Conseil Ouest et Centre Africain pour la Recherche et le ...
West and Central African Council for agricultural Research in Africa (WECARD)
WORLD BANK
WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMME
PEST AND PESTICIDES MANAGMENT PLAN
REPORT
Consultant :
Dr Djibril Doucouré
ddouc60@; ddouc@refer.sn
January 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive summary: 7
Introduction: 9
I Presentation: 11
I-1 Brief presentation of the programme area 11
1-1-1 Burkina Faso 11
1-1-2 Ghana 12
1-1-3 Mali 13
1-1-4 Senegal 14
I-2 Methodology used to draft the plan: 16
II Political framework: 16
III: Regulatory framework and institutional capacity 17
3-1: Regulatory framework 17
3-1-1 Senegal 17
3-1-2 Burkina 17
3-1-2 Burkina 18
3-1-3 Mali 19
3-1-4 Ghana 19
3-2 The institutional framework 21
3-2-1 Senegal 21
3-2-2 Mali 23
3-2-3 Burkina Faso 24
3-2-4 Ghana 25
IV The issue of pests in agriculture and the health sector 27
4-1 Agricultural background 27
4-2 The main pests: 32
4-3 Public health context: Malaria 34
4-4 Epidemiological situation of malaria: 35
V Pest management approach: pesticides and alternatives 36
5-1 Controlling pesticides used in crop protection: 36
5-2 Strategies developed for pest control: 37
5-2-1 Preventive combat 37
5-2-2 Curative combat 37
5-3 Management approach to combat malaria 38
VI. Management and use of pesticides 38
6-1. Production and importation of pesticides 38
6-2 Commercial policy on pesticides: 40
6-3 Organisation and practice used in selling and distribution: 41
6-4 Use of pesticides by farmers: 43
6-5 Management of pesticides containers: 43
6-6 Pesticides use and management to fight against mosquitoes: 43
6-7 Accidents resulting from pesticides: 44
6-8 Environmental assessment of management systems: 45
VII Action plan: 46
7-1 Initiatives and actions planned in ongoing projects 46
7-1-1 The Projects with some initiatives on pesticide 46
7-1-2 The projects with pests and pesticides management plans: 48
7-1-3 Conclusion 50
7-2 Actions to be carried out in the framework of the national programmes (PASAOP, PSAOP, AgSSIP, PAFASP) 50
7-2-1 Strengthening capacities in pesticides management 50
7-2-2 Mastery of the environment surrounding pesticides 50
7-2-3 Supporting malaria control: 51
7-3 Actions to be carried out in the framework of the WAAPP: 51
VIII Stakeholders and their role in the implementation: 51
IX Partnership framework for the implementation: 55
X Monitoring and assessment of implementation of the plan 55
10-1 Monitoring: 55
10-2 Evaluation 56
XI Forecast budget 56
Bibliography: 57
Annex 1: People met 58
Annex 2 : List of pesticides authorised by CSP march 1994 – march 2005 60
Annex 3 : Pesticides authorised and banned in Ghana December 1st 2006 EPA 66
Annex 4 : Pesticides of the Agreement of Rotterdam and Stockhom 70
Annex 5 : Maximal limits of residues of pesticides ( LMR) fixed by the Europeen Union and applicable to the French bean 71
Annex 6 : Senegalese standard (APNS - 03 - 024) on the residues of pesticides in and on fruits and vegetables 72
Annex 7 : Pesticides authorized by the Sahelian Committee of pesticides ( CSP) in vegetable farming 74
TABLES
Tableau 1 : Baseline data on Burkina 11
Tableau 2 : Baseline data on Ghana 12
Tableau 3 : Baseline data on Mali 13
Tableau 4 : Baseline data on Senegal 15
Tableau 5 : A few International Agreements signed by the WAAPP countries 21
Tableau 6 : Cereal production in Senegal: 27
Tableau 7 : Evolution of off season vegetables in Senegal (expressed in tons) 28
Tableau 8 : Evolution of surface areas cultivated with off season vegetables in Senegal (in ha) 28
Tableau 9 : Evolution of fruit productions in Senegal (in tons) 28
Tableau 10 : Fruits and vegetables exports in Senegal between 1996 and 2002 (in kg) 29
Tableau 11 : Volumes and prices of vegetables and fruits exports in Senegal 29
Tableau 12 : Production achieved with some crops in Ghana: 1995 – 2005 in thousands of tons 30
Tableau 13 : Cultivated surface areas GHANA: 1995 – 2005 (in thousands of ha.) 30
Tableau 14 : Volume of main agricultural exports between 1996 and 2004 in Ghana (Mt.) 31
Tableau 15 : Value of main exports: 1996-2004 (US $ ‘000) 31
Tableau 16 : Evolution of productions between 2000 and 2004 in tons in Burkina 31
Tableau 17 : Evolution of surface areas in (ha) cultivated with cereals (2000 – 2004) in Burkina 32
Tableau 18 : Production (in tons) and average surface areas (in ha) cultivated (2000 – 2005) in Mali 32
Tableau 19 : Evaluation of production losses due to enemies of crops in Senegal 33
Tableau 20 : Pests of some crops: 34
Tableau 21 : Evolution of the primary causes of mortality in Senegal in % (1997 - 2001) 36
Tableau 22 : Cases of malaria in Ghana from 2003 to 2005 36
Tableau 23 : Types of formulations by industrial unit in Senegal 39
Tableau 24 : CIF Value of pesticides in billions of CFA in Senegal 39
Tableau 25 : Importation of agro-chemical products in Ghana (Mt) 40
Tableau 26 : Importation of Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides in Mali 40
Tableau 27 : Retail price of pesticides in Senegal 40
Tableau 28 : Importation is equally facilitated through tax reductions in Mali. 41
Tableau 29 : Plant care products purchased by DHPS (Source: DHPS, 2006) 44
Tableau 30 : Situation of people trained as at December 31, 2005 48
Tableau 31 : Activities planned in the framework of the PSAOP and PAFASP pests and pesticides management plan 48
Tableau 32 : Activities planned in the framework of the PGIRE pests and pesticides management plan 49
Tableau 33 : The Role of stakeholders 53
Abbreviation List
AgSSIP : The Agricultural services sub sector Programme
APCAM : Permanent Assembly of Chambers of Agriculture of Mali
ANSSA : National Agency for Food Security and Safety
ANCAR : National Agricultural and Rural Board
APV : Provisional Sale Authorization
APE : Environmental Protection Agency
CAF : Cost Insurance and Freight
CEPS : Customs, Tax and prevention Services
CDH : Centre for Horticultural Development
CDEAO : West African States Community
CERE-Locustox: Ecotoxicological Research Centre in the Sahel
CIPV :International Convention for Crop Protection
CION : Integrated Pest Control
CSP : Sahelian Pesticides Committee
CNCR : National consultation Board for Farmers
CNGPC : National Committee for Chemical Products Management
CONACILSS :National Coordination Office of the Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel
CSS : Senegalese Sugar Manufacturing Company
CEP : Farmer Field School
CILSS : Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel
CMDT : Malian Company of Cotton Fibre Manufacturing
CNGP : National Committee for Pesticides Management
CSCOM : Community Health Centre
DEEC : Environment and Classified Establishments Directorate
DP : Powder for Dusting
DPV : Plant Protection Directorate
DPVC : Plant Protection and Packaging Directorate
DRDR : Regional Directorate for rural Development
DHSP : Public Health and Safety Department
DPLM : Prevention and Disease Control Department
DNACPN : National Water Sanitation, Pollution Control and Nuisance Directorate
DNS : National Health Directorate
DNCC : National Directorate for Trade and Competition
DNA : National Agriculture Directorate
DRA : Regional Agriculture Directorate
DGRC : General Directorate for Control and Regulation
EISMV : Interstate School for Veterinary Science and Medicine
EC : Emulsifiable concentrated solution
FAO : World Food Programme
FRP : Booting out Malaria
WFO : World Food Organization
FPMN : Federation of Vegetable Growing Farmers of the Niayes
GIPD : Integrated Pest and Production Management
HOM : Registration
ISRA : Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research
IPM : Integrated Pest Management
LCV : Central Veterinary laboratory
LNS : National Health Laboratory
LIV : Integrated Vector Control
LMR : Maximum Residue Value
MABSA : Ministry of Agriculture, Biofuels and Food Security
MEA : Ministry of environment and Water Sanitation
MTV : Vector Transmitted Diseases
MoFA : Ministry of Food and Agriculture
NIMP : International Standards for Plant Protection Measures
ONG : Non Governmental Organizations
OP : Farmers’ Organizations
OPV : Crop Protection Office
OMS : World health Organization
OMS/AFRO :WHO West Regional Office
ORSEC : Organization of Relief Services
PASAOP : Agricultural Services and farmers’ Organizations Support Programme
PPAAO : Agricultural Productivity Programme in West Africa
PNLP :National Programme to Combat Malaria
POP : Persistent Organic Pollutants
PRODIMAL : The Insecticides Manufacturing Company In Mali
PIC : Prior Information and Consentment Principle
GDP ; Gross Domestic Product
PROSEM : Plant Care Products and Seeds
PO : Operational policy
PNAE : Environmental National Action Programme
PPRSD : Plant protection Directorate and regulatory services
RBM : Roll Back Malaria (FRP)
SGH : Harmonized General System
SMPC : The Company of Chemical products of Mali
SAED : Company for the Development and exploitation of the Delta
SENAGRO : The Senegalese Company for agriculture
SENCHIM : The Senegalese Company for Chemicals
SOCAS : The Senegalese Agricultural Trading Company
SOCHIM : The Industrial chemicals Company
SODAGRI : The Agricultural Development Company
SODEFITEX : The Senegalese Cotton Fibre Development Company
SPIA : The Industrial and agricultural products Company
STP : Permanent Technical Secretariat
THA : African Trypanosomiasis
VAT : Value Added Tax
UE : European Union
ULV : Ultra Low volume
USAID : United Stated Agency for International Development
UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme
VALDAFRIQUE: Formulation Unit of Valda products
WHO : World Health Organization
WHOPES : World Heath Pesticide Evaluation Scheme
Executive summary:
The most important share of the population of Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal and Ghana works in the agricultural sector and mainly in agriculture which contributes significantly in the GDP of each country. However this sector experiences other limiting factors apart climate related constraints, such as pests’ attacks at various levels which result in the use of chemical pesticides. These countries are also confronted at sanitary level with a major problem i.e. malaria which calls for the implementation of the anti-vector fight in association with therapeutic methods.
There is a whole set of legal texts integrating or based exclusively on chemical products including plant protection products in these countries because of the governments’ early awareness of the likely environmental and health impact of unsafe pesticides use. Thus, integrated control is used as a strategy to control agricultural pests and also for environmental protection. As regards malaria the strategy of treated mosquito nets has been used for years for the target populations (pregnant women and children under five) in combination with medicine-based prevention and occasionally home treatments.
However, the implementation of these texts by many stakeholders including technical ministries and their agencies in particular is hindered by financial difficulties that translate into the lack of logistical means.
Therefore, the current pesticides management practices especially in the fight against agricultural pests cause major problems that can worsen with the implementation of the West African Agricultural Productivity Programme which aims at improving productivity through research incentive in high quality centres. This system may indeed if successfully implemented, indirectly encourage an increased use of pesticide products with potential adverse health and environmental impacts. Indeed, it is noticed overall that in spite of the efforts made with the help of training programmes and projects, pesticides are not used according to security standards due to several factors including mainly the lack of supervisory staff with adequate means, the users’ slow changes of attitudes etc. The products are sold by retailers in unsafe conditions and used without any protection and empty containers used for other purposes.
