Korean History GlossaryNote to the users: This glossary has been updated on June 2015. It will be continuously updated and posted in this website.JP: James B. Palais. Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: YuHy?ngw?n and the Late Chos?n Dynasty (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996) W: Edward W. Wagner. The Literati Purges (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974)SJK: Sun Joo Kim, Marginality and Subversion in Korea: the Hong Ky?ngnae Rebellion of 1812 (Seattle: University of Washington, 2007)RM: Richard D. McBride, IIMD: Martina DeuchlerPL: Peter LeeWD: Wrongful Deaths: Selected Inquest Records from Nineteenth-Century Korea, compiled and translated by Sun Joo Kim and Jungwon Kim (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014)VN: Voice from the North: Resurrecting Regional Identity through the Life and Work of Yi Sihang (1672–1736) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013)C. refers to ChineseJ. refers to JapaneseExamples: pay attention to which part is capitalized (or used lowercase), italicized, etc.Title of a postAmhaeng ?sa暗行御史secret censorAdministrative OfficeChiphy?nj?n集賢殿Hall of WorthiesGeneral termsaj?n衙前yamen attendantsBook titleTaej?n chuhaeAnnotations to the Great Codeaby?ng牙兵officers’ personal aides known as the ivory soldiersJPAeguk kyemong-ki?????the period of the patriotic enlightenment movementSJKaekkak額角forehead WDaj?n衙前yamen attendants or local clerksJPals?ngsi謁聖試one of the special examinations VNAmhaeng ?sa暗行御史secret censorJPAn-ch’a-shih (C.)按察使governor JPangmy?n仰面ventral side of the body WDanj?ng眼睛pupils WDasa衙舍magistrate’s office SJKchaaek自縊suicide by hanging WDch’abi差備specialized workmenJPchabo資保equipment support personsJPchaboin資保人material support personsWchaby?k雜役Miscellaneous taxesSJKchaejo chi ?n再造之恩Chos?n’s indebtedness to the Ming’s military aid VNCh’aekchung illok柵中日錄Prison Diary VNch’aengmun husi柵門後市a market in the palisade settlementSJKChaep’anjang裁判長chief justice WDChaep’anso裁判所court WDchaesang / zaixiang宰相Grand councilorsRMCh’agwan差官court messengers VNchaik自溺suicide by drowning WDchajahy?ng刺字刑punishment of tattooing a letter on a criminal’s face or arm WDChakch’?ng作廳Public Administration BureauSJKCh’albang察訪superintendent of Post Stations Jr. 6W Ch’ambong參奉Tomb guardianJPCh’amch’angwan 參贊官participant of the Office of the Royal Lectures Sr. 3WCh’amgun 參軍bailiff of the Seoul Magistracy Sr. 7WCh’amgyo參校assistant editor of the Office of Diplomatic Correspondence Jr. 3Wch’amha參下officials of ranks 6-9JPCh’amjang參將general WDCh’amji參知assistant vice-minister of the Ministry of WarJPCh’amj?ng參政senior councilor WDCh’ammo參謀staff officerSJKCh’ammogwan參謨官staff officer VNCh’amni參理consultantJPCh’amp’an參判second minister of the Six Ministries Jr. 2Wchamsang潛商smugglersSJKch’amsanggwan參上官positions of rank six and aboveSJKCh’am?i參議third minister of the Six Ministries Sr. 3Wchang長elder, one 10-20 years order than egoJPchang丈a measuring unit of approximately 2.08 metersSJKchang杖heavy stick, or beating with the heavy stick WDChang 將commanding general of the Five Military Commands Jr. 2Chang 將commandant of the Palace Guards Headquarters Jr. 2Changch’o壯抄robust select soldiersJPCh’anggam倉監granary supervisorSJKChangg?msa掌禁司Bureau of Forbidden AffairsJPchanggun將軍generalSJKChanggwan將官constable, guard officerJPChanggwan將官commanderSJKchanggyo掌校head officer WDchanghy?ng杖刑punishment of beating with the heavy stick WDchangjong長從long-term, professional soldiersJPChangny?ng掌令third inspector of the Office of the Inspector-General (2) Sr. 4WChang?i掌議supervisor VNchangyang purhyo將養不效nursing [of the injury] did not work WDChangyesa掌隸司Slave Bureau proposed by Yu HyongwonJPChangyew?n掌隸院Slave Agency (early Chos?n dynasty)JPChangyew?n掌隸院Bureau of Slave AdministrationWChangyongwi壯勇衛Robust and Brave GuardsJPChangyongy?ng壯勇營Office of the Robust and Brave GuardsSJKCh’anj?ng贊政councilor WDchapsaekkun雜色軍miscellaneous reserve soldiersJPCh’asaw?n差使員(river transport grain) commissionersJPchedu臍肚lower