Volume 47, Number 6 November–December 2007

Volume 47, Number 6

November?December 2007

FIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR EDUCATIONAL CHANGE

Systems Thinking Systems Design Quality Science

Change Management Instructional Technology

Now available from Educational Technology Publications is a major new volume dealing with the essential components of educational renewal: Five Technologies for Educational Change: Systems Thinking, Systems Design, Quality Science, Change Management, Instructional Technology.

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The book is authored by David F. Salisbury of the Sutherland Institute and formerly with the Center for Educational Technology at Florida State University.

Intended for both educators and those deeply concerned with change in public education, as well as for educational technology and systems experts, the message of this book is that significant and lasting educational change can come about only via the utilization of all five technologies noted in the book's subtitle.

The book sets forth the view that all five components must work together, within a systemic framework, to bring about desired change in the schools.

Each technology (the author explains why each should be seen as a true technology) is examined in a separate chapter, followed by a "Tools" chapter in which the author provides examples of practical tools used to apply each technology in the schools.

All of the concepts described by the author are illustrated with graphic examples of the five technologies in action in real settings, along with the tools available right now to help implement the technologies in our schools and other centers of learning.

Volume XLVII Number 6

November?December 2007

About This Issue

A special issue on opening educational resources; plus regular features

CONTENTS

Special Issue on Opening Educational Resources

3 Introduction to Special Issue Judy Breck

5 Towards a Global Learning Commons: ccLearn Ahrash Bissell and James Boyle

10 The Infrastructure of Open Educational Resources Marshall S. Smith and Phoenix M. Wang

14 The Economics of Open Educational Resources Catherine M. Casserly

19 Connexions: An Open Educational Resource for the 21st Century C. Sidney Burrus

23 The OpenCourseWare Model: High-Impact Open Educational Content Stephen Carson

26

Open Content in Open Context

Sarah Whitcher Kansa and Eric C. Kansa

32

OOPS! A Miracle Created by Confucius

Agnes Chang and Lucifer (Luc) Chu

35 The Other End of the Telescope: Opening Educational Resources in a South African University Eve Gray

38 The Virtual University Becomes a Reality Paul G. West

41

Open Educational Resources:

A Bridge to Education in the Developing World

Mike Pereira

43 Mobile Web 2.0, Microlearning, Intertwingularity, and Mobile Widgets Ajit Jaokar

44 When Educational Resources Are Open Judy Breck

Regular Features

51 Q & A with Ed Tech Leaders: Interview with Margaret Riel Susan M. Fulgham, Michael F. Shaughnessy, and Trudy LeDoux

56

Edgar Dale: A Significant Contributor to the

Field of Educational Technology

Sang Joon Lee and Thomas C. Reeves

60

Topics for Debate: Learning Management

in Historical Perspective

Alexander J. Romiszowski

62

Learning Trails: Traversing the European

Ed Tech Scene?Reading Text and Tech

Kevin Walker

64

New Issues, New Answers:

To Engage, Engage With

Marc Prensky

Educational Technology (ISSN: 0013?1962) is Copyright ? 2007 by Educational Technology Publications, Inc., 700 Palisade Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632?0564. All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Editor and Publisher, Lawrence Lipsitz.

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Educational Technology is indexed in the Current Index to Journals in Education and in Education Index.

Zane L. Berge, University of Maryland; Charles Blaschke, Education Turnkey Systems; Robert K. Branson, Florida State University; Ward M. Cates, Lehigh University; Clifton Chadwick, the British University in Dubai; Richard E. Clark, University of Southern California; Betty Collis, University of Twente, The Netherlands; Christopher Dede, Harvard University; Rodney S. Earle, Brigham Young University; Peg Ertmer, Purdue University; Diane M. Gayeski, Ithaca College; Andrew S. Gibbons, Brigham Young University; Steven Hackbarth, New York City Public Schools; Wallace Hannum, University of North Carolina; Denis Hlynka, University of Manitoba, Canada; Paul Hood, WestEd; David Hung, National Institute of Education, Singapore; David H. Jonassen, University of Missouri; Roger Kaufman, Florida State University; Greg Kearsley, Consultant; Badrul H. Khan, ; Cleborne D. Maddux,

