Unit 5 Test Study Guide (Standards 7-9)
AP World History Unit 2/Period 3 Study Guide: 600-1450 CE
Chapters 6-11 (textbook)
Chapters 11-15 in 5 Steps to a 5
1. Multiple Choice Topics
2. Ch. 6-7: Islam
a. Muhammad: Arab prophet and founder of Islam.
Muslims regard him as God's messenger through whomthe Koran was revealed. Muhammad established a theocratic state at Medina after 622 and began to convert Arabia to Islam.
b. The Quran
The Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic. The Koran consists of 114 units of varying lengths, known as suras ; the first sura is said as part of the ritual prayer. These touch upon all aspects of human existence, including matters of doctrine, social organization, and legislation.
c. Beliefs and practices of caliphates
Umayyad - the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees, although they did pay a poll tax for policing to the central state
Abbasid - The choice of a capital so close to Persia proper reflected a growing reliance on Persian bureaucrats, most notably of the Barmakid family, to govern the territories conquered by Arab Muslims, as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the ummah. Despite this cooperation, the Abbasids of the 8th century were forced to cede authority over Al-Andalus and Maghreb to the Umayyads, Morocco to the Idrisid dynasty, Ifriqiya to the Aghlabids, and Egypt to the Shi'ite Caliphate of theFatimids. The political power of the caliphs largely ended with the rise of theBuyids and the Seljuq Turks (Sunni affiliation). Although Abbasid leadership over the vast Islamic empire was gradually reduced to a ceremonial religious function, the dynasty retained control over its Mesopotamian demesne.
d. Regions that Islam spread to
Africa, Southeast Asia, Middle East
e. Abbasid Caliphate significance -
Establishment of the harem (less rights for women); Moved capital closer to Persia; Loss of leadership over the Islamic empire.
f. Islam in India
Islam in India spread during the 700s, became the second largest religion in India. Spread in India because of the egalitarianism (equality), whereas Hinduism embraced a caste-based social system.
g. Relation to other monotheistic religions
Islam takes stories and ideas from Judaism and Christianity.
h. Dar-al-Islam
Division of Islam based on geographic location.
3. Ch. 8: African Civilizations
a. Timbuktu significance
Trade city for Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires.
b. Rise & decline of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
Ghana rise 300, fall in 1235; Mali rise 1230, fall in 1600; Songhai rise in 1464, fall 1591.
c. Similarities between West & East Africa
Availability of Resources, trade routes, interaction with Muslim merchants.
d. Religion and Economy
Polytheistic, trade-based. First peoples were polytheistic and nomadic. Eventually, West Africa converted to Islam.
e. Mansa Musa
Most famous leader of the Mali empire. Went on a hajj to Mecca, passing out gold along the way.
4. Ch. 9: Eastern Europe
a. Mongol Rule of Russia
The almost 250-year Mongol rule over Russia was precipitated by two separate invasions. Following a successful invasion of the Caucasus in 1221, the Mongols invaded a small part of Russia in 1222. The Mongols were understanding and allowed them to practice their religion, but secluded them from the rest of Europe.
b. Russian cultural influences
Slavs, Byzantines, Scandinavians (Vikings), and Mongols.
c. Roman Catholic Church vs. Eastern Orthodox
Catholic - Services conducted in Latin, Pope is supreme religious authority, Priests required to be celibate, Divorce not permitted
Orthodox - Services in Greek or local language, Patriarch is head of church, Under emperor’s authority, Priests can marry, Divorce allowed under certain conditions
5. Ch. 10: Middle Ages in Western Europe
a. Plague: Plague killed 25 million people in 5 years (1/3 of Europe’s population), Plague would disappear, then reappear in the 1600s, Effects: wiped out 1/3 population, but those who survived could demand higher wages for labor because there were fewer people to do work—lower & middle classes gained more rights
b. Guild system: A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. The earliest types of guild were formed as confraternities of tradesmen. They were organized in a manner something between a professional association, trade union, a cartel, and a secret society.
c. Causes & effects of the Crusades: Causes: The Pope wanted to unite Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Christians & regain holy lands from Muslims, Knights wanted to gain forgiveness for sins, gain riches, & support the Church, Merchants wanted to trade. Effects: Cultural Diffusion—new products & ideas spread from the Middle East & Asia to Europe: Luxury Goods—ivory, pearls, silk, cotton, sugar, & spices, Navigation—shipbuilding ideas, accurate maps, astrolabe, gunpowder & the compass, Math—Arabic numbers, algebra, Science—chemistry, astronomy, & the telescope, Pope lost power—failures of the Crusades led to loss of respect, Noble lords lost power—some lords & knights sold pieces of their land to raise money to fight the Crusades & some serfs gained their freedom, Kings gained power—raised taxes & created armies to fight
d. Religion – polytheistic after the fall of Rome, Catholic Church becomes integrated in the tribes and emerges as the dominant religion during the Middle Ages.
e. Feudal system and chivalry - a code of behavior for warriors’ actions began to emerge, A knight’s main obligation was to serve in battle (in exchange for land), The code of chivalry demanded that a knight fight for 3 masters: God, His lord (king), His lady, Also, should protect the poor, be loyal, be brave, etc.
f. Government – Feudal, Lords held power, but referred to the King. We do not see strong kingdoms or empires, except in France (the Franks under Charlemagne).
6. Ch. 11: The Americas
a. Compare/Contrast American civs: Mayan – built pyramids, Developed system of mathematics & number system, Created accurate calendar with 365 days that could accurately predict eclipses, Had exact knowledge of phases of the moon & cycle of Venus. Incan – Lived on the sides of Mountains, built their homes into the Mountain, Had no writing, but created record system called quipu (knots tied to colored rope), Built suspension bridges, Built 10,000 miles of roads, Excellent goldsmiths, 1st civilization to harvest potatoes. Aztec - Farming was the basis of the Aztec economy, but land was not large enough to produce enough food for the population; Aztecs created chinampas (floating gardens), by putting mud on huge mats made of woven reeds & placed them in lake—farmed on soil on these “farms”.
b. Economy and Religion: Polytheistic (human and animal sacrifice), Trade based but also farming based.
c. Aztec conquering and rule of empire: Conquered by Spanish in 1521 (the conquistadors); their capital was the largest in the world (Tenochtitlán).
d. Incan achievements and society: but created record system called quipu (knots tied to colored rope), Built suspension bridges, Built 10,000 miles of roads, Excellent goldsmiths, 1st civilization to harvest potatoes.
Essay Portion: You will be asked to answer one of the following questions in a short essay, be prepared for either since only one of them will actually be on the test. The essay will count for 25% of your test grade and the multiple choice questions will be 75%.
• Did the Mongol conquests and empire leave the world better or worse-off than it was before? Pick a stance and support it.
• Why is the post-classical time period from 600 to 1450 CE called the “period of regional and transregional interactions”?[pic][pic][pic]
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