belly WDChegam諸監chiefs of directoratesJPChehak提學deputy director of the Office of Royal Decrees Jr. 2Chehak提學deputy director of the Office of the Special Counselors Jr. 2chehu諸侯feudal lordsJPChejo提調commissioner, or assistant commissioner (of the Border Defense Command or other agencies)JPChejo提調director of the Marketing Control OfficeWChejo提調superintendent of the Royal Stables AdministrationWchej?n祭田ancestral ritual lands VNchesa題辭adjudication WDchese chi in濟世之人a person who will save the worldSJKchew?n諸員runnersJPchibae yangban支配兩班ruling yangban VNChib?i執義second inspector of the Office of the Inspector-General Jr. 3W / JPchi-ch’?k地尺land-measuring ruler WDchigwan地官office of earthJPchigwan地官geomancer WDChigw?l直月secretary of a community compactJPchiji地支the twelve Earthly branches WDChikchehak直提學second counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Sr. 3Chikchehak直提學second deputy director of the Office of Royal DecreesVNChikch’?ng直廳attendants assigned to a post or officeJPChikkang直講lecturer of the Royal Academy (4) Sr. 5Wch’ilj?l七絶a poetry form of a quatrain in seven-syllable linesVNchilp’ums?質稟書Inquiry WDch’ilyul七律A regulated verse in seven-syllable lineschin鎭garrisonSJKchinbon眞本authentic portrait VNchin’gwan鎭管regional command garrison of central garrison system of 1457JPchindo changgun眞道將軍a general who truly mastered the Way SJKChinhyulch’?ng賑恤廳Relief BureauSJKchinin眞人a true and genuine personSJKchinjang鎭將garrison commandersJPChinjusa陳奏使envoy to present a memorial to the emperorJPchinsa進士a lower civil service examination degree or degree-holder, literary licentiate degree or degree-holderSJKChinsaw?n進士院Hall for Advanced ScholarsJPChiphy?nj?n集賢殿Hall of WorthiesWChiphy?nj?n Haksa集賢殿 學士proctor of Hall of WorthiesSJKChipkang執綱sub-district administrator WDChipsa執事staff military officerSJKChipsabu執事部Chancellery RMChip’y?ng持平fourth inspector of the Office of the Inspector-General (2) Sr. 5WChisa知事third minister of the Office of Ministers-without-Portfolio (6) Sr. 2Chisa知事director of the Royal Academy Sr. 2Chisa知事second deputy director of the Royal House Administration Sr. 2Chisa 知事deputy director of the office of the Royal Lectures Sr. 2chis?k誌石grave tabletch’o哨a military companySJKch’?妻primary wifeMDChobangjang助防將auxiliary defense officerJPchobo朝報court gazette VNchoch’am朝參court audienceJPChoch’ang漕倉Maritime Transport GranariesJPChoch’?n-s?k朝天石Stone to Ascend to the Heaven VNch’odae召待royal audienceJPch’og?m初檢first inquest investigation WDch’og?mgwan初檢官first inquest official WDCh’ogwan哨官company commanderJPchoi召史married commoner womanSJKchoi or sasa召史Ms., or title for a commoner woman WDCh?jak 著作first copyist of the Office of the Diplomatic Correspondence Sr. 8Ch?jak著作eighth counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Sr. 8Chojis?造紙署Paper Manufactory OverseerWch’?k尺a measuring unit ranging from 20.8 cm to 49.24 cmVNch’?k尺unit of length = 10 ch’on WDch?kcha嫡子direct lineal heirMDchokchi足趾toes WDchokchidu足趾肚toe tips WDchokchigap足趾胛toenails WDchokchigappong足趾甲縫underneath toenails WDChokch’inwi族親衛Royal Relative GuardsJPch?kch’?p chi pun嫡妾之分distinction between primary and secondary wives VNch’?kpae脊背spine WDCh?lchesa節制使commissioners of ordering and organizingJPch?lkwa竊科literally “stealing the degree” or identity theft VNCh?lli P’ans?典理判書minister of Ministry of Personnel and Rites WDch?llin切隣close neighbor WDch’?llyu賤類people of low statusSJKch’?longs?ng鐵甕城iron fortress VNCh?ltosa節度使provincial military (army or navy) commanderJPCh’?mji僉知a senior third rank military post WDCh’?mjijungch’ubusa僉知中樞府事a senior third rank military post WDCh’?mjisa 僉知事fifth minister of the Office of Ministers-without-Portfolio Sr. 3WCh’?mj?l chesa (Ch’?msa)僉節制使commanders of the seventeen garrisonsJPCh’?mj?ng 僉正fourth secretary of the Royal House Administration (2) Jr. 4WCh?mma點馬horse assayerWCh’?msa僉使army second deputy commander or garrison commanderSJKCh’?msajin僉使鎭Prefectural-level Naval GarrisonsJPch’?ms?lchik添設職official sinecuresJPch’on寸a