At the light of the analysis of the situation of pesticides management, the key actions to be carried out are the following ones:
▪ Capacity building particularly through training on the use of pesticides and alternative methods for crop protection departments, farmers, resellers
▪ Raising the awareness of all interested parties on sound management practices
▪ Designing strategies for the disposal of empty containers
However, the WAAP programme is oriented on research activities and will in last resort be focussed on on-farm tests by research institutions before wider dissemination the scope of which depends on buy in rate from farmers. Consequently the WAAP does not cover production that justifies the increased use of pesticides as the indirect result of the WAAP.
Consequently the proposed action plan concerns the complementary activities to the ongoing programmes (PSAOP (Senegal), PASAOP (Mali), AgSSIP (Ghana), PAFASP (Burkina)) that include pest and pesticides management plans or pest and pesticides management components and also the testing the results of research in farms.
The pest and pesticides management plan is thus oriented towards the strengthening of capacity building in pesticides management through the training of customs officers, resellers, their census, the monitoring of pesticides using data banks, the support to programmes to combat malaria, awareness raising for the use of small capacity containers for pesticides, the purchase of protective and spraying equipment for farmers working in pilot farms including their training on pesticides use.
The implementation of the plan is mostly dependant on the activities planned by the national programmes. Pilot activities on farms are tied to the development of research activities. Consequently, the implementation of the plan depends on these parameters.
The overall monitoring will be ensured by the implementation committee set up in the framework of the national programmes. However, the person in charge of following up the impacts in WECARD will periodically go on follow up visits during which he will be informed on progress of the implementation of the activities planned in the national programmes including on those managed by the WAAP which fall under the responsibility of WECARD
The assessment of the activities is conducted by the system set up by the national programmes.
The impact monitoring officer based in WECARD will be informed by the national programmes on their assessment schedules to allow him take part in these. He will capitalize on these visits in order to assess the WAAP activities in pilot farms.
The estimated budget of us$24000 was built to only finance the capacity building activities and the farmer protection in pilot farms. The other activities mentioned in this plan will be funded by the national programmes while the monitoring will rest on WECARD.
Introduction:
The West Africa Agricultural Productivity programme (WAAPP) is designed to last 12 years and includes 3 phases. The first 4 years phase concerns Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana. Ultimately it will involve all ECOWAS member countries.
The programme development objective is to enhance agricultural productivity through the improvement of agricultural technology dissemination at national and regional levels. The development objectives of phase 1 are as follows:
• The promotion of the building of high quality centres for technology generation and disseminations in West Africa (TGD).
• The strengthening of the coordination mechanisms for technology generation and dissemination at regional level.
The aim of the project is to contribute to the strategic objectives of the Global Environment Fund operational programmes on biodiversity, climate change and soil degradation while contributing gradually to the setting up of regional excellence centres and regional cooperation mechanisms in the area of biosecurity or soil and water management and also through the strengthening of the capacity of national institutions to adopt the regional approach.
The implementation of some activities of the Programme, the adoption of agricultural intensification technologies can whether directly or indirectly:
• encourage the use of pesticides or increase the quantity of already used ones in agricultural activities ;
• Induce pesticides use needs or other control methods owing to the growth of disease vector insect populations and the development of preventive activities against diseases like malaria and pest population growth.
However, the use of pesticides or other non integrated methods in the context of vector and/or damaging insect control may cause, depending on their nature and method use, social, health and environmental damages that can delay the attainment of the Project goals.
Thus, in line with the World Bank safeguard policy OP 4.09, Pest Management, this Plan was prepared to ensure the sound use of pesticides for pest control within the framework of the WAAPP.
The aim of this policy is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods to reduce dependence on synthetic and chemical pesticides, and ensure that health and environmental risks associated with pesticides are reduced. In world Bank-funded agricultural projects, pests are controlled through Integrated Management approaches such as biological control, farming practices and the development and use of resistant varieties or those tolerant to damaging pests.
The World Bank can finance the acquisition of pesticides when their use is justified in within the framework of integrated management approach and the below mentioned pesticide selection criteria met:
▪ The purchase of a pesticide in a World Bank funded project is subject to an evaluation of the nature and degree of the associated risk.
▪ The pesticide selection and use criteria :
(a) The unimportant negative impact on human health.
(b) To have demonstrated their efficiency when used against target species;
(c) To have a minimal effect on non target species and the natural environment.
(d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of the ability to develop resistance to pesticides;
▪ Pesticides must be prepared, packed, handled, stored, disposed of and used according to standards acceptable to the World Bank.
▪ The World Bank does not finance formulated products belonging to the World Health Organisation IA and IB Classes or Classes II formulations if:
a) When the country has no (regulatory or legal) provisions imposing restrictions to their distribution and use or
b) If they might be used by or accessible to the people applying them, agricultural or other workers with no adequate training, equipment and infrastructure for handling, storing and properly applying these products.
One of the objectives of this Plan is to assess the regulatory framework of the countries involved in order to promote and support the safe, efficient and rational pest and pesticides management, and to include safeguard proposals in the Project.
The plan is made of several parts:
- The first chapter is a brief description of the countries involved in the first phase of the WAAPP;
- The second chapter is a presentation of the political context;
- The third chapter with the regulatory and institutional framework of pesticides management;
- Chapter 4 is about the agricultural sector with the main pests and presents the malaria problem;
- Chapter 5 is concerned with activities conducted to control pesticides and strategies developed to fight against agricultural pests and Malaria vectors;
- Chapter 6 reviews the state of pesticides management from their import through their use by farmers before analyzing the environmental impacts of practices;
- Chapter 7 deals with the global actions to be carried out which constitute the management plan;
- Chapter 8 lists the different stakeholders as well as their role I the implementation of planned activities
- Chapter 9 deals with the partnership framework in the implementation in order to make optimal use of the management of the management plan,
- Chapter 10 is focussed on the monitoring and assessment of the plan implementation.
- Chapter 11 deals with the management plan financial aspects and includes the budget estimate for planned activities.
I Presentation:
I-1 Brief presentation of the programme area
1-1-1 Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso is a West African Country limited in the north and the west by Mali, in the east by Niger, in the South by Togo, Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. Its surface area is 274 200 sq. Km.
Burkina Faso is mainly an agricultural country, and its GDP is dependent on agricultural production which is dependant on climate vagaries, the modes of production and technologies. Overall, 90% of the production lies on agriculture and cattle breeding both of which account for about one third of the GDP.
The agricultural sector contributes for about 40% in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with 80% made of exports and it employs about 86% of the working population. Agriculture is extensive, insufficiently mechanised with the limited use of input and a prevalence of small family farms. Ever since the 1972 – 1973 drought, the country has faced considerable grain deficits so that it can hardly achieve self sufficiency in food supplies even in normal years. Food crops account for 80% of farmlands (millet, sorghum, corn mainly) and cotton is the main cash crop. In 1998 agriculture accounted for about 60% of export earnings.
On the other hand, Burkina Faso has subsistence agriculture. Most products are self-consumed except for rice, peanuts, vegetables and fruits which are commercialised.
Livestock breeding is based on extensive exploitation of natural resources (pasturelands) with a limited use of agricultural and industrial by products. Livestock and meat are the second cash generating sectors. The cattle and meat industry is the second source of foreign currency after cotton and accounts for 25% of total exports and contributes on average for more than 10% of GDP.
The north region is the transhumant livestock breeding area by excellence, completed by the semi arid sub humid zone where the rather sedentary type cattle breeding activities are managed by agri-farmers.
Tableau 1 : Baseline data on Burkina
|Official designation Burkina Faso |
|Capital City |Ouagadougou |
|Surface area |274 200 Sq km |
|Main cities (population) |
|Ouagadougou |709 736 (1996) |
|Bobo-Dioulasso |309 771 (1996) |
|Demography |
|Population |13 228 460 (estimate 2003) |
|Growth rate of the population |2,60 p. 100 (estimate 2003) |
|Population density |48 inhabitants by Sq km estimation |
|Urbanization | |
|Urban population |17 p. 100 (estimate 2001) |
|Rural population |83 p. 100 (estimate 2001) |
|Life expectancy | |
|Total |44,5 years (estimate 2003) |
|Women |45,9 years (estimate 2003) |
|Men |43 years (estimate 2003) |
|Infant mortality rate |100 p. 1 000 (estimate 2003) |
|Literacy rate | |
|total |26,6 p. 100 (estimate 2003) |
|women |16,6 p. 100 (estimate 2003) |
|men |36,9 p. 100 (estimate 2003) |
|EconomY |
|Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |2 486 million dollars (2001) |
|GDP per in habitant (U.S.$) |220 (2001) |
|GDP by economic sector | |
|GDP: Share held by agriculture |38,2 p. 100 (2001) |
|GDP: Share held by the industry |20,7 p. 100 (2001) |
|GDP : Share held by services |41,1 p. 100 (2001) |
|exports : Cotton , gold, animal husbandry products |
|Importation : machinery and metallic products , oil products, foodstuff |
|Main export partners are the EU countries (mainly France ) Taïwan, Côte d’Ivoire |
|Main import Partners are the EU countries (mainly France), Côte d’Ivoire, Japan |
|Industries and services : mining operations (manganese, gold), food processing (flour-mills, oil producing industries , sugar cane |
|processing plants, breweries, refrigerator slaughterhouses, textile, cigarettes |
|Agriculture: staple crops: groundnuts, sugar cane, karite butter, sesame, cotton. Food crops: sorghum, millet, maize, rice. Animal |
|husbandry: poultry, caprines, bovines, ovines. Artisanal fishing in rivers. |
|Natural resources : manganese, gold, bauxite, antimony, limestone, copper, nickel, phosphates |
Source : Encyclopedia Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2004. © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
1-1-2 Ghana
Ghana is located between latitudes 4° 44’ and 11° 15’ in the north and longitudes 3° 15’ in the west 1° 12’ in the east. Its total surface area is 238,539 sq km. It is bound at the east by the Republic of Togo, at the west by Côte D’Ivoire and Burkina Faso. It is bound at the south by The Gulf of Guinea. Ghana has 18, 9 million inhabitants (census of the population and habitat of 2000) with a growth rate of 2,7%.
The country is subdivided into ten (10) administrative regions: Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Volta, Upper East, Upper West and Western. There are 138 districts which represent the basic administrative units.
The economy of Ghana is dominated by agriculture which significantly contributes to GDP, employment, exports and food security.
Agriculture and animal husbandry employ 55% of the active population and those people operate on a total cultivable surface area of about 12% out the total country surface area and account for 70 % of the labour force.
Cocoa is the main cash crop and occupies 40% of arable lands. It accounts for 75% of agricultural exports.
Tableau 2 : Baseline data on Ghana
|Official designation |Republic of Ghana |
|Capital city |Accra |
|Surface area |238 500 km² |
|Main cities (population) |
|Accra |1 904 000 (estimate 1999) |
|Kumasi |399 300 (estimate 1990) |
|Tema |180 600 (estimate of 1990) |
|Tamale |151 100 (estimate 1988) |
|Sekondi |116 500 (estimate 1990) |
|Demography |
|Population |20 467 747 (estimate 2003) |
|Growth rate of population |1,45 p. 100 (estimate 2003) |
|Population density |86 habitants by sq km by estimation |
|Urbanisation | |
|Urban population |36 p. 100 (estimate of 2001) |
|Rural population |64 p. 100 (estimate of 2001) |
|Life expectancy | |
|total |56,5 years (estimate 2003) |
|women |57,4 years (estimate 2003) |
|men |55,7 years (estimate 2003) |
|Infant mortality rate |53 p. 1 000 (estimate 2003) |
|Literacy rate | |
|total |74,8 p. 100 (estimate of 2003) |
|women |67,1 p. 100 (estimate of 2003) |
|Men |82,7 p. 100 (estimate of 2003) |
|Economy |
|Gross Domestic Product (PIB) |5 301 million dollars (2001) |
|PIB per capita (U.S.$) |270 (2001) |
|GDP per economic sector | |
|GDP : share of the agriculture |35,9 p. 100 (2001) |
|GDP: share of the industry |25,2 p. 100 (2001) |
|GDP: share of services |38,9 p. 100 (2001) |
|Exports : cocoa, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminium |
|Imports : oil, consumption goods, foodstuffs, equipment goods |
|Main export partners: Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Japan |
|Main import partners: The United Kingdom, The United States , Germany, Japan |
|Industries and services : mines, timber sale, light industry, aluminium, food processing industry |
|Agriculture: Cocoa is the main cash crop. Other crops: rice, coffee groundnuts, maize, cassava, karite butter, timber |
|Natural resources : gold, timber, diamonds, bauxite, manganese, poissons, rubber. |
Encyclopedia Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2004. © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
1-1-3 Mali
Mali has a total surface area of 1 241 248 Sq m. It is bound at the north by Mauritania and the Algerian Sahara, at the East and at the South East by Niger, in the South by Burkina Faso, Côte D’Ivoire and Guinea and at the West by Senegal over some 7000 kilometres.
