cases will be shown in all subsequent tables. However, all tabulations should be prepared on the unweighted as well as the weighted data files in order to determine the total number of cases in the relevant population subgroups since no statistics should be presented for subgroups including fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

| |Table 3.2.1 Niveau d’instruction : Femmes | |

| |Répartition (en %) des femmes de 15-49 ans en fonction du plus haut niveau d'instruction atteint ou achevé et nombre médian d'années | |

| |d'instruction achevées, selon certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| | |Plus haut niveau d’instruction | | | | |

| |Caractéristique sociodémographique |S|

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| |1 A achevé avec succès X classes du niveau primaire. | |

| |2 A achevé avec succès Y classes du niveau secondaire. | |

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This chapter provides an opportunity to discuss the relationship among the background variables used in later tabulations.

Of particular importance are possible differences in the educational attainment of women from different age groups, wealth quintiles, urban/rural residence and regions. Some understanding of how these factors relate to each other will facilitate later interpretation of differentials. Table 3.2.1 shows how women classified by age, wealth quintile, residence, and region are distributed according to educational attainment. X and Y in the footnote refer to the number of grades required to complete that level and each is country specific.

In an all-woman sample (as opposed to a sample of ever married women), data in this table should be similar, but not necessarily identical, to data in Table 2.4 for the same age groups. Differences may occur because of non-response in the women’s questionnaire and different responses on education and age in the household and women’s questionnaires.

Table 3.2.2 shows the corresponding results for men.

| |Tableau 3.2.2 Niveau d’instruction : Hommes | |

| |Répartition (en %) des hommes de 15-49 ans en fonction du plus haut niveau d'instruction atteint ou achevé et nombre médian d'années d'instruction achevées, | |

| |selon certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| | |Plus haut niveau d’instruction | | | | |

| |Caractéristique sociodémo |S|

| |graphique |a|

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| |1 A achevé avec succès X classes du niveau primaire. | |

| |2 A achevé avec succès Y classes du niveau secondaire. | |

| | | |

| |Tableau 3.3.1 Alphabétisation : Femmes | |

| |Répartition (en %) des femmes de 15-49 ans par niveau d'instruction atteint et niveau d'alphabétisation et pourcentage de femmes alphabétisées selon | |

| |certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| | | |Pas d'instruction ou niveau primaire | | | |

| |Caractéristique |N|

| |sociodémographique |i|

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| |1 C'est-à-dire les femmes qui ont, au moins, fréquenté l'école secondaire et celles qui peuvent lire une phrase entière ou une partie de phrase. | |

| | | |

In Table 3.3.1, the level of literacy is based on the women’s ability to read all, part, or none of a sentence in the language in which she is likely to be able to read if the she is literate.

The questions assessing literacy are asked only of respondents who have not attended school or have attended only primary school. It is assumed that those who attended at least secondary school are literate.

In DHS surveys, two variables can provide information about literacy. Respondents are 1) asked to read a simple sentence about everyday life, and 2) asked their highest grade or year of schooling completed. Although literacy is a complex construct, triangulating among these three measures allows some understanding of the likelihood of a woman being literate. Literacy is widely acknowledged as benefiting both the individual and society and, particularly among women, is associated with a number of positive outcomes, including intergenerational health and nutrition benefits.

The last column on percent literate excludes from the denominator respondents for whom no card with the required language was available, and respondents who are blind/visually impaired, since their literacy cannot be gauged.

Table 3.3.2 shows the corresponding results for men.

| |Tableau 3.3.2 Alphabétisation : Homme | |

| |Répartition (en %) des hommes de 15-49 ans par niveau d'instruction atteint et niveau d'alphabétisation et pourcentage d’hommes alphabétisés selon | |

| |certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| | | |Pas d'instruction ou niveau primaire | | | |

| |Caractéristique sociodémographique |N|

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| |1 C'est-à-dire les hommes qui ont, au moins, fréquenté l'école secondaire et ceux qui peuvent lire une phrase entière ou une partie de phrase. | |

| | | |

Tables 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 include data for MDG Indicator 2.3, “Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds,” and MICS4 Indicator 7.1, “Literacy rate among young women.”

| |Tableau 3.4.1 Exposition aux média : Femmes | |

| |Pourcentage de femmes de 15-49 ans qui, habituellement, lisent un journal, regardent la télévision et/ou | |

| |écoutent la radio, au moins, une fois par semaine, selon certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, | |

| |[PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| |Caractéristique sociodémographique |L|

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| |Pourcentage d’hommes de 15-49 ans qui, habituellement, lisent un journal, regardent la télévision et/ou | |

| |écoutent la radio, au moins, une fois par semaine, selon certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, | |

| |[PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| |Caractéristique sociodémographique |L|

