Cell Cycle Packet 8 Honors 2014-2015 - Ms. Daley Science

[Pages:31]Honors Biology

2014-2015

Name: ____________________________________ Block:________ Date:________________________

!PACKET #8

! Unit 4: Cell Development and Replication, Part I: The Cell Cycle

!Reading: Chapter 8 plus 13.3 and 15.4

Objectives: By the conclusion of this unit you will be able to explain why the cell cycle is necessary for the growth, maintenance, and repair of multicellular organisms as well as model the major events of the cell cycle (including cell growth, DNA replication, preparation for division, separation of chromosomes, and separation of

!cell contents).

Topic 1: Introduction to the cell cycle 1. Compare the process of cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (8.1 and 6.3). 2. Explain the importance of the cell cycle. 3.

Describe the main events of the cell cycle, including what happens during each stage of interphase ? G0, G1,

! S, and G2 (8.2).

Topic 2: DNA replication 4. Describe the structure of DNA and explain how it is assembled into the chromosome (8.3, 13.3). 5. Describe the structure of nucleotides and why they are paired up as they are (8.3) 6.

Define and relate the following terms: chromatin, chromosomes, DNA, sister chromatids, centromere,

replicated chromosomes, and homologous chromosomes. (8.5, p. 220). 7. Explain the process of DNA synthesis (replication) and evaluate the importance of correcting DNA

replication errors (8.4, 8.5).

!8. Define mutation and explain how cells can repair mutations (8.5).

Topic 3:Cell division and control of the cell cycle

9.

List the steps of mitosis and both describe and draw what occurs in each step (8.6).

10. Describe how the cell cycle is regulated by cyclin levels and checkpoints (8.8, 8.9).

11. Describe the major differences between cancer cells and normal cells and how the cell cycle may be altered

! in cancer (15.4).

Key terms Asexual Reproduction Cell cycle (G0, G1, S, G2, M) Mitosis Interphase M Phase Restriction point Nuclear division Cytokinesis Cleavage Furrow Cell Plate DNA synthesis

!(replication)

DNA polymerase Replication origins Daughter Cell Replisome Semi-conservative Chromosome Replicated Chromosome Sister chromatids Centromere Leading Strand Lagging Strand Okazaki Fragment

!!Histone

Anti-parallel Ligase Nucleosome Mutation Mutagenic Excision repair Chromosome segregation Aneuploid cells Mitotic spindle Spindle poles Kinetochore Prophase

!!Metaphase

Anaphase Telophase Kinase Cyclin Cancer Checkpoints Cell cycle arrest Oncogene Proto-oncogene Apoptosis Tumor Suppressor

!1

An old piece of poetry says "to everything there is a season... a time to be born, a time to die." For cells,

the line might say "a time to divide and a time to grow." In multicellular organisms, different types of

cells have different roles and need to complete specific tasks. For example, a cell that isn't large enough is

Honors Bniooltougyseful for storing nutrients for later, but a cell that is too large will not be useful for transport2a0ti1o4n-2015

! !

through a tiny capillary. In understand how organisms

tfhuinscatciotinv.itTy,hyoeuCwiellllleaCrnyacbloeut

the

seasons

of

a

cell's

life,

and

in

turn

better

!

What controls the life and development of a cell?

WMhoyd? el 1 ? The Cell Cycle

An old piece of poetry says "to everything there is a season... a time to be born, a time to die." For cells,

the line might say "a time to divide and a time to grow." In mGul1ticellular organisms, different types of

* cells have different roles and need to complete specific tasks. For example, a cell that isn't large enough is

not useful for storing nutrients for later, but a cell that is too large will not be useful for transportation through a tiny capillary. In this activity, you will learn about the seasons of a cell's life, and in turn better understand how organisms function.

M

Model 1 ? The Cell Cycle

(including cytokinesis)

G1

* 5. Considering your answer to Questions 3 and 4, identify two ways that the growth of an organ-

ism can be accomplished tGhr2ough the events of the cell cycle.

M

(including cytokinesis)

S

! ! 1. 6S.t1aCS.rotaHimnocgewe!car,amttn!thachneeeyru!ospnuthcasoartsnuretesmrdoaor!lcGlereseid2lnclog!t(nrh*ose)wi,s!ctwteholhlfocamfytcc!ailesenl!lytashs,ceoseh!floltoserwntdhneraeritns!ouatrlfhte!tsehmidneui!asacgthtrauagsmmmesoai!nrlol,efMor!arto!hmcdaeeanllsl1s'ns?oo!lfrifmaeb?an!l.oArmccaolrcdeilnlsg. to

!