Two third of the country is arid and semi desertic. The country is not very hilly and is flat in its great majority; It is a country of plains and plateau. The average altitude is 500 mm. Between latitudes 10° South and 20° North and longitude 120° West and 4,5° East.
The population of Mali is estimated at 11, 5 million inhabitants in 2005 out of which 50,5 % are women. The demographic growth rate is of 2,2%. The majority of the population live in rural areas i.e. 73%. However, the urban population growth rate is more important, a 4,1 % annual growth rate compared to 1,4 % in rural areas. The population is very young and the below 15 years account for 46,1 % of the total population.
The economic activity is highly dominated by the primary sector which employs 83,4 % of the working population. The secondary and tertiary sectors employ respectively 4,1 and 12,5% of the working population.
During these last ten years, the agricultural production has significantly increased. The dry cereal growing industry has seen his production rise strengthening thus the exports to foreign markets particularly to those of the sub region. In 1998, Mali was part of the main cotton exporting countries (with 500.000 tons of cotton grains).
Tableau 3 : Baseline data on Mali
|Official designation |Republic of Mali |
|Capital city |Bamako |
|Surface area |1 240 192 Sq km |
|Main cities (population) |
|Bamako |1 083 000 (estimate 1999) |
|Segou |107 000 (1998) |
|DEMOGRAPHY |
|Population |11 626 219 (estimate 2003) |
|Growth rate of the population |2,82 p. 100 (estimate of 2003) |
|Density of the population |9,4 habitants per Sq km which is an estimation |
|Urbanization | |
|Urban population |31 p. 100 (estimate of 2001) |
|Rural population |69 p. 100 (estimate of 2001) |
|Life expectancy | |
|total |45,4 years (estimate of 2003) |
|women |46,2 years (estimate of 2003) |
|men |44,7 years (estimate of 2003) |
|Infant mortality rate |119 p. 1 000 (estimate of 2003) |
|literacy rate | |
|total |46,4 p. 100 (estimate of 2003) |
|women |39,6 p. 100 (estimate of 2003) |
|men |53,5 p. 100 (estimate of 2003) |
|EconomY |
|Gross Domestic Produc (GDP) |2 647 million dollars (2001) |
|GDP per capita (U.S.$) |240 (2001) |
|GDP per economic sector | |
|GDP: share of agriculture |37,8 p. 100 (2001) |
|GDP: share of the industrial sector |26,4 p. 100 (2001) |
|GDP : share of services |35,9 p. 100 (2001) |
|Exports: cotton, cattle, gold. |
|Imports : industrial and transport equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals and oil products |
|Main export Partners : French zone and Western Europe countries |
|Main import Partners: French zone and Western Europe countries |
|Industries and services : mining activities (phosphates, salt, gold ), cotton industry , food processing industry (sugar, beer) |
|Agriculture: food crops: millet, rice, sorghum, maize. Cash crops: cotton, groundnuts, sugar cane, animal husbandry (bovines, ovines, |
|caprines, poultry) is an important activity. Fishing, practiced in the River Niger inland Delta which is the biggest in Africa. |
|Natural resources: gold, silver, gypsum, marble, gem stones, limestones There are phosphate kaolin, salt, uranium, bauxite, iron, |
|manganese, tin, diamond and copper deposits, but they are not well exploited. |
Encyclopedia Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2004. © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
1-1-4 Senegal
Senegal is situated at the western most part of Africa. With a surface area of 197 000km2 and a west coastline of about 400 kilometers on the Atlantic Ocean from Saint Louis to Cap Rouge. Senegal is bounded in the North by Mauritania, in the East by Mali, by Guinea and Guinea Bissau in the South and Gambia as well, which is an enclave of about fifteen kilometers along each bank of the River and separates the South of Senegal from the North.
Senegal is divided into 11 administrative regions, 67 communes, 34 departments, 103 french arrondissements and 324 rural communities.
In 2005, the population of Senegal was estimated at 11.1 million inhabitants, or an average population density of 58 inhabitants per square kilometer. However, the greater part of the population is concentrated on the coast and the groundnut cultivation belt in the centre. At the beginning of the 1990s, the annual population growth was 3.3 %. In 2005, life expectancy was 55 years for men and 59 years for women.
Arable lands represent 27 % of the area surface. Agriculture, which is the principal economic activity in the rural areas, contributes 10% to the GDP. Confined for a long time to traditional agricultural practices with means of production of very low performance, is a source of living for more than 60% of the Senegalese population. It is characterized by a reduction in productivity and the consequence is substantial revenue reduction for the farmers. In fact, this activity is conditioned by rainfall, which is characterized by its late arrival and sometimes very long pauses, which raises doubts about productions.
This state of dependence of the activity on climatic hazards made the authorities adopt new agricultural policies, putting emphasis on diversifying operations such as maize, sesame, cassava, cotton, beans, water melon and beref in order to, on the one hand, improve food security, and on the other hand fight poverty in the rural areas.
Senegal is one of the major groundnut producers, cultivated in the sandy soils of the centre but which is more and more colonizing the succulent land of Casamance. Efforts at diversification focusing especially on market gardening for export and the development of the delta of Senegal have brought about an expansion of tomato, rice and sugar cane cultivation. In 2004, the annual production figure was 465 000 tons for groundnuts, 648 426 tons for millet, 189 787 tons for sorghum and 231 805 tons for rice.
Tableau 4 : Baseline data on Senegal
| Official designation |Republic of Senegal |
|Capital |Dakar |
|Surface area |196 722 Sq km |
|Main cities (population) |
|Dakar |2 079 000 (estimate 2000) |
|Thies |216 381 (estimate1994) |
|Kaolack |193 115 (estimate 1994) |
|Ziguinchor |161 680 (estimate 1994) |
|Saint-Louis |132 499 (estimate1994) |
|DeMOGRAPHy |
|Population |10 580 307 (estimate 2003) |
|Rate of population growth |2,56 p. 100 (estimate 2003) |
| Population density |54 inhabitants per sq km (estimation) |
|Urbanization | |
|Urban population |48 p. 100 (estimate 2001) |
|Rural population |52 p. 100 (estimate 2001) |
|Life expectancy | |
|total |56,4 years (estimate 2003) |
|women |58 years (estimate 2003) |
|men |54,8 years (estimate 2003) |
|Infant mortality rate |58 p. 1 000 (estimate 2003) |
| Literacy rate | |
|total |40,2 p. 100 (estimate 2003) |
|women |30,7 p. 100 (estimate 2003) |
|men |50 p. 100 (estimate 2003) |
|Economy |
|Gross domestic product (GDP) |4 645 million dollars (2001) |
|GDP per capita (U.S.$) |480 (2001) |
|GDP by economic sector | |
|GDP : share of agriculture |17,9 p. 100 (2001) |
|GDP : share of industry |26,9 p. 100 (2001) |
|GDP : share of services |55,2 p. 100 (2001) |
|Exports : groundnuts and derivatives, fresh and tinned fish, petroleum, products, phosphates, textiles |
|Imports : crude oil, food products (wheat and side products rice, dairy products), industrial and transport equipment, basic |
|manufactured products, chemical products |
|Principal export partners : France and other countries of the European Union (Netherlands, Italy), India, Mali |
|Principal import partners : France and other EU countries (Italy, Spain), Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire, Algeria, United States |
|Industries and services : mining operation (phosphates), petroleum refining, agro-alimentary (groundnut oil, refined sugar, tinned |
|fish and flour), cement production, shoes and textiles, fertilizer and pesticides, tourism |
|Agriculture: Principal crops: groundnuts, millet, sugar cane, maize, sorghum rice, cotton, cassava, sweet potato, tomato, vegetables. |
|Fishing (fishes and crustaceans) |
|Natural Resources: phosphates, titanium, zirconium, iron mineral. |
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I-2 Methodology used to draft the plan:
The plan is drawn up on the basis of field visits in the four countries, institutional meetings with the main stakeholders particularly the relevant ministries concerned with pests and pesticides, documentary review of which the elements were obtained from several actors. More particularly documents on national pests and pesticides management plan projects from member countries concerning the support to production chains or farmers form the basis of the work.
II Political framework:
Among the efforts made to ensure self-sufficiency/food security, which remains a national priority in many African countries and more especially Burkina, Mali, Ghana and Senegal, a special emphasis has been laid on the search for techniques to combat enemies of crops effectively and other livestock parasites, which are major constraints to the development of the agricultural sector. In actual fact, increase in agricultural production is cardinal objective in the government policies of these countries. However, losses incurred before and after harvesting due to ravagers, diseases and weeds represent a significant constraint in agricultural production and food self-sufficiency.
During the meeting of the Council of Ministers held in Ouagadougou in April 1977, the member countries of the Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (ICDC) namely Senegal, Burkina and Mali approved the project entitled “Research and Development on the Integrated control of the main pest enemies of subsistence crops in the Sahel countries” (FAO 1987) and approved adopted an integrated control policy for the agricultural sector.
This project, financed by USAID and managed by the (ICDC) was implemented in the member States from 1980 to 1986 with the technical support of FAO. It made it possible to have a better knowledge of enemies of the principal subsistence crops in the Sahel, of relations between the moments when these enemies were spotted and the losses they caused as well as control methods.
Pilot actions were conducted on millet from 1985 in seven (ICDC) countries in order to test the applicability of available results for this cereal in rural areas (Dembélé, 1990). This project equally offered the opportunity to reinforce the countries in human and material means for a good conduct of research activities and development of integrated control. During the implementation of the integrated control, an approach based on economic threshold prevailed for a long time. The current trend conceptualized for developing countries is to prioritize the participatory approach.
The use of pesticides occupies the first place in the pest combat and presently initiatives are being multiplied to regulate the selling and use of pesticides particularly in West Africa ((ICDC) /Common Regulation on Pesticides Control). In animal health, pesticides meant for checking insects and animal diseases contribute a lot in maintaining their good health generally despite the low level of use.
Nonetheless, the commercial policy and the price levels applied do not encourage unrestrained use of pesticides and the search is now actively directed at biological combat, integrated combat as an alternative to the use of chemical pesticides. The integrated combat offers a large space for the use of bio-pesticides, better adapted cropping methods and plant materials resistant to diseases and which, in principle, should result in a more moderate utilization and better targeted chemical products. Operators of this policy are both Government establishments and those from the civil society.
III: Regulatory framework and institutional capacity
3-1: Regulatory framework
Each of the countries in accordance with its needs has developed a stout regulatory framework concerning the management of pests and pesticides. It is however worthy of note that the texts are still suffering from insufficiency in taking overall charge of the subject and at the application level.