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| |Répartition (en %) des femmes de 15-49 ans en fonction du fait qu'elles travaillent ou non, selon certaines caractéristiques | |

| |sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| | |A travaillé au cours des 12 mois | | | | |

| | |ayant précédé l'enquête | | | | |

| |Caractéristique sociodémographique |T|

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| |1 "Travaille actuellement" concerne les femmes qui ont travaillé au cours des sept derniers jours, y compris celles qui n'ont pas | |

| |travaillé au cours des sept derniers jours mais qui ont un emploi régulier et qui étaient absentes parce qu'elles étaient en congé,| |

| |malades, en vacances ou pour d'autres raisons. | |

The corresponding question in the new core questionnaire has changed. Currently employed is now defined as having worked in the last seven days.

Like education, employment can be a source of empowerment for women, especially if it puts them in control of income. The measurement of women’s employment, however, is difficult. The difficulty arises largely because some of the work that women do, especially work on family farms, family businesses or in the informal sector is often not perceived by women themselves as employment, and hence not reported as such. To avoid underestimating women’s employment, the DHS ask women several questions to probe for their employment status and to ensure complete coverage of employment in both the formal or informal sectors. Respondents are asked a number of questions to elicit their current employment status and continuity of employment in the 12 months prior to the survey. Employed women are those who say that they are currently working (i.e., worked in the past 7 days) and those who worked at any time during the 12 months prior to the survey. Additional information is also obtained on the type of work women are doing, whether they worked continuously throughout the year, whom they worked for, and the form in which they received their earnings, in cash or in kind.

As Figure 3.1 reveals, some women are currently employed, others worked in the past 12 months but are not currently employed, and others did not work in the past 12 months.

Results on employment status of men are presented in Table 3.5.2.

| |Tableau 3.5.2 Emploi : Hommes | |

| |Répartition (en %) des hommes de 15-49 ans en fonction du fait qu'ils travaillent ou non, selon certaines caractéristiques | |

| |sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| | |A travaillé au cours des 12 mois ayant | | | | |

| | |précédé l'enquête | | | | |

| |Caractéristique sociodémographique |T|

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| |1 “Travaille actuellement" concerne les hommes qui ont travaillé au cours des sept derniers jours, y compris ceux qui n'ont pas travaillé au | |

| |cours des sept derniers jours mais qui ont un emploi régulier et qui étaient absents parce qu'ils étaient en congé, malades, en vacances ou | |

| |pour d'autres raisons. | |

| | | |

| |Tableau 3.6.1 Occupation : Femmes | |

| |Répartition (en %) des femmes de 15-49 ans ayant eu un emploi au cours des 12 mois ayant précédé l'enquête par type d'occupation, selon certaines | |

| |caractéristiques sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| |Caractéristique |C|

| |sociodémographique |a|

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| |Répartition (en %) des hommes de 15-49 ans ayant eu un emploi au cours des 12 mois ayant précédé l'enquête par type d'occupation, selon certaines | |

| |caractéristiques sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| |Caractéristique |C|

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| |Répartition (en %) des femmes de 15-49 ans ayant eu un emploi au cours des 12 mois | |

| |ayant précédé l'enquête en fonction du type de rémunération, du type d'employeur et | |

| |de la régularité de l'emploi, selon le secteur agricole et non-agricole, [PAYS, | |

| |ANNÉE] | |

| |Caractéristique |Travail |Travail non |Ensemble | |

| |de l’emploi |agricole |agricole | | |

| |Type de revenu | | | | |

| |Argent seulement | | | | |

| |Argent et en nature | | | | |

| |En nature seulement | | | | |

| |Pas rémunérée | | | | |

| |Manquant | | | | |

| | | | | | |

| |Total |100,0 |100,0 |100,0 | |

| | | | | | |

| |Type d'employeur | | | | |

| |Employée par un membre de la famille | | | | |

| |Employée par quelqu'un qui n'est pas | | | | |

| |membre de la famille | | | | |

| |Travaille à son propre compte | | | | |

| |Manquant | | | | |

| | | | | | |

| |Total |100,0 |100,0 |100,0 | |

| | | | | | |

| |Régularité de l'emploi | | | | |

| |Toute l’année | | | | |

| |Saisonnier | | | | |

| |Occasionnel | | | | |

| |Manquant | | | | |

| | | | | | |

| |Total |100,0 |100,0 |100,0 | |

| |Effectif de femmes ayant eu un emploi| | | | |

| |au cours des 12 mois ayant précédé | | | | |

| |l’enquête | | | | |

| | | |

| |Note : L’ensemble comprend les femmes dont l'information sur le type d'emploi est | |

| |manquante et qui ne sont pas présentées séparément. | |

| | | |

Table 3.7 shows the percent distribution of women who have worked at any time during the 12 months preceding the survey by the type of earnings women receive (cash, in-kind, or both), type of employer, and the continuity of employment and how this varies by type of employment (agricultural or non-agricultural).