marker that shows the remoteness and closeness of relatives to oneselfSJKch’on寸unit of length, 10 p’un WDch’on村village or hamlet WDch?n錢monetary unit, 10 ch?n = 1 yang WDch?nan奠雁the ceremony of the groom bringing a pair of wild geese to the birde's house WDch?nbong專封feudal lords given exclusive control over landJPCh?nb?psa典法司Ministry of JusticeJPch?nch'a戰車battle cartSJKCh’?nch’ong千總officer in charge of infantryJPch?ndaed?ng典大等manager grandeeRMCh?ng正second secretary of the Royal House Administration Sr. 3Wch?n’ga saby?n yul全家徙邊律punishment of relocating whole household to the border regionSJKch’?n’gan天干ten Heavenly stems WDch’?ngbaengni淸白吏pure officials; chief officials of top rank of the important state officesJPCh?ngbang政房Personnel Office (Kory?)JPch?ngb?m正犯the principal offender or the accused WDCh’?ngbuk淸北area north of the Ch’?ngch’?n RiverSJKCh’?ngbuk tojihwisa淸北都指揮使commander in chief of the Ch’?ngbuk RegionSJKch?ngby?ng正兵regular soldiers of commoner statusJPch?ngch’in宗親male relatives of the royal clanJPCh?ngch’inbu宗親府Office of Royal RelativesJPCh?ngch’och’?ng精秒廳Crack Select AgencyJPchongga宗家the most senior family VNCh?nggong dogam正供都監Directorate for Rectification of Tribute, agency established by King S?njo in 1567JPch’?ngg?mnok靑衿錄roster of Confucian scholars VNch?nggun正軍regular duty soldiersJPCh?ngja正字ninth counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Sr. 9WCh?ngja 正字second copyist of the Office of the Diplomatic Correspondence Sr. 9Wch’ongjae塚宰High councilorRMch?ngjik正職regular officialsJPch’?ngjik廳直boy servantsJPch’?ngjik淸職prestigious positionsSJKch’?ngjok淸族prestigious lineagesSJKCh?ngj?n正殿Hall of RectitudeJPch?ngmun旌門commemorative gates VNChongmyo宗廟The Royal Ancestral ShrineJPCh?ngnang 正郞section chief of the Six Ministries Sr. 6Wch?ngni情理sentiment and reason WDCh?ngnowi定擄衛The Jurchen Quelling GuardsJPch?ngny?旌閭commemorative halls VNch’?ngny?脊膂area along the spine WDCh’?ngnyong-sa靑龍寺Blue Dragon TempleSJKCh?ng?m典檢investigatorJPCh?ng?n 正言fourth censor of the Office of Censor-General, Sr. 6WCh’?n’gwan天官officer of HeavenJPCh’ongyungch’?ng摠戎廳The Anti-Manchu Division (the Kyonggi Province Division)JPch?ngsa dang / zhenshi tang政事堂Administration ChamberRMChongsagwan從事官chief administrative officerSJKch?ngsi庭試one of the special examinations VNchongsil宗室“main room” or primary wifeMDch?ngsim頂心crown of the head WDchongson宗孫Most senior line of descentch?ng?i情誼proper sentiment and sense of justice WDCh?ngy?ng典經third secretary of the Office of the Royal Lectures Sr. 9Wch?nham天銜retired officialsJPCh?nhan典翰third counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Jr. 3Wch?nhwang錢荒shortage of copper cashSJKChonhy?ndang尊賢堂Yu’s Hall for Respected and Worthy ScholarsJPCh’?njamun千字文Thousand-Character Classic WDCh?nj?k 典籍librarian of the Royal Academy Sr. 6Wchonju尊周revering the ZhouSJKch’?nmin賤民the lowborn WDch’?nmun天文heavenly signsSJKch?nsi殿試palace exam VNChonwi尊位village headSJKChonwi尊位sub-district administrator WDch?nyo纏繞a binding coil knot WDch’?p妾secondary wifeMDch’?p疊guard stationSJKch’?pch?ng牒呈an official report submitted by a lower level administrative unit to a higher one WDch’osa初仕entry-level officeSJKch’osi初試first-stage qualifying examination VNChos?n hy?ngsary?ng朝鮮刑事令Chos?n Penal Order WDChos?nsa p’y?ngsuhoe (J: Chōsen shi henshūkai)朝鮮史編修會Korean History Compilation Committee VNChubu主簿accountant of the Military Procurement Administration VNchu-ch’?k周尺a Zhou measurement unitSJKch’ugo推考deposition WDCh’ugwan推官investigation officer (State Tribunal)WCh’ugwanji秋官誌Treatise on the Ministry of Penal Affairs WDchuhaeng sadaed?ng州行仕大等Regional official grandeeRMchuin主人masterSJKch’uj?ng追贈award honorary titles VNch’?ksil側室“side room” or secondary wifeMDCh’uks?ngsa築城司Office of the Fortifications Wch’ulsin出身military degree-holderSJKCh’unch’u春秋recorderSJKCh’unch’u春秋Spring and Autumn Annals VNChungch’ubu中樞府Office of Ministers-without-PortfolioWchunggang husi中江後市a foreign trade market established on the Chinese side of the Amnok RiverSJKChungguk中國Middle