3-1-1 Senegal
|Pesticides regulation is based on law N° 84-14 of February 02 concerning the control of agro-pharmaceutical specialties and assimilated |
|specialties and decree N° 84-503 of 02 May 1984 on the enforcement of the said law. It is equally necessary to note that decree N° 47-47|
|of April 22, 1971 regulating packaging system used for conditioning agricultural pesticides formulated in Senegal. Other decrees were |
|taken within the pesticides management framework in Senegal. The concerned decrees are: |
|Decree N°. 05381 of 20th May 1985, setting the components and organizational rules of the National Commission in charge of granting |
|Authorizations for Agro-pharmaceutical Specialties and Assimilated Specialties; |
|Ministerial order N° 10777 of August 4, 1992 on the creation of a proceeds collection department in the Ministry of Rural Development |
|and Water for the control of Agro-pharmaceutical and Assimilated Specialties; |
|Decree N° 000149 of January 11, 1994 establishing the nomination of the administrator of the state agency named Control of |
|Agro-pharmaceutical Specialties and Assimilated Specialties; |
|Inter-ministerial N° 10390 of 02 December 1994 fixing the amount for getting an authorization license for Agro-pharmaceutical |
|Specialties and Assimilated Specialties. |
| |
|In addition to the decree that helped set up the National Authorization Commission, the other three decrees should ensure and complete |
|the smooth operation of the structure in charge of pesticides registration in Senegal. Other laws deal only partially with pesticides: |
|Law N° 2001-01 of 15th January 201 on the environmental code; |
|Prime Minister’s office decree N° 005161 of 26th May 1995 (National committee for Sustainable Development |
|Ministerial decree N° 000852 of 08 February 2002 (National Commission for the Management of Chemical products; |
|Catalogue of Senegalese Standards Edition 1996 (pesticides residues standards); |
|Ministerial order N° 3504/MEA dated 09 May 2001 for the creation of a “National Monitoring Committee of the programme for the promotion |
|of the specific quality (pesticides residues) of export fruits and vegetables. |
|Draft decree on regulating the use of biological control products and bio-pesticides |
3-1-2 Burkina
|Decree N°.348-PRES-ECNA of 16/08/1961 establishing plant care controls and regulating the conditions for the importation and exportation|
|of vegetables, vegetable parts, vegetable or animal products and other materials entering and leaving the territory of the Republic of |
|Upper Volta. |
|Decree N°. 1- ECNA-DSA of 02/02/1962 restricting the importation and exportation of plants, parts of plants, vegetable products and |
|various materials capable of hosting parasites. |
|Decree N°. 04/CNR/AGRI-EL/SG/DGA of 28/01/1985 stating the nomenclature and tariffs of transfers and services likely to be offered by |
|the Plant Protection and Conditioning Department |
|Decree N°.99/377/PRES/PM/MS of October 2, 1999 on the creation of the Public Health National Laboratory |
|Law N°. 23/94ADP of 19th May 1994 on the public health code, chapter 2 |
|Decree N°. 03-478/PRES/PM/MS of 22nd September 2003 modifying decree No. 99-377/PRES/PM/MS of 28th October 1999 on the creation of the |
|National Public health National Laboratory (LNSP) |
|Law N°. 041/96 ADP of 8 November 1996 establishing the public health code in Burkina Faso. |
|Law N°. 006-98AN of 26th March 98 modifying Law No. 041/96/ADP of 8 November 1996 establishing pesticides control in Burkina Faso. |
|Decree N°. 98-472/PRES/PM/AGRI of 02 December 98 establishing the responsibilities, composition and operation rules of the National |
|Pesticides Control Commission (NPCC) |
|Decree N°. 98 - 481 /PRES/PM/MCIA/AGRI of 09 December 98 establishing the conditions for the issuance of free licenses for the |
|importation, sale, display for sale, storage, distribution of services in connection with pesticides. |
|Decree N°. 99-00041/MA/MEF of 13th October 1999 setting the pricing of the fixed rate applicable in the area of pesticide control. |
|Decree N°. 99-00042/MA/MEF of 13th October 1999 organizing the distribution of the proceeds generated by the fixed rate applicable in |
|the area of pesticides control |
|Decree No. 99-00045/PRES/PM/AGRI of 03 November 1999 on the nomination of the incumbent and acting members of the National Pesticides |
|Control Commission. |
|Decree N°. 94-014/PRES/PM/MICM/MFPL of January 06, 94 establishing the delivery of a National Compliance Certificate for consumption |
|goods in Burkina Faso; |
|Decree N°. 96-064/MCIA/MDEF/CFDE of 18th October 1996 setting the list of products requiring a National Compliance Certificate. |
|Law N°. 005/97/ADP of 30th January 1997 establishing the environmental code in Burkina Faso : Section 5 of the measures on pesticides |
|and fertilizing materials |
|Notice to importers of 17th July 1998. |
3-1-2 Burkina
|Decree n° 348-PRES-ECNA of August 16th 1961 ordering a phytosanitary control and regulating the import and export conditions of plants |
|parts of plants, products, animal products and other products entering or going out of the Republic of Upper Volta. |
|Order N° 1-ECNA-DSA of 02/02/1962 imposing restriction on plants, plant parts and plant related products imports that can contain pests.|
|Order n°1-ECNA-DSA of January 28th 1985 determining the list and prices of goods and services that can be provided by the Plant |
|Protection and Packaging Directorate. |
|Order N° 04/CNR/AGRI-EL/SG/DGA of January 28, 1985 setting the classification and sales price and services likely to be provided by the |
|Crop Protection and packaging Office. |
|Decree n°99/377/PRESS/PM/MS of October 2nd 1999 creating the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP) |
|Law n°23/94/ADP of May 19th 1994 creating chapter 2 of the Public Health Code; |
|Decree n°03-478 PRES/PM/MS of September 22nd 2003 modifying the decree n°99-377/PRES/PM/MS of October 28th 1999 creating the N.L.P.H = |
|National Public Health. Laboratory; |
|Law 041/96 of November 8 establishing pesticides control in Burkina Faso. |
|Law n°006-98/AN of March 26th 98 modifying law n°041/96/ADP of November 8, 1996 managing pesticide ordering in Burkina Faso. |
|Decree n°98-412/PRESS/PM.AGRI of December 02, 98 establishing the operation rules of the National Pesticides Control Committee for |
|(NPCC). |
|Decree n°98-481/PRESS/PM/MCIA/AGRI of December 9 , 1998 establishing the conditions of issuance of authorization for the import, sale, |
|storage, free distribution or the provision of pesticides related services |
|Order n°99-00045/PRES/PM/AGRI of November 3, 1999 appointing the permanent and temporary members of the National Pesticide Control |
|Committee. |
|Order n °99-00042/MA/MEF of October 13, 1999 governing the allocation of the proceeds from fixed rights enforceable in the area of |
|pesticides control. |
|Order n° 99-00045/PRES/PM/AGRI of November 03, 1999 nominating the permanent and temporary members of the National Pesticides Control |
|Committee. |
|Decree n°94-014/PRES/PM/MICM/MFPL of January 06, 94 establishing creation of a National Compliance Certificate for consumption products |
|in Burkina Faso. |
|Order n°96-064/MCIA/MDEF/CFDE of October 18, 1996 listing all the products that require a National Compliance Certificate. |
|Law n°005/91/ADP of January 30, 1991 creating the environmental Code in Burkina Faso – Section n°5 of measures on pesticides and |
|fertilizers. |
|Notice to importers of July 17, 1998. |
3-1-3 Mali
|The Constitution establishes the right for all to enjoy a healthy environment and stipulates in its 15th article that “ the protection,|
|safeguard of the environment as well as the promotion of the quality of life is the responsibility of all including the state” |
|Law 89-61/ AN-RM of September 2nd 1989 repressing the import and transit of toxic wastes. |
|Decree 90-353/PMR of August 08th 1990 defining toxic wastes. |
|Law 91-047/AN-RM of February 23rd 1991 on Environmental Protection and the living environment. |
|Decree 95-325/PRM of September 14th 1995 establishing the enforcement law 91-047/AN-RM of February 23, 1991 on environmental |
|protection; |
|Law 01-20/AN-RM of April 2001 on pollution and nuisances stipulating that the chemical substances that “are likely to pose a hazard for |
|human health or his environment are under the control of the ministries of environment and health”. |
|Decision 01-046/PRM of September 20th 2OO1 authorizing the ratification of the commonly shared regulations on pesticides by Interstates |
|Committee for drought control in the Sahel (ICDC) whose revised version was signed in NJAMENA on December 16th 1999. |
|Law 01-102/PRM of November 30, 2001 ratifying the decision 01 01-046/PRM of September 20, 2001 authorizing the ratification of the |
|regulations commonly shared by the CILSS member states on pesticides regulation (revised version) signed in Ndjamana on December 16, |
|1999. |
|Order 01-2699/MICT-SG listing prohibited import and export products including pesticides such as “Aldrine”, “Dieldrine”, “Endrine”, |
|“Nephtoclore”, “Chlordane”, hexachlorobenzen, Mirex Toxaphen, Polychlorobiphenyl and products not approved by the Sahelian Pesticide |
|Committee (SCP). |
|Law 02-14/AN-PR of June 3rd 2002 creating the approval and control of pesticides in the Republic of Mali: It sets the general principles|
|on imports, formulation, packaging or repackaging and storage of pesticides or pesticides control. |
|Order 02-306/PRM of June 03, 2002 setting the conditions for the enforcement of law 02-14/AN-PR passed on February 2002 establishing the|
|registration and control of pesticides in the republic of Mali. |
|Order -2669/MAEP-SG setting the conditions for the delivery of an authorization to pesticides resellers. |
|Decision 02-0674/MAEP-SG of November 18, 2002 appointing the members of the National Pesticides Management Committee. |
|Law 02-013 AN-PR of June 03, 2002 repressing the cases of non compliance to crop protection regulation. |
|Decree 02-305 regulating the protection of crops. |
|Decree 03.594/PRM of December 31, 2003 on environmental Impact assessments setting the EIA rules and procedures and define the private |
|and public projects whose implementation are likely to have some impact on the environment and that require to primarily conduct an EIA.|
|Order 05-106/PR of March 09, 2005 setting the organization and conditions for the operation of the Plant protection office. |
3-1-4 Ghana
|The law creating the Environmental Protection Agency (Act 490) of 1994. This law aims at controlling the volumes, types, components, |
|wastes effects or other sources of pollution elements or substances that are potentially dangerous for the quality of life, human health|
|and the environment through the issuing of environmental permits and pollution reduction notices. |
|The law on pesticides control and management of 1996 (Act (528) provides the rules, for recording, manufacturing, using disposing of and|
|non disclosure of the information, the classification, the granting of licence, the reporting, the labelling and pesticides inspections.|
| |
|These laws offer a framework for the management of all chemicals and pesticides including POPs. Among the other laws governing chemicals|
|in use in Ghana we can find: |
| |
|The Food and medicines Act, 1992, (PNDCL 305B) passed to control the manufacturing, importation, exportation, distribution, sale, use |
|and advertisement of foodstuffs, medicines, cosmetic products and domestic chemical products. |
|The act regulating plants, offices and shops, (Act 328) 1970 which aims at protecting the health and ensuring the security of workers |
|from hazards associated with chemical products in occupational areas. |
|The law establishing pest control and plant diseases prevention, 1985 (Act 307). |
|Decree establishing the prevention crop related damages 1968 (NLCD 245) |
|The regulation of the cacao business 1968 (NLCD 278). |
|The import and export law 1995 (Act 528). |
|The environmental assessment laws , 1999 (LI 1652) |
At sub regional level, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal are parties to the CILSS regulations establishing « the common regulation on pesticides registration of the CILSS countries». The Sahelian Pesticides Committee (SPC) located in Bamako is the backbone of the commonly shared regulation. In practice in supersedes national registration. It is a very important instrument in the national and joint management of pesticides.