| |Tableau 3.8.1 Assurance médicale : Femmes | |

| |Répartition (en %) des femmes de 15-49 ans par type d'assurance médicale, selon certaines caractéristiques | |

| |sociodémographiques, [PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| |Caractéristique |S|

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| |Répartition (en %) des hommes de 15-49 ans par type d'assurance médicale, selon certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, | |

| |[PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| |Caractéristique |S|

| |sociodémographique |é|

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| |Pourcentage de femmes de 15-49 ans qui fument des cigarettes, la pipe ou qui | |

| |consomment du tabac sous d'autres formes, selon certaines caractéristiques | |

| |sociodémographiques et selon qu'elles sont enceintes et qu'elles allaitent, | |

| |[PAYS, ANNÉE] | |

| | |Consomme du tabac | | | |

| |Caractéristique |Ciga-re|Pipe |Autre |Ne consomme |Effectif | |

| |sociodémographique |ttes | |tabac |pas de tabac |de | |

| | | | | | |femmes | |

| |Groupe d’âges | | | | | | |

| |15-19 | | | | | | |

| |20-24 | | | | | | |

| |25-29 | | | | | | |

| |30-34 | | | | | | |

| |35-39 | | | | | | |

| |40-44 | | | | | | |

| |45-49 | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Maternité, Allaitement | | | | | | |

| |Enceinte | | | | | | |

| |Allaite (non enceinte) | | | | | | |

| |Ni l’un, ni l’autre | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Milieu de résidence | | | | | | |

| |Urbain | | | | | | |

| |Rural | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Région | | | | | | |

| |Région 1 | | | | | | |

| |Région 2 | | | | | | |

| |Région 3 | | | | | | |

| |Région 4 | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Niveau d’instruction | | | | | | |

| |Aucun | | | | | | |

| |Primaire | | | | | | |

| |Secondaire | | | | | | |

| |Supérieur | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Quintile de bien-être économique| | | | | | |

| |Le plus bas | | | | | | |

| |Second | | | | | | |

| |Moyen | | | | | | |

| |Quatrième | | | | | | |

| |Le plus élevé | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Ensemble | | | | | | |

Tobacco use during pregnancy increases the risk of having a small or low birth weight baby. Smoking or other use of tobacco also affects women’s health and may adversely affect their children’s health, especially in terms of vulnerability to respiratory illness. The above table ascertains the prevalence of use of various tobacco products among women and, for cigarette smokers, the number of cigarettes smoked in the last 24 hours.

Since use of multiple tobacco products may be reported by a respondent, the percentages using the different tobacco products may sum to more than 100 percent.

In most countries, the number of women who smoke cigarettes will be too small to analyze by background characteristics. The totals from the following working table should be included in the text:

|Tableau de |Nombre de cigarettes dans les dernières 24 heures | | |

|travail | | | |

| |0 |1|

| | |-|

| | |2|

| |Pourcentage d’hommes de 15-49 ans qui fument des cigarettes, la pipe ou qui consomment du tabac sous d'autres formes, et répartition (en %) des fumeurs de | |

| |cigarettes par nombre de cigarettes fumées au cours des 24 heures ayant précédé l’enquête, selon certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, [PAYS, | |

| |ANNÉE] | |

| |Consomme du tabac | | |Répartition (en %) des hommes qui fument des cigarettes par nombre de cigarettes fumées dans les dernières 24 heures | | | | | |Caractéristique sociodémographique |Ciga-rettes |Pipe |Autre tabac |Ne consomme pas de tabac |Effectif d’hommes |0 |1-2 |3-5 |6-9 |10+ |Ne sait pas/ Manquant |Total |Nombre de fumeurs de cigarettes | | | |Groupe d’âges | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |15-19 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |20-24 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |25-29 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |30-34 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |35-39 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |40-44 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |45-49 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Milieu de résidence | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Urbain | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Rural | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Région | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Région 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Région 2 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Région 3 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Région 4 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Niveau d’instruction | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Aucun | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Primaire | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Secondaire | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Supérieur | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Quintile de bien-être économique | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Le plus bas | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Second | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Moyen | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Quatrième | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Le plus élevé | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ensemble 15-49 | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |50-54[59] | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | | |Ensemble 15-54[59] | | | | | | | | | | | |100,0 | | | |

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