Kingdom VNChunggun中軍deputy commander (of the Provincial Military Commander’s Office) or chief military officer in the county governmentWDch?nggwangsi增廣試one of the special examinations VNCh’unghunbu忠勳府Merit Awards AdministrationWChunghwa-bu ogan中和府獄案Inquest Records of Chunghwa County WDchunghwa sasang中華思想China-centered culturalismSJKchungin中人middle status group VNCh’ungjang-gong忠壯公Duke of LoyaltySJKch’ungny?l忠烈loyalty and devotion VNCh’ungny?llok忠烈錄Record of Loyalty and Devotion VNch?ngsi贈諡grant posthumous title VNChungsi 中侍director of the chancelleryRMchungsind?ng衆臣等assembly of ministersRMCh?ngsu muw?llok增修無寃錄Amplified and Corrected Coroner’s Guide for the Elimination of GrievancesWDCh?ngsu muw?llok ?nhae增修無寃錄諺解Amplified and Corrected Coroner’s Guide for the Elimination of Grievances in Vernacular KoreanWDCh’ung?i-dan忠義壇Stele of Loyalty and RighteousnessSJKchuroe or churi周牢torture or punishment of twisting legs by inserting wooden sticks between bound legsWDChus?注書recorder of the Royal Secretariat Sr. 7WChwabingaek左賓客first mentor of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Sr. 2WChwabubingaek左副賓客third mentor of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Jr. 2WChwabus?ngji左部承旨fourth royal secretary of the Royal Secretariat Sr. 3Wchwajang座長village elder WDChwarang佐郞assistant section chief of the Ministry of WorksVNChwarang 佐郞assistant section chief of the Six Ministries Sr. 6WChwasu座首director of the Hyangch’?ng (Bureau of Local Yangban) WDChwas?ngji左承旨second royal secretary of the Royal Secretariat Sr. 3WChwa?ij?ng左議政left state councilor VNChway?ngjang左營將left division commander VNChwayun左尹second magistrate of the Seoul Magistracy Jr. 2WDa Ming lü (K. Taemy?ngnyul) 大明律Great Ming Code Great Ming Code WDhabang遐方a remote region VNhabang chi in遐方之人the people of remote regions VNhaeng行brevetted WDhaengjang行狀short biographies VNHaengry?l-cha行列字Generation namesHaengsagwan行査官special investigator WDHagyu 學諭third proctor of the Royal Academy Jr. 9WHakch?ng 學正first proctor of the Royal Academy Sr. 8WHallim翰林historianSJKhallyang閑良unemployed military officerSJKhamhae頷頦under the jaw WDhammy?n合面dorsal side of the body WDhanggy?ng項頸back of the neck WDHangnok 學錄second proctor of the Royal Academy Sr. 9Whan’g?l??vernacular Korean script invented in 1446SJKHans?ng-bu漢城府Capital District OfficeSJKHans?ngbu 漢城府Seoul MagistracyWhat’o遐土a remote region VNhat’o-chi-in遐土之人a person from a remote areaSJKHo胡Manchus or barbariansSJKhobok胡服Manchu-style dressSJKhoebong灰封preserving the corpse with ashes WDhoegw?n會圈an official selection process in which incumbent officials mark a circle by the chosen candidate’s name after considering thecandidates’ qualificationsSJKhoesi會試second-stage metropolitan examination VNhogun胡軍Manchu soldiersSJKHogun 護軍third deputy commander of the Five Military Commands Sr. 4Whoin胡人barbarians VNhojang戶長head clerk WDHojo戶曹Ministry of TaxationSJKHongmullok弘文錄a preliminary candidate roster for the Hongmun’gwanSJKHongmun’gwan弘文館Office of the Special Councilors VNhonjo昏朝dim reign of Kwanghae-gun VNH?nnap獻納third censor of the Office of Censor-General Sr. 5hop合1 hop = 0.1596 literSJKhory?m戶斂household levySJKhosok胡俗barbarian custom VNC.huiguan會館native-place lodges VNHully?n togam訓鍊都監Military Training Command VNHully?n toj?ng訓練都正a senior third-rank position in the Military Training CommandSJKhully?ng訓令Order WDHully?nw?n訓鍊院Military Training AdministrationHully?nw?n Ch?ng訓練院 正second commander of the Military Training CommandSJKH?mh?m sins?