Review of Evidence: Arts Education Through the Lens of ESSA

Review of Evidence: Arts Education Through the Lens of ESSA

November 29, 2018

Yinmei Wan, Meredith J. Ludwig, and Andrea Boyle American Institutes for Research

Review of Evidence: Arts Education Through the Lens of ESSA

November 29, 2018 Yinmei Wan, Meredith J. Ludwig, and Andrea Boyle

1000 Thomas Jefferson Street NW Washington, DC 20007-3835 202.403.5000 Copyright ? 2018 American Institutes for Research. All rights reserved. This research was commissioned and funded by The Wallace Foundation as part of its mission to support and share effective ideas and practices.

Acknowledgments

We express our gratitude to the staff of The Wallace Foundation, in particular Rachel Hare Bork, Ed Pauly, and Daniel Windham. Their questions, suggestions, and comments helped us improve the content and style of the report. We also wish to thank the many colleagues who helped us, especially Jim Lindsay, co-author of a preceding evidence review on arts integration, whose contributions to the design of the technical approach and analysis and synthesis of data guided the current review of arts education research. We appreciate the corrections and recommendations provided by Kathryn Young of EducationCounsel, who checked our presentation of the key elements in the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) as they pertain to arts education. Three researchers at the American Institutes for Research (AIR) guided us in the content, technical approach and quality review for the report. David English informed our description of ESSA and the arts. Josh Polanin reviewed the meta-analysis work. Mengli Song provided overall quality review and feedback. Thank you to Elizabeth Scalia, our research librarian, who coached us in the development of the search parameters and made frequent suggestions, acquiring the materials that we needed for the screening and review.

Contents Page

Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... iii

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 1 Report Highlights ................................................................................................................. 3 Recommendations............................................................................................................... 4 Concluding Thoughts ........................................................................................................... 5

Chapter 1. What Do We Mean by "Arts Education?" ............................................................. 6 Focus of the Evidence Review ............................................................................................ 7 Arts in Education: Evolving Practice and Access ............................................................... 8 Research Literature About Arts in Education...................................................................11 Logic Model for Arts Education Interventions .................................................................. 12 Organization of the Remainder of This Report ................................................................ 13

Chapter 2. How Can the Every Student Succeeds Act Support Arts Education, and How Does It Define Evidence-Based Interventions? ........................................................... 15

Support for Arts Education Within ESSA........................................................................... 15 Identifying the Evidence Base of Arts Education Interventions ...................................... 23

Chapter 3. What Evidence Exists Linking Arts Education Interventions With Improved Student Outcomes?.................................................................................................................26

Evidence in Studies of Visual Arts Interventions ............................................................. 28 Evidence in Studies of Dance Interventions .................................................................... 32 Evidence in Studies of Drama Interventions....................................................................34 Evidence in Studies of Music Interventions ..................................................................... 37 Evidence in Studies of Interventions That Involve Multiple Types of Art ....................... 46 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 50

Chapter 4. How Large Are the Effects of Arts Education Interventions on Student Outcomes? ............................................................................................................................. 52

Average Effect of Arts Education Interventions on Student Outcomes..........................55 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 60

References ............................................................................................................................. 61

Appendix A. Technical Approach to the Evidence Review .................................................A?1

Appendix B. Evidence-Based Criteria for Grant Programs Awarded by the U.S. Department of Education ................................................................................................... B?1

Tables Page Table 2.1. Opportunities for Funding Under ESSA, Evidence Required for Funding, and Eligible ESSA Arts-Related Activities..............................................................................17

Table 3.1. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Visual Arts Interventions With Tiers II and III Evidence..........................................................................................................29

Table 3.2. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Visual Arts Interventions With Tier IV Evidence ............................................................................................................................. 30

Table 3.3. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Dance Interventions With Tiers II and III Evidence......................................................................................................................33

Table 3.4. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Dance Interventions With Tier IV Evidence ................................................................................................................................. 33

Table 3.5. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Drama Interventions With Tier III Evidence ................................................................................................................................. 35

Table 3.6. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Drama Interventions With Tier IV Evidence ................................................................................................................................. 36

Table 3.7. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Music Interventions With Tiers II and III Evidence......................................................................................................................39

Table 3.8. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Music Interventions With Tier IV Evidence ................................................................................................................................. 41

Table 3.9. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Interventions Involving Multiple Art Types With Tiers II and III Evidence ...................................................................................... 48

Table 3.10. Evidence Review Results: Studies of Interventions Involving Multiple Art Types With Tier IV Evidence ............................................................................................. 49

Table 4.1. Average Effects of Arts Education Interventions on Student Outcomes Within and Across Studies, by Art Type and Overall ............................................................ 56

Table 4.2. Average Effects of Arts Education Interventions, by Art Type and Type of Student Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 57

Table A.1. Criteria for Determining Tier of Evidence Based on ESSA and U.S. Department of Education's (2016) Non-Regulatory Guidance.........................................A?7

Table A.2. Types of Information Recorded From Each Eligible Study Report ..................A?9

Figures Page Figure 1.1. Components, Processes, and Outcomes: A Logic Model of Arts Education Interventions......................................................................................................... 12

Figure 2.1. "Evidence-Based" Intervention as Defined by ESSA ........................................ 23

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