Model 1, what part(s) of the cell cycle is (are) most likely being affected?

! 2. Du2r. inStga!rwtinhgicaht!pthheasstear!dreodecse!tllh, ew!shiaztei!sotfh!tehoer!dceerllo!ifntchSreesatsagee?s! of a cell's life?

!

7. In Model 1, if the length of the arrow represents time, then for those cancerous cells, what hap-

3. Durpienngs!wtohtihceht!pimheasthe!adtoisesn!etchees!snaruymfobretrh!oefc!ceellllcsy!cinlec?rWeahsaet?i!!mplication might this have for doctors

!

1.3Hw. ohDwoumarirnaengtyrwepahhtiaicnshegspcahraeansicenedrthopeeascteitelhlnectyssci?zleeaosfsthhoewcnelilnitnhceredaiaseg?ram in Model 1?

!

4. C2.onStsairdtienrginatgt!hyeosutarr!raendscwelle, rwsh!taot !iQs tuheesotridoenrso!f2t!haensdta!3ge,!sidofeanctieflyl's!tlwifeo? !ways!that!the!growth!of!an! or4g.anDiusrmin!cgawnh!biceh!apchcaosme dpoleishtheedn!tuhmrobuegr hof!tcheell!seivnecnretass!eo?f!the!cell!cycle.!

!

!

Mod3e. lD2uri?ngCwheilclh CphyasceldeoeDs thaetsaize of the cell increase?

PThhae4sCe. eDlluCriyncglKewehyicPhrpohcaessesdoes

the

number

of

cTeilmls iencIrnetaeser?val (hours)

Sets of DNA

Number of

present in each cell at end of phase

coerllgaant eelnledsoinf pehacah1se

Gap1

11

Synthesis

8

The Cell

Gap2

Cycle

Protein and synthesis

organelle

4

1

560

2

570

1

2

600

Mitosis Cell and nuclear splitting

1

1

300

Total time:

24

! !2 8. Model 2 presents cell cycle data for a typical human cell in culture. Use the phase names in

Model 2 to label the G, M, and S phases in Model 1.

Honors Biology

2014-2015

5. Model!2!presents!cell!cycle!data!for!a!typical!human!cell!in!culture.!!!

a. Compare!the!time!spent!in!mitosis!with!the!time!spent!in!gap1!in!human!cells!and!

describe!any!difference.!!

!

!

!

b. Imagine!100!cells!were!chosen!randomly!from!a!tissue!sample!and!examined!under!a!

microscope.!!In!which!phase!of!the!cell!cycle!would!you!expect!to!find!the!largest!

number!of!cells?!Explain.!!

!

!

!

6. Using!the!information!found!in!Models!1!and!2,!complete!the!"Key!Processes"!column!for!

Gap1!and!Synthesis!phases!of!the!cell!cycle.!!

! 7. What!do!you!think!takes!place!during!the!mitosis!phase?!Hint:&Consider!the!sets!of!DNA!in!

each!cell.!!

!

! Extension Questions

! 8. C28y.toF&=o!rceeallc,h!kipnheassies,!=d!ecsucrtitbinega.t!!Wleahstaot!ndeow!yaoyum!thisitnakke!tsadkuersi!npglatchee!dceullricnygcl!ecyctooukldinreessuisl?t !in problems.

! !

G1

! 9. Cells!willS!sometimes!stop!dividing!and!enter!another!phase,!G0.!!Keeping!in!mind!the!events!

of!each!part!of!the!cell!cycle,!mark!with!a!double!arrow!on!Model!1!where!those!cells!might!

(loecitahteiorn!t!Gefom2rp!Go0r?a!rHiliyn!to:&rT!pheinrmk!aonf!ean!ptllayc)e!e!ixnit!t!thhee!c!ceelll!lc!cyycclele!w!toh!eGr0e.!!!tWheh!yce!dlli!dis!y!fouun!ccthioonosineg!t!hniosr! mally,!

but!not!preparing!to!divide.!!

!

M

!

! !

G0

10. Liver!and!nerve!cells!are!both!typically!found!in!the!G0!phase!of!the!cell!cycle.!!If!you!damage! y29o.urS!olimveert,!ynpeews o!lfivceanr!cceerlslsa!rceatnre!batee!dprwoidthucraeddi!attoio!rne,psliamciela!urpto!tou!l7tr5a%vio!oleft!tlhigeh!lti.vWerh.!yHmowigehvteitr,b!ief!you! sustbaienn!ebfircaiainl !tdoaimrraadgieat,!eyocaunrc!berocdeyll!sd?oes!not!usually!produce!new!brain!cells.!!Explain!this!

observation!using!what!you!have!learned!about!the!cell!cycle.!!

