Chapter 4 Reading Guide - Get Psyched!
Unit 7 Memory Reading Guide
Cognition: Memory, Thinking, Language
PLEASE PRINT and HANDWRITE!!
MODS 34-35 will be completed in Unit 10!
Module 31: Studying and Building Memories (pg. 316-328)
• Memory:
• There are 3 steps of memory (according to information-processing models):
1. Encoding:
2. Storage:
3. Retrieval:
• Parallel processing:
• What happens to the neurons in your brain every time you learn something new?
• Forming memories is another 3 step process:
1. Sensory memory:
2. Short-term memory:
3. Long-term memory:
• Working Memory (short-term memory):
A. Building Memories: Encoding
• Explicit memory (declarative memory):
o Encoded through effortful processing:
• Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory):
o Encoded through automatic processing:
o Examples of things you automatically process:
Types of sensory memories
• Iconic memory:
o Example:
• Echoic memory:
o Example:
• How many things can short-term memory hold?
Ways to help effortful processing
• Chunking:
o Example:
• Mnemonics:
o Example:
• Hierarchies:
o Look at the layout of your reading guide—am I using a hierarchy to help you?!!
• Spacing effect:
• Testing effect:
Levels of Processing
• Shallow processing:
o Example:
• Deep processing:
o Example:
• Which is better for your memory over time—shallow or deep?
Module 32: Memory Storage and Retrieval (pg. 329-340)
• What is the capacity for long term memory?
• What part of the brain lays down new explicit memories (names or events)?
• What happens to memories while you are sleeping?
• What kinds of memories does the cerebellum form?
• What kinds of memories does the basal ganglia form?
• Flashbulb memories:
• What part of the brain is involved in emotional memories, like flashbulb memories?
• Describe an especially strong (probably emotional memory) that you can remember about yourself.
• Long-Term Potentiation (LTP):
A. Retrieval
• 3 measures of retention:
o Recall:
o Recognition:
o Relearning:
• What is the point to remember about Ebbinghaus’ learning experiments?
• Retrieval cues are things that can make it easier to remember something. Give 2 examples of retrieval cues.
• Priming:
• State-dependent memory:
• Mood congruent:
• Serial position effect:
Module 33: Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory Improvement (pg. 341-355)
• What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
• What are the possible reasons we could forget something because of an encoding failure?
• What did Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve prove about how much time it takes to forget something?
• When you have a retrieval failures, what is one way you could help yourself remember the information?
• Proactive Interference:
o Example:
• Retroactive interference:
o Example:
• Repression:
o Famous psychologist associated with repression:
A. Memory Construction Errors
• What is reconsolidation?
• Misinformation effect:
o Psychologist associated with this:
• Source Amnesia:
• Déjà vu:
• Is it easy to tell real memories from false one?
B. Improving Memory
• Suggestions to help you improve your memory while studying (just list, don’t need to describe):
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
MODS 34-35 will be completed in Unit 10!
MODS 34-35 will be completed in Unit 10!
Module 34: Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity (pg. 356-360)
• Cognition:
• Concepts:
• Prototypes:
o Example:
• Creativity:
• Convergent thinking:
o Example:
• Divergent thinking:
o Example:
• Do you consider yourself a creative person? Why/why not?
• 5 components of creativity:
1. Expertise:
2. Imaginative thinking skills:
3. A venturesome personality:
4. Intrinsic motivation:
5. A creative environment:
Module 35: Solving Problems and Making Decisions (pg. 361-371)
A. Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles
• Algorithms:
o Example:
• Heuristics:
o Example:
• Insight:
Obstacles to Problem Solving
• Confirmation Bias:
o Example:
• Mental Set:
o Example:
B. Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments
• Intuition:
• Representative heuristic:
o Example:
• Availability heuristic:
o Example:
• Overconfidence:
o Example:
o How is overconfidence related to happiness?
• Belief Perseverance:
• Framing:
Module 36: Thinking and Language (pg. 372-383)….Already did this in Unit 6!
• Language:
A. Language Structure
• Phonemes:
o Example:
• Morphemes:
o Example:
• Grammar:
B. Language Development
• What is receptive language? How old are babies when they understand that?
• What is productive language?
• Babbling Stage:
• One-Word Stage:
• Two-Word Stage:
o Telegraphic Speech:
• What does Noam Chomsky believe about language development?
• What happens to children who have not been exposed to any speaking language before their critical period ends?
• Aphasia:
• Broca’s Area:
• Wernicke’s Area:
• Linguistic determinism:
o Example:
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