欽欽新書New Writings on Circumspection in Judicial Decisions WDh?mhyul chi ?i欽恤之義meaning of legal prudence WDHundo訓導instructor VNHunjang訓將chief of the Military Training AdministrationSJKHunjang訓長director of local school VNHunyo sipcho訓要十條Ten Testamentary InstructionsSJKhusi後市irregular trading postsSJKhwab?l華閥established descent groupsSJKhwai-ron華夷論a theory differentiating those who received the benefit of Confucian transformation and those who did notSJKhwain華人civilized peopleSJKHwangjang Ky?ngch’agwan黃腸敬差官special lumber commissioner VNhwanhae chingbi宦海懲毖career historySJKhwanja or hwan’gok還穀grain loan systemSJKHwaryusa花柳詞“Song of Flowers and Willows,” or “Song of Prostitutes”hyangan鄕案local yangban association or its rosterSJKhyangban鄕班local yangban WDHyangch’?ng鄕廳Bureau of Local YangbanSJKhyangdang鄕黨whole yangban community VNhyanggok chi in鄕曲之人a person from the countrysideSJKhyanggok hou yup’um chaje鄕曲豪右流品子弟sons and brothers of powerful local elite and previous officialsSJKhyanggyo鄕校local schoolSJKhyangim鄕任quasi-bureaucratic posts at the Hyangch’?ng (Bureau of Local Yangban) WDhyangin鄕人local yangbanSJKHyangjang鄕長village elder WDhyangj?n鄕戰local strifeSJKhyangni鄕吏local strongmen in the Kory? and early Chos?n periods; clerks in the district magistrate’s administration office from the early Chos?n onSJKhyangoein鄕外人nonmembers of a local yangban associationSJKhyangsi鄕試first-stage qualifying examination VNHyangso鄕所supervisor of the Bureau of Local YangbanSJKHyangso鄕所assistant director of the Hyangch’?ng (Bureau of Local Yangban) WDHy?lly?ng縣令magistrate of the County Jr. 5Hy?lly?ng縣令magistrate of Prefecture WDhy?mae嫌碍procedural avoidance WDhy?n縣provincial administrative unit in Kory? and Chos?n VNHy?n縣Lesser Prefecture or Prefecture WDHy?n’gam縣監magistrate of Lesser Prefecture WDHy?ngam縣監magistrate sent to a lesser county (hy?n)SJKHyǒngbang刑房Bureau of Penal Affairs WDHy?ngb?p taej?n刑法大全Comprehensive Collection of Penal Codes WDHy?ngjo刑曹Ministry of PunishmentsSJKHy?ngj?ng toch’?p刑政圖帖Painting Album of Penal Affairs WDhy?ngni刑吏a jailer, or a clerk at the Hyǒngbang (Bureau of Penal Affairs)WDhy?njo顯祖prominent ancestorSJKHy?pp’an協辦associate judge WDhyulch?n恤典legal prudence WDhyungdang胸膛chest (of the body) WDidu吏讀“clerk’s writing,” which borrows either the reading or the meaning of Chinese characters to express some part of colloquial KoreanWDigyu耳竅ear holes WDIh?n里憲sub-district administrator WDiim里任sub-district administrator WDIjo吏曹Ministry of PersonnelSJKij?k夷狄barbariansSJKIj?ng里正sub-district administrator WDilga一家Kinsmen or clanIls?ngnok日省錄Record of Daily Reflections WDilsu日守county servants VNImw?n ky?ngjeji林園經濟志Treatises on the Economy of Land and ForestVNin’gi印記securing it with seals WDinhu咽喉throat WDinjung人中philtrum WDinmul人物prominent personalitiesSJK"Inmy?ng" (C. Renming)人命“Homicide,” a section in the Great Ming Code WDipchins?ng入鎭姓moved-in surname groups also known as ips?ng and naes?ngSJKiphyangjo入鄕祖move-in ancestors VNips?ng入姓moved-in surname groups also known as ipchins?ng and naes?ngSJKiryun耳輪ear flaps WDIsa貳師second deputy director of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Jr. 1Wisu耳垂ear lobes WDKaeby?k??CreationSJKkaengch’u更推second round deposition WDkaesi開市open marketsSJKKaes?ngbu開城府Kaesong MagistracyWkaja加資upgrade rankSJKkaj?ng家政familySJKkakk?n脚跟heels WDkally?n干連a person involved, or living witness WDKamch’al監察senior sixth rank post bailiff of the Office of the Inspector-GeneralVNKamgy?l鑑訣Revelation by KamSJKkamgy?l甘結a directive issued by a higher level administrative unit to a lower oneWDKamsa監司provincial governor WDkamun家門familySJKKamy?ng監營Provincial Governor’s Office WDkan間unit of measuring the size of a house; 1 kan refers to the width between two bearing poles, or 10 ch'?kWDkanb?m干犯accomplice WDkanj?ng看證eyewitness WDkanso ch’inhoek奸所親獲catching adulterer and adulterous wife on the scene of adultery by the husband himselfWDkan?m奸淫adultery WDkap’ung家風family traditionSJKKarye chimnam家禮輯覽Compendium of Family Ritual VNKarye w?llyu家禮源流Original Stream of Family Ritual VNkasaDiscursive poetryPeter Leekasa??a long vernacular verse formSJKKas?n taebu嘉善大夫a Junior second-rank titleSJKki (C: qi)氣inner energy VNkigwan記官court recorder WDKijugwan記注官recorder VNkimaek氣脈inner energy and pulse WDKiroso耆老所Bureau of SuperannuationSJKKiroso Sujik耆老所 守直administrator of the Bureau of SuperannuationSJKkisaeng妓生female professional entertainer VNk?by?ng y?kkoe yul擧兵逆魁律punishment for a traitor and rebel commanderSJKkohan辜限death limit, or the period of