Job Openings and Labor Turnover - August 2022 - Bureau of Labor Statistics

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, March 8, 2023

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USDL-23-0434

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER ? JANUARY 2023

The number of job openings decreased to 10.8 million on the last business day of January, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations changed little at 6.4 million and 5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.9 million) decreased, while layoffs and discharges (1.7 million) increased. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by establishment size class. This release also presents 2022 annual estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted, January 2021 - January 2023

Percent

7.6

7.2

6.8

6.4

6.0

5.6

5.2

4.8

4.4 Jan-21

Jul-21

Jan-22

Jul-22

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

January 2021 - January 2023

Percent

4.8

Hires

4.6

Separations

4.4

4.2

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.4 Jan-23 Jan-21

Jul-21

Jan-22

Jul-22

Jan-23

Job Openings

On the last business day of January, the number and rate of job openings decreased to 10.8 million (-410,000) and 6.5 percent, respectively. In January, the largest decreases in job openings were in construction (-240,000), accommodation and food services (-204,000), and finance and insurance (-100,000). The number of job openings increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+94,000) and in nondurable goods manufacturing (+50,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In January, the number and rate of hires changed little at 6.4 million and 4.1 percent, respectively. Hires changed little in all industries. (See table 2.)

Separations Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers' willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In January, the number of total separations changed little at 5.9 million. The rate was unchanged at 3.8 percent. The number of total separations decreased in federal government (-13,000). (See table 3.)

In January, the number of quits decreased to 3.9 million (-207,000), and the rate was little changed at 2.5 percent. Quits decreased in professional and business services (-221,000), educational services (-14,000), and federal government (-5,000). (See table 4.)

In January, the number of layoffs and discharges increased to 1.7 million (+241,000). The rate was little changed at 1.1 percent. Layoffs and discharges increased in professional and business services (+190,000) but decreased in federal government (-5,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in January at 302,000. Other separations decreased in professional and business services (-29,000), finance and insurance (-20,000), and health care and social assistance (-18,000). The number of other separations increased in accommodation and food services (+15,000); information (+11,000); and arts, entertainment, and recreation (+4,000). (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class In January, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw little change in their job openings rate, hires rate, and total separations rate, but quits rate decreased. Establishments with more than 5,000 employees saw little change in their job openings rate, hires rate, and total separations rate. (See table 7.)

Annual Levels and Rates

Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data each year with the January news release.

The annual average level of job openings is the average of the 12 monthly levels. Annual levels for hires and separations are the sum of the 12 monthly levels.

Annual average rates for job openings are computed by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS levels by the sum of the 12 monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for hires and separations are computed by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

In 2022, the annual average job openings level was 11.2 million, an increase of 1.2 million from 2021. The annual average job openings rate was 6.8 percent in 2022, compared to 6.4 percent in 2021. (See tables 15 and 16.)

- 2 -

In 2022, there were 77.2 million hires, an increase of 1.2 million from 2021. Total separations increased by 3.2 million in 2022 to 72.3 million. Accounting for 70.0 percent of total separations, quits numbered 50.6 million in 2022, the highest annual level in the survey's history (JOLTS annual estimates are available back to 2001). Layoffs and discharges increased by 461,000 in 2022 to 17.6 million and accounted for 24.3 percent of total separations. Other separations decreased by 138,000 in 2022 to 4.1 million and accounted for 5.7 percent of total separations. (See tables 17 through 26.)

The annual average hires rate for 2022 was 4.2 percent, similar to the rate of 4.3 percent from 2021. The annual average total separations rate for 2022 was 3.9 percent, unchanged from the previous year. The annual average rates for the components of total separations were 2.8 percent for quits, 1.0 percent for layoffs and discharges, and 0.2 percent for other separations. (See tables 17 through 26.) ____________ The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2023 are scheduled to be released on Tuesday, April 4, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Changes to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data Effective with this release, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) estimates have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment data and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January 2018 forward were subject to revision. Also effective with this release, JOLTS converted to the 2022 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which had a minimal impact on the published JOLTS data series. For more information on the 2022 NAICS, visit naics.

Also effective with this release, JOLTS published two new tables presenting annual average job openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each year with January data.) In addition, JOLTS modified its method for calculating annual estimates for hires and separations rates. Annual rates are computed as annual averages, instead of annual totals, to make the estimates more helpful for data users and to be consistent with other Bureau of Labor Statistics programs.

JOLTS also introduced several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with this release. Two tables displaying JOLTS data by size class were added to the news release: one for seasonally adjusted estimates and the other for not seasonally adjusted estimates. JOLTS also introduced over-themonth change columns for levels and rates to tables 1 through 6. To accommodate the new tables, tables starting with table 7 were renumbered.

Additional information about these changes, including the annual average calculation method and sample table shells for all news release tables, is available at jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm.

