Main Themes: INDUSTRIALIZATION



Main Themes: INDUSTRIALIZATION

Origins

1. Renaissance

2. Commercial Revolution

3. Exploration

Timeline (Chronology)

1. Old or First Industrial Revolution

2. New or Second Industrial Revolution

1.  AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION- The change from primitive farming methods to to the use of machinery and chemicals.

• Jethro Tull – Seed Drill- machine which planted seeds in neat rows

• Charles Townshend – Theory of Crop Rotation

• Charles Newbold- developed the Cast iron plow

• John Deere- Self cleaning Steel plow

A basic cause of peasant discontent in the mid-18c was the growing desire of landlords to change the traditional ways of production in order to maximize their profits.  (ex: enclosure movement = rich fencing off land that used to be shared by small farmers. This led to larger farms and more production, but hurt small farmers)

The Agricultural Revolution also led to a Population Explosion in Europe. Britain’s population nearly doubled from 1700 to 1800 due to better crop production.

2.  New Technology – this helped cause the The Industrial Revolution. Coal became the new source of energy.

• 1712 Thomas Newcomen – invented a pump powered by a stem engine which pumped water out of mines

• 1769- James Watt- improved the Steam Engine

REASONS FOR BRITISH DOMINANCE IN INDUSTRIALIZATION

• rich deposits of coal and iron ore,

• a stable political structure, social stability

• consumer demand from the colonies

• Home to many inventors and scientists

• Wealth to invest in industry and technology

    

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Cottage Industry: first and foremost a family enterprise (also called “putting-out” system)occurred during Agricultural Revolution. Putting-out system: city manufacturers took advantage of cheaper labor in the countryside increased rural population eager to supplement agricultural income.

Inventions

1733, John Kay: flying shuttle

1764, James Hargreaves: spinning jenny

1769, Richard Arkwright: water frame, which improved thread spinning.

1780s, Arkwright: steam engine to power looms; factory production of textiles.

1793, Eli Whitney, cotton gin

Revolution in Transportation

• George Stepheson – Steam Powered locomotive( 1830 Liverpool to Manchester)

• Robert Fultons Clermont =steamboat

Social Implications from Industrial Revolution

• New social order replaced (clergy, nobility and masses) rise of the middle-class: bourgeoisie

• Working Conditions

• factory work: more discipline required; increased loss of personal freedom

• exploitation of children and poor conditions for women

• Workers Reactions- Peterloo Massacre

• The New Middle Class- Merchants,artisans,etc… lived a good life. Nice homes, dressed and ate well. Women were encouraged to stay at home and raise children. Often had maides which helped in all areas. Children especially boys were educated.

Benefits and Problems with Industrialization

• Labor Unions created to improve working conditions

• Working class men gain the right to vote

• Living conditions were crowded, slums were dirty, high crime rates(Bobbies in England), low pay, unemployment

• Pay did improve, people could travel

New Ways of Thinking

• Adam Smith -The Wealth of Nations, Laissez-Faire economics

• Thomas Malthus- Predicted food supplies could not keep pace with the population increase. Only war, disease and famine could check the population

• David Ricardo – Iron law of Wages. Increase in population meant a demand for more jobs which led to a decrease in wages. Working class never would escape poverty

• Jeremy Bentham- Utilitarianism- The greatest happiness for the greatest number.

• John Stuart Mill- Follower of Bentham who believed the working class should vote

The Emergence of Socialism

        A.  The government is seen as the representative of the people and owns and operates the major means of production and distribution.

        B.  The government determines the needs of the people and provides goods and services for the people's use.

        C.  The government plans the economy, it allocates capital, directs the flow of raw materials, and provides for the workers according to their needs

Forms of Socialism

Utopian Socialists – Robert Owen- New Lanark, a community in Scotland where the community worked and lived under decent conditions ( Provided by Owen). No Social Classes

Scientific Socialism or Marxism: developed by Karl Marx and Friederich Engels

The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital : Intended to replace utopian dreams with a brutal, militant blueprint for socialist working class success.

Karl Marx: Theory

▪ The economic interpretation of history: all human history has been determined by economic factors (mainly who controls the means of production and distribution).

▪ The class struggle: Since the beginning of time there has been a class struggle between the rich and the poor or the exploiters and the exploited.

▪ Theory of Surplus Value: the true value of a product was labor and, since the worker received a small portion of his just labor price, the difference was surplus value, “stolen” from him by the capitalist.

▪ Socialism was inevitable: Capitalism contained the seeds of its own destruction (overproduction, unemployment, etc.)

▪ Violent revolution:The increasing gap between proletariat and bourgeoisie will be so great that the working classes will rise up in revolution and overthrow the elite bourgeoisie.Will create a “dictatorship of the proletariat.” WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!”

▪ Creation of a classless society: Will result as modern capitalism is dismantled.

I. Industrialization

        A.  Economic Results:

             -- factory system.

             -- higher standard of living.

             -- introduction of modern, laissez-faire capitalism:

                    -- private ownership of property.

                    -- free enterprise.

                    -- profit motive.

                    -- competition.

                    -- market economy (Law of Supply and Demand).

             -- economic competition among nations (protective tariffs).

             -- labor problems.

             -- new economic theories --> Adam Smith, Malthus, Ricardo, Mill.

        B.  Political Results:

             -- rise of the middle and working classes as new political power groups.

             -- aid to nationalism.

             -- impetus to imperialism.

             -- the rise of labor unions as a political force.

        C.  Social Results:

             -- a more socially dynamic society (with new levels of social classes).

             -- increase in population.

             -- growth of cities and the problems resulting from this.

             -- improved status of women.

             -- new family patterns.

             -- more leisure time.

             -- impetus to universal education.

             -- humanitarian/social reform movements

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