responsibility for crimesWDkoju苦主accuser WDkokto穀道anus WDk?man檢案inquest record WDK?man ch’o檢案抄 Selected Inquest Records WDk?mbalsa檢跋辭concluding statements of inquest hearings WDk?mgwan檢官inquest official WDk?mje檢題trial adjudications WDk?msi檢屍physical examination of the body WDk?msi munan檢屍文案a legal draft on examining a dead body WDK?mt’ogwan檢討官commentator of the Office of Royal Lecturers, Sr. 6WK?my?l檢閱a senior ninth-rank position at the Yemun’gwanSJKK?my?l 檢閱third diarist of the Office of Royal Decrees, Sr. 9Wkong公dukeRMkong nobi公奴婢public slave WDkongin貢人tribute middlemen or merchantsSJKKongjo工曺Ministry of Works VNkongj?ng公證official witness WDkongni公利public goodsSJKkongnon公論public opinion VNkongsano公私奴public and private slave WDkong?i公議public opinion VNKory?sa高麗史History of Kory? VNk?sang巨商big merchantSJKkosi古詩ancient style poems VNkosin拷訊corporal punishment or torture WDku口mouth WDkuae chi hy?m狗碍之嫌procedural avoidance WDkuch’?k毆踢striking others with the hands or feet WDkuhyang舊鄕established yangban or original members of a local yangban associationSJKKuje-gung九梯宮Ninth Heaven Palace VNKukpo國寶National Treasure VNkulch’ong掘塚digging out a tomb WDKullyang kamgwan軍糧監官military provisions supervisorSJKK?mbu禁府State Tribunal VNK?mbu Tosa禁府都事inspector of the State Tribunal VNk?msu禽獸birds and beastsSJKK?mwiy?ng禁衛營Forbidden Guard DivisionSJKkun君lordkun郡provincial administrative unit in Kory? and Chos?n VNKun郡Lesser County WDk?n斤a measuring unit of weightSJKkun’gwan軍官military officersSJKkungnae局內perimeter of the tomb WDkunhy?n (C. jun-xian)郡縣prefecture and countySJKKunjagam軍資監Military Procurement Administration VNKunjagam Ch?ng軍資監 正secretary of the Military Procurement Administration, Sr.3SJKKunsu郡守magistrate of the Great County Jr. 4WKunsu郡守junior fifth grade magistrate VNKunsu郡守magistrate of Lesser County WDk?nyu根由root cause WDkwach’esi科體詩exam style poems VNkwaes? sag?n掛書事件incidents of posting seditious letters in public placesSJKkwallye冠禮capping ceremony VNkwan-ch’?k官尺official (measuring) ruler WDKwanbansa館伴使dscort of a Chinese envoy, Sr.3SJKKwanch’alsa觀察使provincial governor Jr. 2Wkwanch’?ng singni官廳殖利public loanSJKKwanghae-gun ilgi光海君日記Veritable Records of King Kwanghae VNKwangmu光武reign title of the Great Han Empire (Taehan Cheguk) from 1897 to 1906WDKwanhak官學official learning VNkwanno官奴public slave WDKwans?關西P’y?ngan ProvinceSJKKwans? ch’ungny?l ch?n關西忠烈傳Story of Loyalty and Devotion in P’y?ngan ProvinceKwans? kosillok關西故實錄A TRUE History of P’y?ngan Province kw?n券volume VNKw?n’gwan權官outpost officer, Jr.9SJKkw?nj?m圈點placing a circle by the chosen candidate in the official selection processSJKkye系Branch or segmentkye契cooperative financial arrangement or mutual assistance associationSJKkyesil繼室second wife VNkyo校military officersSJKKyogam校勘first drafter of the Office of the Diplomatic Correspondence Jr. 4WKyog?m 校檢third drafter of the Office of the Diplomatic Correspondence Sr. 6Wkyoji敎旨official appointment certificateSJKky?kchaeng擊錚petition by striking the gong WDky?l結a constant measure of crop yield produced by an area that varied from 2.2 to 9.0 acres depending on the fertility of the landSJKky?l決case review completed WDky?lly?m結斂surcharges on landSJKky?lsa結辭concluding statement WDKy?msa兼史historianSJKKy?ngguk taej?n經國大典Great Code of Administration VNky?nghwa sajok京華士族capital-based aristocratic families VNky?ngjaeso京在所capital liaison office VNKy?ngjo puji京兆府誌Gazetteer of Seoul WDky?ngmul莖物penis WDKy?ngny?k 經歷secretary of the Office of Ministers-without-Portfolio Jr. 4Ky?ngny?k 經歷adjutant of Five Military Commands Headquarters Jr. 4ky?ngse經世statecraft VNKy?ngy?n經筵Office of the Royal LecturesWky?ngy?nghy?ng punong?????entrepreneurial peasantsSJKKyori 校理second drafter of the Office of the Diplomatic Correspondence Jr. 5Kyori 校理fifth counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Sr. 5Kyos?gwan校書館Office of the Editorial Review WKyosu敎授education officer Jr. 6WKyosu敎授preceptorSJKKyuny?kch’?ng均役廳Equal Service BureauSJKli里a measuring unit approximately 