ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (UNIT 1) NAME:
Anatomy and Physiology (Unit 1) Name:
Ch. 1: Organization of the Human Body Per. #
In order to understand the human body, one must know how it is organized and how its parts work individually and collectively with other body parts.
"Anatomy"... the study of body structures (& relationships)
"physiology"... the study of body part functions
The human body has several levels of organization: (Fig. 1.1)
chemical-cellular-tissue-organ-system-organismic
Each higher level is the coordination of the prior lower level.
Life processes:
All living organisms show these 6 basic life processes:
1) metabolism: the sum of all cell actions
-catabolism: provides energy (i.e. cell respiration)
-anabolism: uses up energy (i.e. active transport)
2) responsiveness: the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
3) movement: motion of the whole body, individual organs, whole cells, or substances within the cells
4) growth: increase in size of existing cells, number
of cells or substance surrounding cells
5) differentiation: where unspecialized cells become specialized cells
6) reproduction: formation of new cells, or a new individual
Cells, tissues and organs need relatively stable conditions.
(temperature, ion balance, ph balance, fluid balance, etc...)
"homeostasis" is the condition in which the body's internal environment (and the fluid surrounding body cells called "interstitial fluid") remains within certain physiological limits.
Homeostasis may be disturbed by "stress"... any stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment.
Internal stress: high blood pressure, tumors, thoughts etc…
External stress: cold or heat, atmospheric pressure etc…
The body has many regulating (homeostatic) devices to cope with stress and maintain homeostasis. (Can stress kill you? ASAP Video: )
The nervous and endocrine systems primarily control homeostasis. The brain is constantly receiving impulses from homeostatic receptors.
Anatomical position
Descriptions of human body structures assume the body is in the "anatomical position." Subject is standing upright, facing observer, arms at the sides with palms forward, feet flat on the floor. (Fig. 1.3a)
To locate various structures in relationship to one another, "directional terms" are used. (exhibit 1.2)
|Superior (cranial/cephalic) |Toward the head |
|Inferior (caudal) |Away from the head |
|Anterior (ventral) |Toward the front |
|Posterior (dorsal) |Toward the back |
|Medial |Toward the midline |
|Lateral |Away from the midline |
|Intermediate |Between two structures |
Directional Terms cont…
|Proximal |Nearer to the attachment of an extremity |
|Distal |Farther from the attachment point |
|Superficial |Toward the surface |
|Deep |Away from the surface |
The human body may also be described in terms of "planes" (imaginary flat slices) that pass through it. (Fig.1.5) (Ex. Virtual Human video)
When you study a body structure, you will often view it in "section"...looking at only one surface of a 3-d structure. (Fig. 1.6)
*See Video in YouTube Folder: Anatomical Terms - Drawn & Defined
Exhibit 1.3 is a summary of the body cavities:
Dorsal
Cranial: contains the brain and its coverings
Vertebral: contains spinal cord and beginning of spinal nerves
Ventral
Thoracic: the entire chest region
Pleural: each contains one lung
Mediastinum: between the lungs, contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, blood and lymphatic
vessels
Pericardial: contains the heart only
Abdominopelvic:
Abdominal: contains stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder
pancreas, sm. Intestine & most of lg. intestine
Pelvic: contains urinary bladder, lower part of the large intestine and the reproductive organs
Spaces within the body that contain internal organs are called "body cavities." Fig. 1.7 shows the 2 major cavities (dorsal and ventral)
See 5 min. Human Biology video on Body Cavities
Fig. 1.8 shows how a combination of terms may be employed…
A transverse section (or plane) through the thoracic cavity.
To locate organs easily, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 9 "regions" (fig. 1.9) (used more for anatomical studies)
The abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into 4 "quadrants."
(Fig. 1.10) (used more by doctors)
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HEH LUL IHI
“He even had long underwear living in his igloo.”
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