University of Nevada; Gary Marchionini, University of North Carolina; Barbara L. Martin, University of Central Florida; Richard E. Mayer, University of California; Hilary McLellan, Consultant; M. David Merrill, Brigham Young University; William D. Milheim, Penn State University; Thomas C. Reeves, University of Georgia; Charles M. Reigeluth, Indiana University; Alexander J. Romiszowski, Syracuse University; Ellen Rose, University of New Brunswick, Canada; Allison Rossett, San Diego State University; Gordon Rowland, Ithaca College; James D. Russell, Purdue University; Marlene Scardamalia, University of Toronto, Canada; J. Michael Spector, Florida State University; Rand J. Spiro, Michigan State University; Dean R. Spitzer, IBM; Robert D. Tennyson, University of Minnesota; Drew Tiene, Kent State University; Guglielmo Trentin, Institute for Educational Technology, Italy; Jeroen J. G. van Merri?nboer, Open University of The Netherlands; Barry Willis, University of Idaho; Brent G. Wilson, University of Colorado.

Introduction to Special Issue on Opening Educational

Resources

Judy Breck

Guest Editor

Is Open Educational Resources (OER) just another pedagogical theory for learning experts to debate? Or another techie thing to come along for educators to play with? Not really. Opening educational resources is an action that will cause education to move to a new place. That new place will fundamentally shape learning into the foreseeable future.

The opening of educational resources puts them into a new functional venue that is being called Web 2.0. Wikipedia states: Web 2.0 is a term often applied to a perceived ongoing transition of the World Wide Web from a collection of websites to a full-fledged computing platform serving web applications to end users. Ultimately Web 2.0 services are expected to replace desktop computing applications for many purposes.* My closing article in this issue provides some glimpses of how education resources will be affected by moving on to the Web 2.0 platform--when they get there.

Ten years ago, when some of us began opening educational resources into the growing Internet, we did so believing education would benefit from online access to learning materials. We were not intending to move education into a new virtual world, nor aware of any such possibility. By 1999, visionaries at Rice University were conceptualizing open educational object sharing in the project that became Connexions. Soon after the expanding virtual venue entered the new century, MIT was the first major educational institution to commit to large-scale opening of its courseware into the Internet. The articles that follow include one from each of those major pioneers and some of the experience of other OER projects both in the United States and around the world. These articles describe key progress and explore issues that have arisen around OER through the first decade of the online opportunity it represents for learning.

*Wikipedia; .

Education policy-makers, who include most of the readership of this magazine, can help in small ways and large ones to open educational resources. I hope what you read here will instruct and inspire you to become an OER advocate and implementor, as are all of us who have written this issue; we did so with you in mind.

Is OER a Disruptive Educational Technology?

The first article is written by Duke law professor and Creative Commons Board of Directors board member James Boyle, who spearheads ccLearn, and Ahrash Bissell, the ccLearn Executive Director. As the opening of educational resources moves ahead, the new ccLearn will endeavor to offer Creative Commons licensing principles to copyright and creativity protection for materials related to education. As Bissell and Boyle describe in their introductory article, education did not emerge over the past decade as one of the innovative leaders of the new online environment. Education still stands pretty much outside of Web 2.0.

The other two big-picture articles were written for this special issue of Educational Technology by the open educational resources leaders from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. The Hewlett Foundation is an instrumental funder of OER, and the three authors are leading experts on the history, issues, and vision for the opening of educational resources that we explore in these articles.

Marshall (Mike) Smith and Phoenix Wang look at key dimensions of a needed flexible, extendable infrastructure that will make it possible for educational resources to be opened into an evolving World Wide Web. They look at technical, legal/cultural/social/ political, and research dimensions or components-- and discuss possible directions for development.

The discussion by Catherine Casserly is far-reaching and insightful, by someone who knows as much about the OER experience as anyone. She addresses squarely whether OER is a disruptive educational technology innovation, or is compatible with traditional norms of education.

OER Project Descriptions

Following the general OER discussions are three articles by authors who describe the experience of early, established, outstanding examples of open educational resources.

Present since the creation in 1999 of Connexions, C. Sidney Burrus has been a faculty member at Rice University for forty years, where he has been engineering department chair and dean. His article describes Connexions OER, where the content is organized in small modules, open to use and reuse in creative ways consistent with modern pedagogy, and

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