3.3 milesSJKli里a measuring unit of distance; 1 li = 449.17mVNLi or Ri里Sub-district WDMaehwa y?ng梅花詠“Rhapsody of Plum Tree” maehyang賣鄕sale of local yangban association membershipSJKMaeksuga麥秀歌“Mourning Yin Melody” mal斗1 mal = 10 toe = 5.96 literSJKManch’wih?n晩翠軒Hall of Ever Green VNMan’gy?ng-dae萬景臺Terrace of Ten Thousand Scenes VNManho萬戶subarea commanderSJKmanin滿人Manchu people VNmansang灣商?iju merchantsSJKmaripkan麻立干elevated chieftainRMmillan民亂popular rebellionsSJKmilso密疏secret memorial VNmin緍a string of coins; 1 min = 1 yangWDmin’go民庫people's fundSJKminjung??massSJKminjung hy?ngmy?ng ?i s?n’gu????? ??the herald of people's revolutionSJKminyo民謠folk songSJKmoban taey?k yul謀叛大逆律punishment for high treasonSJKMok牧Special County WDMoksa牧使magistrate of the City/ Island Sr. 3WMoksa牧使magistrate of Special County WDmollak yangban沒落兩班fallen yangbanSJKmosa謀士strategistSJKMuch’?ng武廳Military Administration BureauSJKmumu貿貿boorish VNmun文monetary unit; 100 mun = 10 ch?n = 1 yangWDmunan文案inquest report WDmunan palsa文案跋辭concluding statements of inquest examinations WDmunb?l門閥prominent families VNMunhak文學second tutor of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Sr. 5Wmunjae文宰a civil officialSJKmunjang門長lineage chief WDmunjip文集collected literary works VNmunjung門中lineage association VNmunkwa文科higher civil service examination, or its degree or its degree-holderWDMunmyo文廟National Confucian Shrinemunmyo文廟Confucian Shrine VNmunmy?ng chi chi文明之地a land of civilization VNMunw?n文苑Hongmun’gwan or Yemun’gwanSJKmunw?n chi py?ng文苑之病illness of writers VNmunye文藝skills in writing literature VNmuny?巫女female shaman WDMuw?llok無寃錄Coroner’s Guide for the Elimination of Grievances WDmuy?k無役no military obligation WDmyogalmy?ng墓碣銘tomb stele inscriptions VNMy?n面District WDmy?ngbun名分one's proper station VNmy?ngsagwan明査官a special investigator WDmy?nim面任district administrator WDNaebu內部Ministry of the Interior WDNaeg?mwi內禁衛Palace Guards HeadquartersWNaeg?mwi in內禁衛人palace guardsmennaejaej?k palch?n non??????internal development theory WDnaeryong來龍incoming dragon vein (in geomancy) WDnaes?ng來姓moved-in surname groups also known as ipchins?ng and ips?ngSJKNaes?ng sasin內省私臣private minister of the Palace Domestic ServiceRMNaesusa內需司Palace Supply OfficeWnae?ng內應fifth columnistsSJKnakhy?ng烙刑punishment of putting a hot iron on the soles of a criminal's feetWDnamdang南堂Southern Chamber or South HallRMNamin南人Southerner FactionSJKnamj?ngan男丁案military rosterSJKnanjanghy?ng亂杖刑punishment of indiscriminate beating of the soles of a criminal's feetWDnisag?m尼斯今Successor princeRMnobi奴婢slave WDnoehu腦後occipital WDnog?p祿邑stipend villagenongmin hangjaeng????peasant resistance movementSJKnongmin pallan????peasant rebellionSJKNon? (C: Lun yu)論語Analects VNNoron老論Patriach's FactionSJKn?ksa勒死strangled to death WDoebang yusaeng外方儒生students from a provincial areaSJKoeson外孫descendants from a daughter’s line VNoeye外裔maternal line descendant VNogan獄案criminal investigation records WDohaeng五行five phasesSJKojak (C. wuzuo)仵作coroner’s assistant WDojak no仵作奴slave coroner’s assistant WDojak sary?ng仵作使令coroner’s assistant WDokchaegwan獄在官jailer WDokch?ng獄情facts of the case WD?mhy?ng ilch’a嚴刑壹次one round of beating WDongmuyangb?m獄無兩犯one crime shall not have two offenders WD?nmun諺文the Korean vernacularSJKo?n ch?lgu五言絶句A quatrain in five-syllable linesOrye?i五禮儀Five Rites of State VNOwi五衛Five Military CommandsWOwi Puhogun五衛 副護軍fourth deputy commander of Five Military Commands, Jr.4SJKOwi Toch’ongbu五衛都摠府Five Military Commands HeadquartersWOwi toch’ongbu五衛都摠府Five Military Commands VNOwijang五衛將commander at the Five Military Commands, Sr.3SJKP’a派Branch or segmentP’ach'ong把摠battalion commanderSJKpae拜bowing on their knees VNPaebijang陪裨將staff commanderSJKPaeji陪持post-station runnerSJKpaekkwal or palgwal白活complaint petition WDPaksa博士seventh counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Sr. 7Paksa 博士reference consultant of the Royal Academy Sr. 7Palchang撥長post-station chiefSJKp’alch’?n八賤eight meanest groups of people