Asia: Part IV, Age of Revolutions



Asia, Part V, Crisis & Achievement

I. Between the World Wars – Nationalism causes conflict as nations tried to overthrow foreign

dominance (a.k.a. self-determination)

A) Indian Nationalism

1) India helped fight in WWI, but with few rights at home

2) Britain promised self-government in return for fighting in the war, but failed to fulfill it afterwards

3) Amritsar Massacre: 1919, Indian riots, attacks on British citizens in city of Amritsar; public meetings suspended

◘ Indians assembled & British unexpectedly fired on them, killing 400

◘ Outcome: Indians wanted an absolute end to British rule

4) Mohandas Gandhi: leader of Indian nationalist movement in the 1920s, 30s.

a) Taught civil disobedience: refusal to obey unjust laws with nonviolent resistance (like boycotting).

b) Embraced western ideas like democracy & nationalism, rejected the caste system, urged equal rights

B) Chinese Nationalism

1) Sun Yixian (founder of the Republic) stepped down, warlords fought for power

2) economy collapsed, peasants had great financial hardship

3) foreign powers increased their influence in China

4) Rival groups (different movements)

a) May Fourth Movement: student movement, sought to make China stronger with modernization (western

ideas in science, democracy & nationalism)

b) Communists: Ideas of Marx & Lenin, formed political party

c) Nationalists: Sun Yixian formed the nationalist party, the Guomindang. After Yixian’s death Jiang Jieshi,

a.k.a. Chiang Kai-Shek took over.

5) Civil War: At first Nationalists & Communists worked together to unite China, but Chiang Kai-Shek began to see

Communists as a threat, resulting in a 22 year long civil war.

C) Japanese Militarism & Expansion

1) Moved towards democracy in 1920s

2) Problems in society along with the

Great Depression of 1929 allowed

militarists & extreme nationalists

to gain power.

II. World War II

A) Causes – Japan Invades China

1) Aggressive empire building, western war-sick nations allowed aggression to avoid war

2) Militarists leading Japan wanted an empire

a) 1931, seized Chinese territory of Manchuria, withdrew from the League of Nations

b) This strengthened militarism in Japan; 1937 Japan invaded China, established puppet govt

c) Invasion is also known as “the rape of Nanjing” due to brutality

B) War Begins

1) Japan sides with Axis powers in Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, and agreed to stop Soviet communism and not stop

each other from foreign conquest.

2) China eventually joins the Allies

C) War Ends

1) Victory in the Pacific – Japan is weakened by U.S. offensive

2) Americans recaptured Japanese islands south of Japan; Japanese cities bombed, but they refuses surrender

a) Result: Hiroshima, Nagasaki (110,000 people killed total), Emperor Hirohito forced his govt to surrender

D) Attrocities & Impact

1) Invasion of Nanjing; Bataan Death March

2) Economic loss – Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki were hit hardest

3) Japan occupied by western countries after

the war (mostly the U.S.)

Asia, Part V, Crisis & Achievement

I. Between the World Wars – Nationalism causes conflict as nations tried to overthrow foreign dominance

(a.k.a. self-determination)

A) Indian Nationalism

1) India helped fight in WWI, but with few rights at home

2) Britain: __________________________________________________________________________________

3) Amritsar Massacre: 1919, Indian riots, attacks on British citizens in city of Amritsar; public meetings suspended

◘ Indians assembled & British unexpectedly fired on them, killing 400

◘ Outcome: ____________________________________________________________________________

4) Mohandas Gandhi: _________________________________________________________________________

a) Taught civil disobedience: _______________________________________________________________

b) Embraced western ideas like democracy & nationalism, rejected the caste system, urged equal rights

B) Chinese Nationalism

1) Sun Yixian (____________________________________) stepped down, warlords fought for power

2) economy collapsed, peasants had great financial hardship

3) foreign powers increased their influence in China

4) Rival groups (different movements)

a) May Fourth Movement: _______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________

(westernr ideas in science, democracy & nationalism)

b) Communists: Ideas of Marx & Lenin, formed political party

c) Nationalists: Sun Yixian formed the nationalist party,

the Guomindang. After Yixian’s death Jiang Jieshi,

a.k.a. ________________________ took over.

1) Civil War: At first Nationalists & Communists worked

together to unite China, but Chiang Kai-Shek began to see

Communists as a threat, resulting in a 22 year long civil war.

C) Japanese Militarism & Expansion

1) Moved towards democracy in 1920s

2) Problems in society along with the Great Depression

of 1929 allowed militarists & extreme nationalists

to gain power.

II. World War II

A) Causes – Japan Invades China

1) ____________________________________, western war-sick nations allowed aggression to avoid war

2) Militarists leading Japan wanted an empire

a) 1931, seized Chinese territory of Manchuria, withdrew from the League of Nations

b) This strengthened militarism in Japan; 1937 Japan invaded China, established puppet govt

c) Invasion is also known as “the rape of Nanjing” due to brutality

B) War Begins

1) Japan sides with Axis powers in ___________________________________, and agreed to stop Soviet

communism and not stop each other from foreign conquest.