The pesticides officially authorized in Senegal are those that have been granted Provisional Sale Authorization (PSA) or the REG by the Sahelian pesticides Committee (SPC) of Bamako (Mali). The SPC/CILSS registration request includes: A biological efficiency file, an environmental file, a physico-chemical file, an analytic, toxicological, a residue file and labelling and packaging file.
There is currently no valid licence request for the importation of pesticides, despite all the above mentioned legislative and regulatory arrangements. The draft bill relating to the management of chemicals in Senegal that follows the ratification of the agreement establishing «the common regulation on pesticides registration of the CILSS countries» provides for this prior authorization for pesticides import in Senegal.
The regulatory background even if very well provided for, is hampered by the definition of the management conditions within all the industry (primary storage, transport, secondary storage, use, containers disposal). However, LMR standards were defined. Thus, the transport and storage are not included in the SPC/CILSS file. But with the will clearly expressed by the government through the Ministry of the environment to enforce the Generalized and Harmonized labelling System (SGH) of chemical products this gap will be very soon filled. Generalized and Harmonized labelling System is a global and coherent approach that helps define and classify chemical hazards and inform users though labelling and security data filing. It is intended for workers, consumers, transporters, and emergency services (Anti poison centres, fire brigades, the ORSEC Plan, Civil protection staff). It would also be relevant that the order establishing the creation of the national Committee for Chemicals management be followed by the cancellation of the order 5381 of May 20, 1985 which had given power to the National Committee for the issuance of agri-phamaceutical and related products the power to register products in Senegal.
All the countries concerned by the PPAAO / WAAP are bound internationally by the main International Conventions in force in the CILSS member countries as indicated in the below mentioned table.
In Senegal, the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Information and Consentment Principle «PIC» and the Stockholm Convention on products recognized as Persistent Organic Pollutants «POP’S», both of which are related to pesticides and chemicals, were not supported by the national laws authorizing, prohibiting or restricting their use after the signature and ratification of the two Conventions. In other words, so far there is no law, order, decree or circular prohibiting a PIC pesticide or chemical or POPs on the national territory of Senegal. On the other hand, at the level of the SPC/CILSS, no pesticide targeted by these two Conventions is authorised for PAS and /or REG.
Tableau 5 : A few International Agreements signed by the WAAPP countries
|International Conventions |Burkina |Ghana |Mali |Senegal |
|Ethics code on the international trade of chemicals of April 1994 ; | | | |X |
|International Code of Conduct for the distribution and use of FAO pesticides |X |X |X |X |
|International Convention for the Protection of Crop (ICPC) 1999 |X | | |X |
|The Basel International Convention on the Transboundary movement of Hazardous Waste |X |X |X |X |
|of March 22, 1989; | | | | |
|African Convention on the prohibition of the import of all forms of hazardous waste |X | |X |X |
|and the transboundary control of similar wastes generated in Africa - the Bamako | | | | |
|Convention | | | | |
|The Rotterdam Convention on prior Information and Consentment Principle (PIC) |X |X | |X |
|The Basel Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s); |X |X |X |X |
|International standards for plant care measures (ISPM ) FAO | | | |X |
|London Guidelines applicable on information exchange on chemicals traded | | | |X |
|internationally UNEP/GC/17 ; | | | | |
|The Montreal Protocol | |X |X | |
3-2 The institutional framework
3-2-1 Senegal
a) The main stakeholders involved in pest and pesticides management
The institutional build-up for pesticides management lies mainly on three ministerial departments i.e.: the ministry of agriculture, bio fuels and food security, MABSA, of health and medical Prevention, of the environment and Nature Conservation.
The way the Ministry of Agriculture, Biofuels and Food Security is structured allows for two levels of intervention:
- An intervention structure at national level : The Plant Protection Directorate (DPV)
- Interventions structures at decentralized levels : The regional directorates in charge of rural development (DRDR)
The Plant Protection Directorate is responsible for the overall protection of crops in the whole country and she is supported in this by the different services such as the customs office, research institutions, universities, the agriculture training schools and the armed forces, etc… The Plant Protection Directorate provides technical and logistic assistance to the regional development companies in case of the occurrence of wide infestation of their cotton, tomato, rice, sugar cane farms etc…
The main mandate of the Plant Protection Directorate is first to prevent the introduction of new pests in the national territory as set in the CIPV provisions by setting up at the terrestrial, water and air boundaries phytosanitary control posts assigned the task of checking, controlling all plant and plant parts imports from other countries. The mandate consists in combating the pests that are already present on the national territory using efficient and safe chemical means that protect as much as possible the environment and the populations’ health, but also biological and natural means.
At regional level the DRDR are subdivided into departments among which we can find the Plant Protection Department. The Plant Protection office works in collaboration with the village control committees based in each village.
ANCAR is responsible for disseminating the techniques and technologies dissemination in the agricultural world. ANCAR, in partnership with the Plant Protection Directorate, the DRDR, SODEFITEX, the Council of Consultation with Farmers, SODAGRI, SAED, CERES-Locustox organized training and dissemination sessions for farmers in various areas ranging from past identification, prospection, phytosanitary spraying, dangers of pesticides for man and the environment, the importance of pesticides personal protective equipments, pesticides dosage, the technical and prior required conditions to pesticides application, etc….
Ministry of Environment and Nature Conservation: The environmental monitoring and control unit, hosted by the Environment, Classified Establishments and application of pesticides Directorate (DEEC); makes as assessment, and provides advice or even recommends a pesticide for use. The latter must already have got at the stage of Authorized product (PSA) or (REG) by the SPC/CILSS for it to be used in the country.
The Ministry of Health and Prevention: The National hygiene department is operational particularly as the regards the control of diseases carrying vectors (malaria, schistosomiasis); and the regional offices are operating in the regions.
Other stakeholders are operating within the circle of radius of the MABSA in order to ensure each on his side and area of responsibility compared to the prerogatives assigned a sound management of pests and pesticides (control, security of the populations) :
➢ The Home Ministry (the Civil Protection Directorate) is responsible for repressing, fighting and controlling toxic and hazardous products and also the risks threatening the citizens.
➢ The Ministry of Finance (The Customs Head Office) is responsible for controlling the entrance and exit of chemicals.
b) Subsidiary bodies:
The National Committee for Pesticides management which includes the pesticides, the other structures and institutions are straightforward members; they consist of: The Laboratory of Chemicals Analysis and Toxicology, The Chemistry and Medicine Directorate, The Senegalese Association for Standards, the Farmers National Consultation Board, the CERES-Locustox laboratory, The Civil Protection Directorate, The National Hygiene Office, The Customs Office, EISMV (the Interstate School for veterinary science and Medicine), The Association of Consumers, ISRA ( The Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research), The Industry Directorate, NGOS (CONGAD, Pan AFRICA), The labour and Social Security Directorate), ConaCILLS, the Oceanography and Fisheries Directorate, the Continental Fisheries and Aquaculture Directorate, and the Association of Pesticides Formulators and Distributors (Crop Life Senegal).
Some of these different offices have a control role such as for instance the laboratories, the other departments and institutions have prevention role towards the population, as regards environmental, health risks for farmers but also as regards the quality of the food I terms of pesticides residues availability. Others have a dissemination role of research results and those achieved by laboratories, and others training roles.
This institutional building has some limits that are situated at the level of the coordination problems between the different offices members to the National Pesticides Management Committee
c) The Infrastructures used for pesticides control
In Senegal there are a number of laboratories equipped and fit for purpose for the control of the quality of residue analyses, training and research. However, there is no state laboratory structure for the analysis and control of the quality of distributed pesticides.
- The Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy at the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar : This laboratory undertakes some analyses relating to areas such as microbiology, pesticides residues, heavy metals contained in drinking water, food, mycocytin and industrial wastes.
- The laboratory of Toxicological Pharmacy of the Interstate School for Veterinary Science and Medicine of Dakar. This Laboratory conducts the same activities as the Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology of the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar particularly applied to animals.
- The CERES/LOCUSTOX Residues Analysis Laboratory: It is an ecotoxicologic and phytopharmacy laboratory hosted by the Plant Protection Directorate and aims at meeting the analyses needs in the area of pesticides residues, ecotoxicologic studies and training. It hosts the Research Centre in ecotoxicology of the Sahel which plays a major role in the pesticides registration activity conducted by the SPC of the CILLSS and on pesticides residues standards of export horticultural products.
3-2-2 Mali
a) The main stakeholders involved in pests and pesticides management
The management of pesticides involves mainly the Ministry of the environment and water sanitation; the Ministry of Agriculture; and the Ministry of Health.
The Ministry of the environment and Water Sanitation
The main role of the Ministry of environment and Water Sanitation is to design the national policy and the state programmes in the field of environment and water sanitation.
In the National environmental Action Plan, the Interministerial Council (CI) proposes among other things environmental protection measures and ensures the International Conventions are implemented that have been ratified by Mali. The Advisory Committee (AC) which is made of the representatives of the National Directorate and NGOS ensure the national stakeholders tale part in the environmental management activities at national level. The Permanent technical Secretariat (PTS) ensure the CI, CC and Environmental National Action Plan decisions are implemented and monitored. The Pollution Control and Nuisance Directorate hosted by the National Water Sanitation, Pollution Control and Nuisances Directorate is responsible among other things for “ identifying environmental pollution and nuisance factors and to propose all the relevant measures that will help prevent, abate, or eliminate them”. The National Water Sanitation, Pollution Control and Nuisance Directorate is responsible for implementing the environmental impact assessment and audit procedures. She is also assigned the role of providing technical advice on all matters regarding pollutions and potentially polluting products.
The Ministry of agriculture
The Regulation and Control Directorate is in charge of managing the pesticides in Mali. The National Agriculture Directorate (NAD) is mainly concerned in pesticides management, particularly agricultural pesticides through the legislation, plant care and control Directorate responsible for: drafting laws, regulations and standards in the area of plant production, phytosanitary control, and agricultural inputs; to control the quality of agricultural inputs and agri-pharmaceutical products and ensuring their registration; to control the quality of the conditioning of products and agricultural foodstuff, to control the quality of plant crop seeds; to control the activities of the professionals involved in the sector.
The Plant protection office (PPO) has the mandate to ensure the implementation of the national plant protection policy. To this effect, it provides information and training various stakeholders (pesticides distributors, pesticides storekeepers, officers supervising farmers.
The Ministry of health (MH)
The Ministry of Health is involved in pesticides management, particularly through is programmes to combat diseases such as the programmes to combat malaria, schitomosiasis, onchocercocis, etc…. (HND). The officers of the Department in charge of public hygiene and salubrity (DHPS) and the National Health Directorate (DNS) are the implementing hand of the Anti Vector fight within the Ministry of Health. The Community Health Centres (CSCOM) are specialised units fin mosquito treating.
Other involved ministerial departments
Other ministerial departments are concerned by the management of pesticides:
• The Ministry of animal husbandry and Fishing: Through its control unit, the National veterinary Services Directorate and its support Unit, the Central Veterinary laboratory (LCV).
• The Ministry of Industry and Trade through its control structures being the National Trade and Competition Directorate and the National Industry Directorate
• The Ministry Of Economy and Finance through the Customs General Directorate.
• The National Food Safety Agency created by law 03-043 of December 30 2003. The ANSSA is a public owned establishment with scientific prerogatives which is responsible for coordinating all the food security related and the assessment of the risks that food can constitute for men and animals, food additives, and phytosanitary products residues.
b) The subsidiary bodies
The National Pesticides management Committee (CNGP): the National Pesticides Committee management (CNGP) has the responsibility to propose principles and general guidance for pesticide regulation; to decide on a list of pesticides prohibited for use, to propose to the Ministry of Agriculture all the measures likely to help standardize, define and set the conditions for pesticides use, to give advice on importations or authorizations requests.
c) Pesticides control infrastructures:
The National Health laboratory (LNS) and the veterinary Control Laboratory (LCV) make the analysis of the pesticides residues in food, soils and the water. They are not equipped to be able to identify active matters and concentrations.