!

!

!

!

30. Plasmodial slime mold is an example of a multinucleated cell. It can be referred

!

to as "one huge cytoplasmic mass with many nuclei" as seen to the right. What

11. Plaspmaortdoiaf lM!sloimdeel !1mios lsdk!iipsp!aend!einxathmepfoler!mofa!tai!omnuolftisnuuchclaeacteelld? !Ecexplll.a!!iInt!cyaonu!rbaen!swer.

referred!to!as!"one!huge!cytoplasmic!mass!with!many!nuclei"!as!seen!to!the!

right.!!What!part!of!Model!1!is!skipped!in!the!formation!of!such!a!cell?!Explain!

your!answer.!

!

!

!

31. Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals that disrupt various parts of the cell cycle, targeting rapidly

!

growing cells. Paclitaxel (Taxol?) is one such drug that prevents the mitosis phase from taking

place.

!3

a. Explain how this drug is useful as a cancer treatment.

H!onors Biology

! Model!3:!Human!Embryo! Development!

!

!

2014-2015

!

Read!This!!

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________! Cell!division!and!the!cell!cycle!are!important!for!many!reasons.!!In!species!that!use!sexual! reproduction,!every!organism!starts!life!as!a!single!cell!called!a!zygote.!In!general,!cell!division!must! occur!for!the!organism!to!grow,!develop,!and!repair!dead!or!damaged!cells.!

! 12.!!What!is!the!name!of!the!singleacell!stage!of!development?! ! !! ! ! 13.!!How!many!cell!divisions!have!occurred!at!the!2acell!stage!of!embryonic!development?!!At!the!4a

cell!stage?!! ! ! ! ! ! 14.!!How!many!cells!would!the!embryo!contain!after!6!cell!divisions?!! ! !

!4

Honors Biology

2014-2015

! ! ! ! 14.!!During!development,!some!cells!will!undergo!apoptosis,!or!programed!cell!death.!!The!picture!

above!shows!an!example!of!this!occurring.!!With!your!group,!write!one!complete!sentence! explaining!the!purpose!of!apoptosis!illustrated!above.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 15.!!Summarize:!How!do!mitosis!and!apoptosis!work!together!to!determine!what!we!look!like!as!we! develop!from!a!single!cell?! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16.!!What!processes!do!you!think!would!take!place!after!an!openaheart!surgery?!Explain.! !

!5

!

Honors Biology

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NcboainsterNcbtoaoaiginsnteertinona-iggneinn-g

Nitrogen Bases Nitrogen Bases

Adenine Adenine

Thymine Thymine

Guanine Guanine

Cytosine

Cytosine

1. Refer to the diagram in Model 1.

1.!!Refer!1t.oa!.RthWeefe!hdraitaoagrtrehaetmhde!iitanhg!rMreaemopdaierntls!M1o.f!o!adenlu1cl.eotide?

!

a.!Wah.atW!arhea!ttharee!tthhreeteh!preaerptsa!rotsf!ao!fnaunculecoletoidtied?e!?

!

b. What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide?

!

b.!!What!kind!of!sugar!is!found!in!a!DNA!nucleotide?!!

!

b. What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide?

!

c. Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?

! ! !

c.!!Nac.mWe!thhiec!hfonuurc!lneiottriodgeecno!mbapsoense!nsht ocownnta!iinn!sMnoitdroegl!e1n.!?! d. Name the four nitrogen bases shown in Model 1.

2! .!!DNAa2!i..s!C!DoirdfNtc.elAenN!i!adsa!mrsoaifnetwegtnhnlede!i!rnnfaow!uaucn!r"lelinnaoidttardiod"elgeared!!nomdnebor!aedmsaeecoslhd"s.eh!!sLlo.i"odwcLenao!otcienfa!!tttMehhteiohs!dil!sadeddlrrda1awe.wrii!nnmggo!iindnMe!Ml!ooodfde!Dle1lN!.1A.!.!!!

! !

b.2!!.Wa.DhCNaitrA!cpleiasraots(fitsne)gn!loedfn!rtauhwcelne!noitunidcalee"oolnatdieddaecehsr!mmsidoaedkoeefl!.ut"hpLe!tolhacdeadt!reeurtnhmigossdd!eorlaf!owtfhiDneg!N"liAnad.Mdeord"e?l!1.