2) China eventually joins the Allies

C) War Ends

1) Victory in the Pacific – Japan is weakened by U.S. offensive

2) Americans recaptured Japanese islands south of Japan; Japanese cities bombed, but they refuses surrender

a) Result: Hiroshima, Nagasaki (110,000 people killed total), Emperor Hirohito forced his govt to surrender

D) Attrocities & Impact

1) Invasion of Nanjing; Bataan Death March

2) Economic loss – Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki were hit hardest

3) Japan occupied by western countries after the war (mostly the U.S.)

Name ____________________________________ Asia, Part IV, V, VI Worksheet

Date _______________

Multiple Choice.

1. One effect of industrialization on Meiji Japan was that it

(1) strengthened the power of the Shogunate

(2) decreased the level of pollution

(3) modernized transportation

(4) increased the number of small farms

2. One way in which the Sepoy Mutiny in India, the Zulu resistance in southern Africa, and the Boxer

Rebellion in China are similar is that each resulted from

(1) government policies of ethnic cleansing

(2) attempts by democratic forces to overthrow the monarchy

(3) native reaction to foreign interference in the region

(4) government denial of access to fertile farmland

3. This map illustrates the concept of

(1) ethnocentrism (3) containment

(2) socialism (4) imperialism

4. One similarity between the Sepoy Mutiny and the

Boxer Rebellion is that they

(1) opposed European imperialism

(2) ended an established dynasty

(3) resulted in the redistribution of land

(4) instituted communist governments

5. One way in which Simón Bolívar, Jomo Kenyatta, and

Mohandas Gandhi are similar is that each

(1) led a nationalist movement

(2) used nonviolent tactics

(3) supported imperialism

(4) opposed communism

6. During the 19th century, European nations established spheres of

influence in China mainly to

(1) profit from the ivory trade

(2) introduce Islam to the Chinese people

(3) gain commercial advantages in China

(4) obtain human rights for Chinese citizens

7. What was a direct result of the Opium War in 19th-century China?

(1) Japan gained control of Hong Kong.

(2) Kublai Khan rose to power in China.

(3) Chinese ports were opened for trade with European powers.

(4) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) fled to Taiwan

8. What is the best title for this map?

(1) Dominance of Manchukuo

(2) Japanese Imperial Expansion

(3) East Asian Trade Routes

(4) Natural Resources of China and Japan

9. Both European medieval knights and Japanese

samurai warriors pledged oaths of

(1) loyalty to their military leader

(2) devotion to their nation-state

(3) service to their church

(4) allegiance to their families

10. What was a basic cause of the political changes (Aug 06)

shown on this map?

(1) Russia and Japan formed an alliance.

(2) Korea defeated Japan in the Sino-Japanese War.

(3) The Japanese people wanted to spread the

beliefs of Shinto.

(4) Japan needed raw materials for industrialization.

11. Which event is associated with the changes shown on this map?

(1) Opium War

(2) Meiji Restoration

(3) Chinese Nationalist Revolution

(4) rise of the Soviet Union

12. Which two belief systems teach that there are

spirits in nature?

(1) Shinto and animism

(2) Hinduism and Confucianism

(3) Judaism and Christianity

(4) Islam and Buddhism

13. Which factor most influenced a person’s social

position in early Indian societies?

(1) education

(2) birth

(3) geographic location

(4) individual achievement

14. One reason for Japan’s rapid industrialization

during the Meiji Restoration was that Japan had

(1) rejected Western ideas

(2) used its access to the sea for fishing

(3) relied on traditional isolationist policies

(4) reformed its political and economic systems

15. One reason the Japanese followed a policy of

expansionism before World War II was to gain

(1) warm-water ports

(2) control of Tibet

(3) additional natural resources

(4) control of the Suez Canal

16. Which set of events is most closely associated

with the nation described in this passage (right)?

(1) end of the Opium War → creation of

European spheres of influence

(2) end of the Tokugawa Shogunate →beginning

of the Meiji Restoration

(3) fall of the Manchus → rise of Sun Yixian

(Sun Yat-sen)

(4) imperialism in China →start of World War II

Document Based Questions.

DOCUMENT 1

1. Based on this document, identify two ways China was changed by Mongol rule.

(1)____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

(2)____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

DOCUMENT 2

2. Based on this document, state two reasons that help from Britain was needed in the Malay States. [2]

(1)__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

(2)__________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

DOCUMENT 3 – Transforming the Face of India

3. According to this document, what were two ways that India changed under British rule?

(1)_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

(2)_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

-----------------------

“. . . I am willing to admit my pride in this

accomplishment for Japan. The facts are these:

It was not until the sixth year of Kaei (1853) that

a steamship was seen for the first time; it was only

in the second year of Ansei (1855) that we began

to study navigation from the Dutch in Nagasaki;

by 1860, the science was sufficiently understood

to enable us to sail a ship across the Pacific. This

means that about seven years after the first sight

of a steamship, after only about five years of

practice, the Japanese people made a trans-

Pacific crossing without help from foreign

experts. I think we can without undue pride

boast before the world of this courage and skill.