3-2-3 Burkina Faso
The National Pesticides Management Committee – NPMC- was officially created on August 1st 2000 after the signature of decree N°98-472 du 02/12/98 and order N°99 -00045 of November 03, 1999. Assigned with the task of implementing the policy of the government in the field, she is made of the representatives of the administration, farmers’ organizations, consumers, distributors and NGOS. She has the core task of:
• The monitoring and evaluation of the legislation on pesticides,
• The study of the request for registration files;
• The monitoring and evaluation of the decisions and recommendations of the Sahelian Pesticides Committee.
• The study and provision of advice on the products relevant to the Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions.
• The checking of the registration of authorised, regulated and prohibited pesticides;
• The advice provided on pollution related issues associated with pesticides.
The Ministry of Environment and Life Quality is responsible for implementing the environmental policy of the government. She is organised by Decree n°2005-040/PRES/PM/MECV of January 03, 2005 around the following structures:
• At central level two (2) general Directorates being the general Directorate for Nature Conservation and the General Directorate for the Improvement of the Living Environment one of the Technical Directorate of which is the Environmental Assessments Directorate.
• At decentralised level, thirteen (13) regional Directorates, forty five (45) provincial Directorates, responsible for implementing the environmental policy at local and regional levels.
• A dialogue and coordination structure which is the Permanent secretariat of the National Council for Environment and Sustainable Development (SP-CONEDD). It is planned to create within this institution, a committee specialized in legislations and environmental assessments.
She is responsible for managing the International Conventions (PIC, POPs), and controlling the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessments.
Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Fisheries:
The Plant Protection and Packaging Directorate of this Ministry has in all the Country boundaries, rail stations ad at the International Airport of Ouagadougou, phytosanitary control posts that can help in the control of imports. The officers working in these posts are qualified and equipped to check the quality of both import and exports products. They also check the compliance of pesticides entered Burkina Faso and thus any expired, prohibited or non registered products by the SPC is sent back or distrained upon at entrance. Samplings are done for laboratory analysis in order to confirm the active substance content mentioned on containers.
The ministry of health:
The Ministry of Health is concerned by the Management of pesticides, mainly through its programmes to combat diseases such as malaria and schistomiasis, etc…
3-2-4 Ghana
The national institutional capacity for the safe management of chemicals is represented by the below mentioned institutions:
a) Environmental Protection Agency (APE)
The Environmental protection Agency next to some other institutions, research ad industrial institutions, has the mandate to regulate, coordinate and manage the environment. The functions of the NPE include:
• Edict standards and guidelines relating to air, water, and soil pollution and other forms of environmental pollutions including the discharge of toxic wastes and the control of hazardous waste.
• Promote research, the monitoring and analysis for environmental improvement and protection and the safeguard of safe ecologic systems in Ghana.
• Coordinate the activities in the ecosystems with the aims of controlling the generation, treatment, storage, transport and disposal of industrial waste.
In her position of unique regulator and manager of the environment the National environmental Agency has the following prerogatives:
- The registration of pesticides
- The limitation or banning of the use of a pesticide if necessary
- The granting of licences to all categories of pesticides’ resellers
- The levying of penalties.
b) The Ghana Standards Board (GSB)
The GSB has the full responsibility of ensuring the quality of the infrastructure including the metrology, the standards, the assessment and the Quality control (MSTQ). She ensures the goods and services are of acceptable quality for both local and international consumers. The Board makes routine analyses of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetables in order to facilitate the exportations of these products and also protect the public health and ensure safety.
c) The food and drug board (drugs)
The Board is also responsible for ensuring that any activity concerning chemicals be registered including, pesticides. Indeed, Section 18 of law 305B stipulates that no person will be allowed to manufacture, prepare, sell, export or import any type of chemical product unless the product has been primarily registered with the FDB. According to the above mentioned provision (Supply) no product can be imported in Ghana without is prior registration by the FDB, and the appropriate fees paid. The word “chemical product” is however, defined according to the law as “any product or mix of prepared products, sold or represented for use as a germicide, antiseptic product, disinfectant, pesticide, insecticide, rodenticide, vermicide or detergent. The agents of this structure are authorized tat any normal hour to pen, inspect any container or package, if they suspect it to contain any type of pesticide. They are also vested with the authority to seize such products.
d) The customs, Tax and prevention Office (CEPS)
The CEPS works in close collaboration with the EPA and reviews the EPA documents, certificates/licences to make sure they concern the importation of chemicals, plastics, meat and agro-chemical products. The importation reports of chemical products are submitted by the CEPS to the EPA on a three monthly basis. The CEPS staff are members to the various technical committees of the EPA including the hazardous waste committee, the pesticide technical Committee and other projects undertaken by the EPA. The CEPS is member of the national Coordination team of the Convention of Stockholm on the POPs.
e) The ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA)
The Ministry of Food and Agriculture is slight responsibility in the regulation of pesticides use in the country. The Crop Protection and Regulation Directorate (PPRSD) of the MoFA has the mandate to control or regulate specific farms products. The Ministry controls also the quality of agricultural inputs including pesticides ad is involved in the safe use of agricultural chemicals.
f) The National Information Centre on poisons
The National Information Centre on poisons has the following functions:
• Help health professionals in making diagnostics and managing intoxications by chemicals (including POPs), toxins, venons and drugs.
• Provide information to health professionals on the toxic effects of poisons
• Provide information to the public on prevention and the management of first aid in case of acute intoxication.
• Train the public on the devastating effects of chemicals on the environment
• Provide toxicological surveillance through the collection of data on chemical induced incidents, exposure and poisoning
• Organise training sessions on the prevention and management of cases of intoxication for public health inspectors and all authorized agents such as PPRDS.
IV The issue of pests in agriculture and the health sector
4-1 Agricultural background
The economy of the WAAPP countries is essentially agriculture driven and employs an important share of the population. The agricultural sectors contributed respectively for 17, 9% in Senegal 37,8 % in Mali, 35,9% in Ghana and 38,2% in Burkina Faso in the building of the gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the year 2001.
Agriculture is a particularly strategic area in the rural areas that still host the greatest majority of the total population of the concerned countries even though urbanisation is progressing at high speed due to the fact that she is in one hand the main area of activity and also of manpower intake for the population and on the other hand one of the main sources of revenue generation and satisfaction of the food needs of the populations.
The main crops are:
Senegal: groundnuts, millet, sugar cane, sorghum, rice, cotton, cassava, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, vegetables.
Mali: millet, sorghum, corn (food crops), cotton, groundnuts, sugar cane (cash crops)
Ghana: cocoa, rice, coffee, groundnuts, corn, Karité butter, timber.
Burkina Faso: groundnuts, sugar cane, karité butter, sesame, cotton, (cash crops), sorghum, millet, maize, rice, (food crops)
Cash crop agriculture is establishing itself more ad more via horticultural activities, cotton growing etc. The data on surface planted and farmed surface areas for Senegal ad Ghana confirm the dynamism of the sector and particularly as regards foreign currency generation. However the losses are still very high.
Tableau 6 : Cereal production in Senegal:
| |Millet |
| |1992 |
| |1992 |
| |1992 |
| |1995/96 |1996/97 |1997/98 |1998/99 |1999/00 |2000/01 |2001/02 |
|Green beans. Filet |309 000 |15 042 |280 734 |573 533 |1 148 640 |1 578 392 |1 240 712 |
|Green beans. Bobby |4 408 012 |3 305 518 |4 615 756 |4 774 581 |5 110 296 |3619 667 |4 479 248 |
|Tomatoe | |5 66 553 |511 435 |676 521 |616 501 |755686 |2 576 236 |
|Pepper |19 015 |771 |43 635 |33 079 |1 180 |838 |9 694 |
|Melon |396 023 |86 034 |91 586 |497 238 |61 983 |68 067 | |
|Okra |60 002 |79 365 |243 986 |39 695 |26 248 |406 385 |257 931 |
|Jaxatu |- |18 038 |42 683 |15 891 |12 0372 |125 025 |70 330 |
|Asparagus |- |- |- |- |236 |- | |
|Bissap |9 304 |15 090 |30 669 |7 832 |926 811 |312 037 |37 131 |
|Mangoe |200 080 |200 434 |350 342 |500 047 |371 977 |843 396 |2 051 721 |
|Onion |28 000 |- |- |- |7 456 |- |14 125 |
|potatoes |112 037 |22 500 |- |- |300 |- |1 065 |
|Hibiscus |- |- |13 100 |37 108 |671 907 |735 554 |335 688 |
|Egg plant |- |- |- |500 |- |150 350 | |
|Other |605 527 |463 212 |275 632 |402 975 |628417 |402 697 |51 256 |
|TOTAL |6 157 000 |5 013 857 |6 500 000 |7 559 000 |9 575 670 |8 998 094 |11 125 137 |
Tableau 11 : Volumes and prices of vegetables and fruits exports in Senegal
| |2000 |2001 |2002 |
|crops |Volume |Price |Volume |price |volume |price |
| |( kg ) |(f cfa/kg) |( kg ) |(f cfa/kg) |( kg ) |(f cfa/kg) |
|Breen bean. Filet |1 148 640 |1 800 |1 578 392 |1 800 |1 241 712 |1 800 |
|Breen bean. Bobby |5 110 296 |1 600 |3619 667 |1 600 |4 479 248 |1 600 |
|Tomatoe |616 501 | |755686 | |2 576 236 | |
|Pepper |1 180 | |838 | |9 694 | |
|Melon |61 983 | |68 067 | | | |
|Okra |26 248 | |406 385 | |257 931 | |
|Jaxatu |12 0372 | |125 025 | |70 330 | |
|Bissap |926 811 | |312 037 | |37 131 | |
|Mangoe |371 977 |1 250 |843 396 |1 250 |2 051 721 |1 250 |
|Onion |7 456 | |- | |14 125 | |
|Hibiscus |671 907 | |735 554 | |335 688 | |
|Egg plant |- | |150 350 | | | |
|OTHER |628 417 | |402 697 | |51 256 | |
Tableau 12 : Production achieved with some crops in Ghana: 1995 – 2005 in thousands of tons
|YEAR |1995 |1996 |1997 |1998 |1999 |
|CROP | | | | | |
| Groundnut |169 146 |301 092 |323 642 |358 121 |245 307 |
| sesame |7 390 |31 230 |14 706 |18 472 |11 794 |
| soja |3 475 |3 814 |2 533 |5 687 |2 473 |
| Beans |127 682 |376 225 |330 210 |456 600 |276 349 |
| yam |54 965 |70 669 |25 187 |35 487 |89 695 |
| Sweet potatoe |27 366 |41 646 |37 001 |28 511 |40 864 |
| Voandzou |21 979 |37 680 |36 246 |35 184 |27 848 |
| cereals |1 844 396 |3 109 093 |3 119 050 |3 559 839 |2 901 973 |
Source: MAHRH/DGPSA/DSA
Tableau 17 : Evolution of surface areas in (ha) cultivated with cereals (2000 – 2004) in Burkina
| |2000 |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |
| sesame |24 587 |60 921 |26 076 |30 945 |24 913 |
| soja |4 079 |2 922 |2 278 |4 941 |2 142 |
| Bean |27 098 |47 224 |50 191 |33 790 |42 427 |
| Yam |6 628 |10 171 |3 021 |2 955 |12 087 |
| potaoe |2 055 |5 311 |5 966 |2 143 |5 908 |
| voandzou |24 489 |32 240 |35 525 |35 193 |35 533 |
| cereals |2 661 304 |3 212 574 |3 308 690 |3 561 650 |3 084 961 |
| cotton |209 113 |345 578 |412 138 |443 739 |521 466 |
Source: MAHRH/DGPSA/DSA
Tableau 18 : Production (in tons) and average surface areas (in ha) cultivated (2000 – 2005) in Mali
| |Millet |Sorghum |
| |Average cultivation |Average rate of |Special observations|Average rate of |Average rate of |Special observations |
| |yield (in t/ha) |production loss due | |cultivation yield |production loss due | |
| | |to enemies | |(in t/ha) |to enemies | |
|Millet (Souna Sanio) |0.6 to 1,5 t/ ha |15 to 25 % | |0.6 to 1,5 t/ ha |30 to 45 % | scanty rainfall, heavy|
| | | | | | |locust invasion, |
| | | | | | |northern half almost |
| | | |Fairly good | | |without harvest |
| | | |rainfall, except for| | | |
| | | |frequent rainfalls | | | |
| | | |in October | | | |
|Millet (sorghum) |0,7 t to 2,5 t/ha |10 to 20 % | |0,7 t to 2,5 t/ha |15 to 30 % | |
|Maize |0,8 to 3 t/ha |12 to 25 % | |0,8 to 3 t/ha |30 to 40 % | |
|Rice | | | | | | |
|*Senegal River valley |3 to 5 t/ha |20 to 35 % | |3 to 5 t/ha |20 to 25 % | |
|*Planted out (Casamance) |1 to 2,5 t/ha |15 to 20 % | |1 to 2,5 t/ha |15 to 20 % | |
|Groundnut | | | | | | |
|* Kaolack |0,8 t to 2,2 t/ha |15 to 25 % | |0,8 t to 2,2 t/ha |20 to 30 % | |
|* Thiès - Diourbel |0,4 t to 0,6 t/ha |20 to 35 % | |0,4 t to 0,6 t/ha |40 to 60 % | |
|Beans |0,2 to 0,5 t /ha |10 to 15 % | |0,2 to 0,5 t /ha |30 to 60 % | |
|Cotton (Kolda, Velingara) |1,2 t to 3 t/ha |25 to 35 % | |1,2 t to 3 t/ha |30 to 40 % | |
|Tomato |20 to 35 t/ha |20 to 40 % |Cool dry season |20 to 35 t/ha |25 to 40 % |Off season crops |
| | | |having benefited | | |attacks by crickets |
| | | |from late October | | |here and there |
| | | |rains | | | |
|Onion |20 to 39 t/ha |10 to 20% | |20 to 39 t/ha |15 to 30 % | |
|Round cabbage |15 to 35 t/ha |25 to 40 % | |15 to 35 t/ha |20 to 35 % | |
|French bean |16 to 25 t/ha |15 to 25 % | |16 to 25 t/ha |20 to 30 % | |
In 2003-2004 in the northern half and in certain areas, production loss due to cricket attacks is almost 100%.