!

!

! !

a. Circle a single nucleotide on each side of the ladder model of DNA. DNAcS.!t!rWuchtuarte!paanrdtsR!eopfl!itchaeti!onnucleotides!make!up!the!sides!(backbone)!of!the!"ladder"?!

1

DNA Structure and Replication

1

!6

Honors Biology

2014-2015

Read%This!%

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________! When!studying!the!structure!of!DNA,!scientists!find!it!useful!to!be!able!to!refer!to!specific!carbons! in!the!deoxyribose!sugar.!By!convention,!we!number!carbons!in!such!a!way!that!we!get!the!longest! unbroken!chain!possible.!Examine!the!diagram!of!deoxyribose!below,!and!notice!that!carbons!are! numbered!1!?!5,!beginning!with!a!carbon!on!the!pentose!ring.!

! _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________!

!

3.!Number!the!carbons!in!each!nucleotide!you!circled!in!Model!1.!

!

!

a.!!To!which!carbon!is!the!phosphate!group!attached?!!

!

!

b.!!To!which!carbon!does!the!next!nucleotide!in!the!chain!attach?!

!

! 4.!!Look!at!the!bottom!and!top!of!the!"ladder"!in!Model!1.!Are!the!two!sides!parallel!(ends!of!the! strands!match)!or!antiparallel!(the!ends!of!the!strands!are!opposites)?!

!

!

!

5.!!Every!DNA!strand!has!2!ends:!a!3'!end!and!a!5'!end.!These!labels!are!given!based!on!which!

numbered!carbon!is!closest!to!the!end.!In!model!1,!label!the!3'!and!5'!ends!of!both!DNA!strands.!!

!

!

!

6.!!On!the!"ladder"!model!of!DNA!label!each!of!the!nitrogenous!bases!with!the!letter!A,!T,!C,!or!G.!

!

!

!

7.!!Refer!to!Model!1.!!When!one!nucleotide!contains!adenine,!what!type!of!base!is!the!adenine!

attached!to!on!the!opposite!nucleotide!strand?!

!

!

!7

Honors Biology

2014-2015

8.!!The!two!strands!of!DNA!are!held!together!with!hydrogen%bonds!between!the!nitrogen!

bases.!These!are!weak!bonds!between!polar!molecules.!!How!many!hydrogen!bonds!connect!

the!two!bases!from!Question!7?!

!

!

!

!

!

9.!!Refer!to!Model!1.!!When!one!nucleotide!contains!cytosine,!what!type!of!base!is!the!cytosine!

attached!to!on!the!opposite!nucleotide!strand?!!

!

a.!!How!many!hydrogen!bonds!connect!these!two!bases?!!

!

!

!

!

10.!!With!your!group,!use!a!complete!sentence!to!write!a!rule!for!how!the!bases!are!arranged!

in!the!ladder!model!of!DNA.!

!

Read%This!%

Erwin!Chargaff!(1905!?!2002),!an!Austrian^American!biochemist,!investigated!the!ratio!of! nucleotide!bases!found!in!DNA!from!a!variety!of!organisms.!!From!his!research,!as!well!as! research!by!Rosalind!Franklin!and!Maurice!Wilkins,!Watson!and!Crick!were!able!to!solve!the! puzzle!of!DNA's!structure.!! !

Relative!Proportions!(%)!of!Bases!in!DNA!

Organism%

A%

T%

C%

G%

Human!

30.9! 29.4! 19.9! 19.8!

Chicken!

28.8! 29.2! 20.5! 21.5!

Grasshopper!

29.3! 29.3! 20.5! 20.7!

Sea!Urchin!

32.8! 32.1! 17.7! 17.3!

Wheat!

27.3! 27.1! 22.7! 22.8!

Yeast!

31.3! 31.9! 18.7! 17.1!

E.!coli!

24.7! 23.6! 26.0! 25.7!

!

11.!Some!data!about!DNA!composition!of!several!species!is!given!in!the!table!above.!Examine!

the!relative!proportions!of!bases.!

A.!!What!percentage!of!bases!in!the!human!genome!is!Adenine?!_______!Thymine?!_______!

Cytosine?!________!!Guanine?!_________!

!

B.!!What!percentage!of!bases!in!the!sea!urchin!genome!is!Adenine?!_______!!

Thymine?!_______!!Cytosine?!________!!Guanine?!_________!

!

C.!!Make!an!observation!about!the!relative!numbers!of!each!nucleotide!base.!

!

!8

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