- 3 -

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Job openings

Hires

Category

Jan. 2022

Dec. 2022

Jan. 2023p

Jan. 2022

Dec. 2022

Jan. 2023p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)

Total.................................................. . Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging............................ . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation, warehousing, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities............................. . Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local, excluding education. . . . .

11,487 10,441

36 396 905 556 349 1,842 323 987

532 238 538 401 138 2,213 2,112 155 1,957 1,683 165 1,518 477 1,046 132 913 339 574

11,234 10,126

39 488 797 519 278 1,763 265 964

534 106 610 445 165 2,087 2,080 181 1,899 1,859 180 1,679 297 1,109 156 953 325 628

10,824 9,770 38 248 803 476 328 1,814 315 870

628 141 459 345 114 2,182 2,081 187 1,894 1,665 189 1,475 340 1,053 142 911 303 608

RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)

Total.................................................. .

7.1

6.8

6.5

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.5

7.1

6.9

Mining and logging............................ .

5.8

5.8

5.6

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.0

5.8

3.0

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.7

5.8

5.8

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.6

6.0

5.5

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.8

5.4

6.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . .

6.1

5.8

5.9

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2

4.2

5.0

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.0

5.9

5.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.0

6.8

7.9

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.4

3.3

4.3

Financial activities............................. .

5.7

6.3

4.8

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.7

6.2

4.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . .

5.6

6.4

4.5

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . .

9.1

8.4

8.7

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.1

7.7

7.7

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.0

4.5

4.6

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . .

8.8

8.3

8.3

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.9

10.2

9.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . .

6.9

7.0

7.3

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . .

10.3

10.8

9.5

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.8

4.9

5.5

6,496 6,099

20 324 482 263 218 1,293 183 812

298 131 252 175

76 1,332

841 107 734 1,211 163 1,048 213 397

44 353 182 171

4.3 4.8 3.4 4.3 3.8 3.4 4.6 4.6 3.1 5.3

4.2 4.4 2.8 2.6 3.3 6.0 3.5 2.9 3.6 7.9 7.4 8.0 3.8

6,251 5,809

22 380 405 234 171 1,289 175 753

361 97

213 132

82 1,155

904 98

806 1,107

161 947 237 442

45 397 175 222

4.0 4.4 3.5 4.8 3.1 2.9 3.5 4.5 2.9 4.9

5.0 3.1 2.3 2.0 3.4 5.1 3.6 2.5 3.8 6.8 6.7 6.8 4.1

6,372 5,952

25 391 417 224 193 1,338 186 778

374 100 207 116

91 1,190

901 96

805 1,183

165 1,017

201 421

38 382 183 200

4.1 4.5 3.9 5.0 3.2 2.8 4.0 4.6 3.1 5.0

5.1 3.2 2.3 1.7 3.8 5.2 3.6 2.5 3.8 7.2 6.9 7.2 3.4

Total separations

Jan. 2022

Dec. 2022

Jan. 2023p

6,235 5,861

20 325 460 244 216 1,324 163 839

322 119 247 174

73 1,212

814 98

717 1,110

162 947 232 373

44 329 166 163

5,906 5,502

20 335 384 206 178 1,277 165 765

347 99

198 129

69 1,125

825 89

736 1,010

130 880 228 404

45 359 166 193

5,902 5,523

22 365 399 218 182 1,341 172 794

375 105 200 117

83 1,065

766 76

690 1,064

146 919 196 379

32 347 169 179

4.2

3.8

3.8

4.6

4.2

4.2

3.4

3.2

3.5

4.3

4.3

4.6

3.6

3.0

3.1

3.1

2.5

2.7

4.5

3.6

3.7

4.7

4.4

4.7

2.8

2.7

2.8

5.4

4.9

5.1

4.6

4.8

5.1

4.0

3.2

3.4

2.8

2.2

2.2

2.6

1.9

1.7

3.1

2.9

3.4

5.5

4.9

4.6

3.4

3.3

3.1

2.6

2.3

2.0

3.6

3.5

3.3

7.2

6.2

6.5

7.3

5.4

6.0

7.2

6.3

6.5

4.1

3.9

3.4

See footnotes at end of table.

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted -- Continued

Job openings

Hires

Total separations

Category

Jan. 2022

Dec. 2022

Jan. 2023p

Jan. 2022

Dec. 2022

Jan. 2023p

Jan. 2022

Dec. 2022

Jan. 2023p

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5

4.7

4.5

1.8

2.0

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.7

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4

5.1

4.7

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.5

1.6

1.1

State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5

4.7

4.5

1.8

2.0

2.0

1.7

1.8

1.8

State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2

3.1

2.9

1.8

1.7

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.6

State and local, excluding education. . . . . 6.0

6.4

6.2

1.9

2.4

2.2

1.8

2.1

1.9

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

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