Several enemies of crops and according to the operations act ruthlessly in the WAAPP countries. In the CMDT area in Mali, several ravagers were noticed during the 2006-2007 operations. On cotton it is observed: phyllophages (Sodoptera caterpillar sp, Cosmophyla flava and Syllepte derogata); carpophages (Helvicoverpa armigera, Earias sp,Diparopsis watersi); stinging suckers (Aphis gossipii (green flies), Bermisa sp (white flies), Empoasca fascialis (jassides); diseases like floral Virescence. Concerning cereals, the mildew has been observed on millet and on maize striate while green flies have been identified on sorghum and Chrysomeles on millet. The table below gives an overall vision of pests living on some crops particularly in Senegal.
Tableau 20 : Pests of some crops:
|Crops |Pests and diseases |Control product or method |
|Short bean |Drills of cloves |Maruca testilalis |pyrethrinods (deltamethrin) |
| |Tomato noctua |Helico verpa armigera |idem |
| |Red spider |Tetranychus urticae |Abamectin, Endosulfan, sulphur |
| |Leaves miner |Liriomyzatrifolii |cyromazine, abamectin |
|Melon |Fruit fly |Didacus spp |Dimethoate, malathion, trichlorfon, imidaclopride, |
| | | |methomyl |
| |Cucurbit beatles |Henosepilchna elaterii |Dimethoate, malathion, trichlorfon, imidaclopride, |
| | | |méthomyl |
| |Greenflies |Aphis gossypii |Bifenthrin, imidaclopride, pyrethrinoïds (deltamethrin, |
| | | |lambda-cyhalothrin) |
| |Mildew |Pseudoperonospora |chlorothalonil, metalaxyl Resistant variety, maneb, |
| | | |mancozeb, chlorothalonil, metalaxy |
| |oïdium |Erysiphe cichoracearum |Triforine, sulphur, triadimefon |
|Tomato |Tomato noctua |Helico verpa armigera |Li : use of intervention thresholds binairy application |
| | | |baculovirus- deltamethrin, release of trichogrammes (egg |
| | | |parasites) |
| |Greenfly |Mysus persicae |Bifenthrin, deltamethrin, imidacloprid, |
| |White fly | |lambda-cyhalothrine, acephate, thiametoxame |
| |Tanned acariose |Aculops lycopersici |Abamectin, Endosulfan, cyhexatin, azoxyclotin, dicofol |
| |Le blanc |Leveillula taurica |Sulphur and triforin |
| |Fruit decay |Rhizoctonia solani |Captafol, metirame-zinc, manèbe, mancozèbe, |
| | | |chlorothalonil, iprodione |
| |Bacterial gall |Xanhomonas vesicatoria |Cu |
|Onion |Thrips |Thrips tabaci |pyrethrinoïdes (deltamethrine, lambda-cyhalothrine), |
| | | |bifenthrine |
| |Tomato noctua | | |
| |Rose root |Pyrenochaeta terrestris Fusarium |Crop rotation with other crops like onion, garlic, shallot|
| | |spp |leek |
|Cabbages |Insects (20) | |pyrethrinoïds (deltamethrine, lambda-cyhalothrine), |
| | | |bifenthrine, acephate, quinalphos, product made with Bt |
| |mildiou |Peronospora parasitica |manèbe, mancozèbe, chlorothalonil |
|Millet |Stem driller |Lépidoptères (lema planifrons Ws, |Tolerant varieties and integrated combat (lâchers de |
| |Ear sucker |sesamia sp, etc.) |bracon hebetor ( enemy heliocheilus Ibipunctella) |
|Sorghum |Termites (microtermes sp), locusts, leave eating sworm (mythimna |Resistant variety, chemical combat (laddock), biological |
| |lorei), stem drillers (sesamia calamistis), panicle bug. |combat and cultivation methods (eliminating harvest |
| | |residues, early seedling, rotations) |
Source : Evaluation of agricultural and food processing research in Senegal 1964 – 2004 ISRA –ITA –CIRAD
4-3 Public health context: Malaria
Vectorial transmitted diseases (VTD): malaria (Anopheses gambiae) bilharziosis (Schistosoma haematobium), onchocercose (Onchocerca volvulus volvulu), lymphatic filariose ( Wuchewria bancrofti),the arboviroses (Aedes furcifer, Aedes luteocephalus, Aedes taylori, Aedes neo africanus Aedes vitatus and Aedes aegypti), dracunculose (Dracunculus medinensis), and the african human trypanomiasis ( THA) ( Glossina palpalis gambiensis, Glossina morsitans submorsitans) constitute a major health problem in West Africa.
Senegal, Burkina, Mali, and Ghana have several programmes to combat these diseases combining curative measures, which target the parasite with preventive measures integrating anti-vector operations, which for a long time depended exclusively on the use of insecticides having consequences on the environment.
This strategy follow from the WHO resolution 50.13 on chemical security adopted at the 50th World Health Assembly, which urged member States to « take measures to reduce dependence on insecticides, to combat vector diseases through the promotion of integrated approaches of fight against vectors in accordance with these directives”
In fact, it resulted in the adoption of the integrated combat against the vectors (LIV) by the OMS Regional Office for Africa (OMS/AFRO) during its workshop, held in Harare (Zimbabwe) in February 2001, as a strategic approach to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with vector diseases. A regional elaboration and implementation framework was set up to that effect.
The choice of this approach by the WAAPP countries is justified by its effectiveness, given that utilising the combination of technological means to arrive at a reduction or a suppression of vectors, with such a low impact on the environment. The permeation of mosquito nets, curtains and other materials with insecticides recommended by the WHOPES group of the WHO, as well as larva control, pest control are included in this programme.
4-4 Epidemiological situation of malaria:
Malaria is a major public health and development problem because it represents the first cause of morbidity and mortality. The most vulnerable are children under five years of age and pregnant women. Protection in the adult population is low. Three parasites are responsible for malaria in man.: Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum, which is the most widespread species and responsible for severe and, at times, deadly attacks.
With the setting up of National Programmes to combat Malaria, significant efforts have been made within the framework of initiatives associated with sensitising the population: (“Roll back Malaria initiative)” and prevention reinforcement (treated mosquito nets), training of health personnel and community agents and the availability of treated mosquito nets.
In Senegal, the number of deaths recorded is estimated at about 8000 cases annually and the disease remains the first mortality. In Burkina, in 2005, severe malaria was the primary motive for hospitalization at the district level with a total of 78 659 cases representing 52.5% of the reasons for hospitalization. 13136 cases of simple malaria and 3328 cases of severe malaria concerned external consultations in CHR/CHU; 20 788 cases of hospitalization due to severe malaria of which 1380 were also recorded in these centres.
In Mali, malaria constitutes the primary cause of mortality with 13% of the deaths, the primary cause of morbidity with 15.6% of cases in the general population and the primary cause of anemia among infants aged between 0 and 5 years and pregnant women. Moreover, 33% of the consultations are linked to malaria, whereas 80 to 90% of infants carry the plasmodium during the rainy season. But since 2004, there has not been any malaria epidemics in any village in the country. On the whole, 44.125 cases, of which 18 deaths were notified by the arid northern regions (Tombouctou, Gao and Kidal), which have been placed under surveillance given their susceptibility to malaria epidemics. The threshold of alarm has not been attained at any time within a circle in the entire national territory. The low lethality recorded results from improvement in taking charge of some cases, an insufficiency in notifying cases linked to a problem of follow-up.
In Ghana, malaria is still on the first position in consultations with about 40% of the cases. Nonetheless, a decrease in the number of cases was observed between 2004 and 2005 concomitant with the decrease in the number of cases among infants of less than 5 years of age and among pregnant women. The table gives an insight of malaria cases between 2003 and 2006.
Tableau 21 : Evolution of the primary causes of mortality in Senegal in % (1997 - 2001)
|DISEASES |1997 |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |
|Malarial access |39.2 |36.8 |45.8 |30.5 |40 |
|Diarrhoeic diseases |9 |8.7 |7.8 |6.5 |3.9 |
|Acute respiratory infections |6.3 |6.4 |7.0 |6.2 |4.2 |
|Measles |4.9 |4.6 |4.7 |3.6 |0.7 |
|Arterial hypertension |4.9 |3.4 |4.6 |3.4 |1.8 |
|Malnutrition |4.2 |3.3 |3.1 |2.1 |0.7 |
|Meningo/meningites |1.8 |2.2 |3.0 |1.8 | |
|Tuberclosis |1.8 |1.7 |2.8 |1.7 |1.7 |
|Anemia |1.6 |1.5 |1.6 |1.5 |2.8 |
Source : DSD/MSPH
Tableau 22 : Cases of malaria in Ghana from 2003 to 2005
| |2003 |2004 |2005 |
|Total number of cases |3 552 000 |3 416 000 |3 045 949 |
|Number of cases among infants of less than 5 years |543 000 |629 000 |546 000 |
|Total admissions |234 000 |348 000 |118 000 |
|Number of cases among pregnant women |7 252 |6548 |4563 |
|Admissions among infants of less than 5 years |181 000 |295 000 |62 000 |
|Total deaths |3094 |2688 |2718 |
|Deaths among pregnant women due to malaria |83 |74 |37 |
|Deaths among infants of less than 5 years |1680 |1266 |1579 |
|Rate of fatal cases ( deaths in the whole hospitals) |1.54 |1.68 |1.71 |
|Rate of fatal cases among infants of less than 5 years |2.91 |2.62 |2.29 |
V Pest management approach: pesticides and alternatives
5-1 Controlling pesticides used in crop protection:
As stated in the chapter on regulatory Framework, a wide array of texts are in force concerning the management of pesticides in the different PPAAO countries. These texts indicate the will to control the pesticides use channels.