As I have shown, the Japanese officers were to

receive no aid from Captain Brooke throughout

the voyage. Even in taking observations, our

officers and the Americans made them

independently of each other. Sometimes they

compared their results, but we were never in the

least dependent on the Americans. . . .”

— Eiichi Kiyooka, trans., The Autobiography of

Fukuzawa Yukichi, The Hokuseido Press, 1934

. . . By the time of his death in 1227, Genghis Khan controlled most of northern China, but the

swampy lands to the south stopped his cavalry from further advances. His sons expanded

Mongol control farther by conquering lands to the east and west. They divided the empire into

four large khanates, in Persia, Central Asia, Russia, and East Asia. . . .

Kublai Khan was a vigorous and capable ruler. He carried on large warlike hunts to show that

he kept Mongol tradition, but he also showed some appreciation for Chinese culture. He acted

to restore some of the devastation in North China. He began a vast renovation of the Grand

Canal, which was so important to the wealth and unity of the country. He directed the building

of water-control projects, such as dams and dikes, along the Yellow River. . . .

During the Mongol rule, trade revived with Central Asia and the Middle East. Both of these

areas were ruled by relatives of the khan. The vast lands controlled by the Mongols experienced

general peace, called the Pax Mongolica. It was said that “a maiden bearing a nugget of gold on

her head could wander safely throughout the realm.” Camel caravans once more carried

Chinese products such as porcelain, tea, medicines, silk, and playing cards to the Middle East

and into Europe. . . .

Source: Dorothy Hoobler et al., China, Globe Book

. . . The Malay States are not British Territory, and our connection with them is due to the simple

fact that 70 years ago [1757] the British Government was invited, pushed, and persuaded into

helping the Rulers of certain States to introduce order into their disorderly, penniless, and

distracted households [departments of government], by sending trained British Civil Servants to

advise the Rulers in the art of administration and to organize a system of government which

would secure justice, freedom, safety for all, with the benefits of what is known as Civilization;

and, of course, to provide an annual revenue sufficient to meet all the charges of a government

which had to introduce railways, roads, hospitals, water supplies, and all the other requirements

of modern life. Of nine States south of Siam, four asked for or accepted this help; four others,

threatened by Siam, came later under direct British influence; while Johore, nearest neighbour

to Singapore had, ever since the occupation of that island by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819,

depended for its development on the wealth and enterprise of Singapore Chinese. . . .

Source: Sir Frank Swettenham, British Malaya: An Account of the

Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1906

. . . Failure to answer, nay, refusal to tackle that question has rendered wholly academic the

discussion of abandonment. Even were it otherwise we could still look back proudly. British

brains, British enterprise, and British capital have, in a material sense, transformed the face of

India. Means of communication have been developed: innumerable bridges, over 40,000 miles

of railway, 70,000 miles of metalled roads, testify to the skill and industry of British engineers.

Irrigation works on a stupendous [huge] scale have brought 30,000,000 acres under cultivation,

and thus greatly added to the agricultural wealth of a country which still lives mainly by

agriculture. But, on the other hand, the process of industrialization has already begun. The mills

of Bombay have become dangerous competitors to Lancashire, and the Indian jute [rope]

industry is threatening the prosperity of Dundee. Thanks to improved sanitation (much resented

by the more ignorant beneficiaries), to a higher standard of living, to irrigation, to canalization,

to the development of transport, and to carefully thought-out schemes for relief work, famines,

which by their regular recurrence formerly presented a perennial [continuing] problem to

humane administrators, have now virtually disappeared. To have conquered the menace of

famine in the face of greater longevity, of diminished death-rate, and the suppression of war, is

a remarkable achievement for which India is wholly indebted to British administration. . . .

Source: Sir John A. R. Marriott, "#$:=Ii?o p ÄÙ%

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íÞо°ž°?°°pa°papapaPaP>#hî|îh5MÎ6?CJOJ[?]QJ[?]^J[?]aJ h5MÎ5?6?CJOJ[?]QJ[?]^J[?]aJh5MÎ6?CJOJ[?]QJ[?]^J[?]aJh5MÎ5?CJOJ[?]QJ[?]^J[?]aJ héj?h5MÎCJOJ[?]QJ[?]^J[?]aJháB,CJOJ[?]QJ[?]^J[?]aJ#héj?h5MÎ5?CJOJ[?]QJ[?]^J[?]aJh5MÎCJOJ[?]QJ[?]^J[?]aJThe English in India, Oxford University Press, 1932

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