Thus, in principle every product used in a country should be subjected to approval notably for its importation. This constitutes the primary barrier making it possible to filter the products entering the countries.
In order to ensure that it is done, phytosanitary Control at the borders (sea ports, airports, and roads) is contemplated. It is done by the plant protection services (DPV – Senegal, PPRSD – Ghana, DPVC- Burkina, DGRC – Mali) also in charge of pesticides control. The control of products is also done in principle at the distribution level in the villages through decentralized services, which see to it that distributors abide by the established texts (sales permit).
Finally, in order to ensure the efficient use of the products for the fight against ravagers, the maximum residues limits (MRL) have been defined in Senegal, if not it is the codex alimentarus that is considered or the EU standard (see annex 5). Indeed, the WAAPP countries are required such as the other countries to comply with sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) and especially the pesticides residue values available in farm products that should not exceed the acceptable maximum residue limit.
Many laboratories are qualified for the analysis of the MRL in the different countries especially CERES Locustox Senegal and LNS/LCV Mali. It is important both from an economic point of view (exports) and also from a sanitary to systematically carry out the monitoring of MRL. Indeed it is admitted by all countries that the presence of residues in food stuff is a reality.
The standard established in Senegal (See annex 6) is applicable to pesticides residues under registered by the Sahelian Pesticides Committee and/or in Senegal or whose use is authorized in the conditions provided for by the codex alimentarius commission. Consequently, the Sahelian Pesticide Committee has defined a list of pesticides to be used for market gardening. (see annex 7).
It must be pointed out that practical problems exist throughout this chain. Actually, with regard to control at the borders, the presence of plant protection agents is not systematic. The primary cause is related to available personnel and the second concerns the logistical aspects. Control of retailers experiences the same constraints although punctual actions are taken. These retailers were not registered on a list and the absence of official recognition or authorization is tolerated. Apart from the budgetary aspect reported everywhere, the institutional constraints are explained through restructuring/devolution undertaken by MA in Mali and Senegal.
5-2 Strategies developed for pest control:
5-2-1 Preventive combat
Preventive fight has to do more with crickets. With the aid of international cooperation, prospecting teams are at work during the periods of the year indicated in order to follow the evolution of the demographic situation. Control of other agricultural pests is the responsibility of farmers. However, the plant protection services also carry out pests identification in order to determine the areas of infestation risk concerning food security.
5-2-2 Curative combat
Concerning the curative combat, locust invasions are managed at the national and even the sub-regional levels. With regard to other ravagers, the peasants confronted with pest problems contact appropriate services for counseling about the fight to adopt in the field. In this way, the decentralized plant protection services play a very important counseling support role at this level.
The integrated control is a strategy adopted for the fight against pests in practically every country. However, the use of alternative methods and more specifically the integrated combat is not widespread despite the efforts undertaken even though the use of pesticides is not so systematic and important given the high cost of the products relative to the financial capacity of the majority of the farmers.
Research Institutions in the various WAAPP countries have also obtained interesting results with regard to the efficient use of products, the alternatives. In actual fact, several institutes (Crops Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture/KNUST, UGL, Savannah Agricultural Research Institute) in Ghana have conducted projects concerning the integrated management of pests in several operations (maize, mangoes, lemon, rice, cucumber, cotton), the development of a control system for the use of pesticides for communities practicing urban related agriculture, IPM Kit development, demonstration and transfer of technology in IPM.
The IER in Mali, INERA in Burkina and ISRA in Senegal have developed resistant varieties for certain pests, conducted studies on the impact of ravagers and the effective means to combat them, developed technologies in order to achieve higher productivity.
Also in the move to identify research programmes, actors at the low level are involved (NGOs, Technical establishments, such that the populations on the ground are taken care of. Thus, the combat strategies notably non chemical ones are conceived by ISRA in consideration of the problem on the ground: e.g. The development of mechanical protection technology with clods for the fight against nematodes on the roots of tomatoes (80% organic matter and 20% sand), works on neem and pepper.
In order to share the research results, a whole range of products have been elaborated and field demonstrations held and restitution workshops organised.
5-3 Management approach to combat malaria
The fight against is currently based on early treatment and on the prevention of the disease: use of preventive medicaments and to combat mosquitoes.
The popularisation of permeated mosquito nets and their free of charge distribution to pregnant women and children of less than 2 years of age during prenatal consultations and vaccination sessions as well as sensitising pregnant women for prenatal consultations and the use of mosquito nets will reduce morbidity rates
These past years mass campaigns have been organised in the countries for the permeation of mosquito nets with products authorised by the WHO; pyrethrinoïds like deltamethrin. In addition to health services, community organisations have been involved in this strategy. The personnel employed receive training on the impregnation with the necessary precautionary measures notably with regard to the elimination of product residues. However, the present trend is to use mosquito nets permeated in advance.
VI. Management and use of pesticides
6-1. Production and importation of pesticides
In the PPAAO 1 countries, there are no industrial units ensuring the synthesis of active materials through brandy laboratories. Thus, production of pesticides in the proper way is not effective in the whole of these countries. So, finished products are rather imported notably through mother companies represented at the national level or active matters for formulation purposes.
Four formulation units exist in Senegal: Industrial and Agricultural Products Company (IAPC), the (SENCHIM), (SOCHIM) and (VALDAFRIQUE), which import active matters used in the formulation of pesticides.
In Mali, the formulation units are the Malian Chemical Products Company (MCP) and the Insecticides Products Manufacturing Company (IPMC). In Ghana the following can be cited – Abuakwa Formulation unit, Wienco (Gh) Sarl, Dizengoff (GH) Sarl, CHEMICO Sarl, Reiss & Co. (Gh) Sarl, Calli Ghana Sarl, Saroagrosciences (GH) Sarl. These companies are regrouped in Ghana under the Croplife Ghana affiliated to Croplife Africa/Middle East.
Most of the phytosanitary products sold in Senegal are currently formulated there by SENCHIM and SPIA, for reasons having to do essentially with transport costs (especially in the case of low concentration products like powders for powdering) and the weight of taxation for formulations imported from abroad. These companies formulate phytosanitary products either on their own account or for other foreign or local companies such as CALLIOPPE, SUMITOM, Roussel-ULCAF, ICI, BAYER, RHONE, POULENC, FMC, etc. SENCHIM and SPIA invest essentially in order to improve and diversify their production (quality of products formulate to ISO-9001/2000 and ISO-9002 standards). SOCHIM and VALDAFRIQUE formulate agro-pharmaceutical products for public hygiene only.
Let us point out in this connection that Senegal has significant production possibilities with these companies, their formulated products can be excellent, given the modernity of the installations and the high quality of local charges (in the case of powders and granules). In the table below, we give the different types of formulations by industrial unit, quantities formulated annually and their formulation capacity.
Tableau 23 : Types of formulations by industrial unit in Senegal
| | | | |
|Industrial units |Type of formulation |Quantities formulated per year |Capacities |
|SPIA |UL Formulation |900 to 1000 000 L |50 000 L/D |
| |EC Formulation |300 000 L | |
| |DP Formulation |3 500 T |50 T/D |
| |Granulated Formulation |250 T |1 000 T/YR |
|SENCHIM-AG. |ULV Formulation |700 000 L | |
| |EC Formulation |500 000 L |20 000 L/D |
| |DP Formulation |1 500 T |20 T/D |
|SOCHIM |(BAYGON)Spray |300 000 L/yr | |
| |(YOGON)Pulverizing Liquid |20 000L/yr | |
|VALDAFRIQUE |(YOTOX), Spray, Pulverizing Liquid |Serpentine-Plates : 2 300kg Sprays : | |
| | |180.000 litres | |
However, in all these countries, a significant part of unauthorised importation has been noted. The tables below provide information on the quantities imported in the countries.
In Senegal importation (active matters, finished products) are summarised in value of CAF and FCFA on the table hereunder. On the fifteen, an average annual amount of 4.4 billion CFA is recorded for insecticides, 1 billion for fungicides and herbicides and about 300 million for the others.
To this situation, it will be necessary to add locally manufactured and consumed quantities in the countries. Also, these importations are not subjected to prior approval by the Plant Protection Service or the CNGP Permanent Secretariat in order to establish control for a better management of these pesticide products.
Tableau 24 : CIF Value of pesticides in billions of CFA in Senegal
| Year |Insecticides | Fungicides | |Others |
|1984-1985 |2 |0,5 |0,05 |0,08 |
|1985-1986 |2,5 |0,7 |0,1 |0,085 |
|1986-1987 |4 |0,7 |0,5 |0,1 |
|1987-1988 |2,5 |0,9 |0,6 |0,2 |
|1988-1989 |4,5 |0,9 |0,7 |0,25 |
|1989-1990 |4,8 |0,88 |0,78 |0,3 |
|1990-1991 |4,9 |0,95 |0,8 |0,36 |
|1991-1992 |5,1 |0,99 |0,855 |0,38 |
|1992-1993 |6,4 |1 |0,9 |0,4 |
|1993-1994 |5 |1 |1 |0,45 |
|1994-1995 |5,1 |1,2 |1,4 |0,4 |
|1995-1996 |4,2 |1,2 |1,7 |0,44 |
|1996-1997 |4,9 |1,5 |1,8 |0,4 |
|1997-1998 |5,1 |1,7 |1,8 |0,45 |
|1998-1999 |5,7 |1,9 |2 |0,4 |
|Total |66,7 |16,02 |14,985 |4,695 |
|Average/yr |4,446 |1,068 |0,999 |0,313 |
Tableau 25 : Importation of agro-chemical products in Ghana (Mt)
| Chemical Group | Year |
| |1995 |1996 |
|Insecticides, Fungicides Herbicides |14 550 768 990 |1 725 147 |
| YEAR 2004 | VALUE |WEIGHT |
|Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides |13 699 168 482 |5 510 444 |
| YEAR 2003 |VALUE | WEIGHT |
|Insecticides, Fungicides Herbicides |11 498 659 131 |4 421 107 |
6-2 Commercial policy on pesticides:
In Senegal, it is necessary to observe that the commercial policy and the price levels applied do not encourage the unrestrained use of pesticides. Actually, the prices of pesticides and pulverizing and sprinkling materials are not always accessible notably to small producers especially in the areas outside market gardening.
Tableau 27 : Retail price of pesticides in Senegal
|Formulation of Pesticides |Insecticides |Fungicides |Herbicides |
|ULV Formulation |2.800 to 3.800 CFA/ L | | |
|CE Formulation |3.500 to 4.500 CFA/L | |4.000 F CFA/L |
|PP Formulation |450 to 1200 CFA/Kg |3.000 to 6500 CFA/kg | |
|Granulated Formulation |800 to 1.900 CFA/Kg | |9000 F CEA/ Kg |
|WP Formulation | |2.500 to 8.000 CFA/Kg | |
Likewise, subventions and/or credit rates charged on small financial loans in banking institutions for the purchase of pesticides for agricultural operations are not favourable. The level of taxes imposed on the importation of pesticides (insecticides relative to weight/volume ................
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