WDp’algo八股a genre of writing used for the civil service examinationVNpalgo發告file a complaint, or complainant WDp’algomun, baguwen八股文Eight-legged essay style palje髮際neck hairline WDpalsa跋辭concluding statement WDp’anbu判府royal judgment WDPang or Bang坊District WDpangim坊任sub-district administrator WDpang?n方言dialectSJKP’an’gwan判官governor’s aide WDP’angwan判官a junior fifth-rank military officeSJKP’angwan判官governor’s Aide / magistrate’s Aide Jr. 5P’angwan判官auditor (and others) of the Royal House Administration Jr. 5P’angwan 判官chief clerk of the Seoul Magistracy Jr. 5pangye坊隸district servant WDP’angyo判校editor of the Office of Diplomatic Correspondence Sr. 3P’angy?lsa判決事chief of the Bureau of Slave Administration Sr. 3WPangy?ng防營Defense CommandSJKP’ansa判事second minister of the Office of Ministers-without-Portfolio Jr. 1P’ansa判事deputy director of the Royal House Administration Jr. 1P’ansa判事judge WDP’ans?判書minister of the Six Ministries Sr. 2Wpansu班首yangban village headman WDP’anyun判尹chief magistrate of the Capital District Office, Sr.2SJKParhae ko渤海考Study of Parhae VNPiby?nsa備邊司Border Defense CommandSJKp’ich’?k被踢kicking, or kicked to death WDp’igo被告defendant, or the accused WDpigyu鼻竅nostrils WDpihun秘訓Confidential Directive WDp’iin n?ksa被人勒死strangled to death WDp’iin salsa被人殺死murder WDp’ija被刺stabbed to death WDp’ijang or katbach’i皮匠tanner WDp’ijang ch’isa被杖致死death as a result of torture WDp’ijang ny?皮匠女female tanner WDpijun鼻准tip of the nose WDp’il疋unit of cloth measurementSJKP’ils?n弼善first tutor of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Sr. 4WPinggo氷庫Ice Storage VNpiryang鼻梁bridge of the nose WDpo堡defense stationSJKpo步pacesSJKpobusang褓負商peddlers WDP’odo taejang捕盜大將director of the Capital Police Bureau VNP’odoch’?ng捕盜廳Police BureauSJKPod?k輔德first tutor of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Jr. 3Wpogo han’gi保辜限期period of responsibility for crimes WDpogos?報告書Report WDp’ok幅unit of fabric by width WDpokk?m覆檢second inquest investigation WDpoksi覆試second-stage metropolitan examination VNP?mmu Amun法務衙門Ministry of Justice WDp?mmul法物investigation tools used for the examination of the corpseWDPonggyo奉敎a senior seventh-rank office at the Yemun’gwanSJKPonggyo 奉敎first diarist of the Office of Royal Decrees Sr. 7Wpongmi封彌seal and stamp the answer sheet to hid examinee's identityVNPongsangsi Ch’?mj?ng奉常寺 僉正fourth secretary at the Bureau of Royal Rituals, Jr.4SJKpongwan本貫clan seatSJKp?nho藩胡friendly Jurchen VNP?ppu法部Ministry of Justice WDp?ry?l 閥閱capital-based prominent yangban families in the late Chos?nSJKposang褓商wrapping merchant WDPosangch’?ng ch?lmok袱商廳節目Principles of peddlers’ associations WDposangdan褓商團peddlers’ association WDPu傅deputy director of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Sr. 1Wpu賦rhyme prose VNPu府Special City WDpu chiry?ng部指令Order from the Ministry of Justice WDPuby?ngnu浮碧樓Pavilion of Floating Green VNPuch’onggwan副摠官deputy commander of the Five Military Commands Headquarters Jr. 2WPugin北人Northerners VNpuho富戶rich householdSJKpuho taego富戶大賈wealthy merchantsSJKPuhogun附護軍fourth deputy commander of the Five Military Commands Jr. 4Wpujae mosang父在母喪three-year mourning for his deceased mother when his father was still aliveVNPujang部將battalion commander of the Five Military Commands Jr. 6WPujangch’?ng部將廳Office of PatrolSJKPujehak 副提學first counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Sr. 3WPuj?ng副正third secretary of the Royal House Administration Jr. 3WPuj?ngja 副正字third copyist of the Office of the Diplomatic Correspondence Jr. 9WPukkwan han’ak北關悍惡wicked erpson from Hamgy?ng Province WDPukyori 副敎理junior fifth counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Jr. 5WPumin togam富民都監superintendent of min'goSJKP’umju稟主Granary AuthoritiesRMp’un分monetary unit; 100 p’un = 10 ch?n = 1 yangWDp’un分unit of length; 10 p’un = 1 ch’on WDpun’gwan分館initial assignment of traineeship for munkwa passersSJKP’ungh?n風憲district administrator WDp’ungsok風俗customsSJKp’ungsu (C. feng-shui)風水geomancy or geomancer WDpun?i分義propriety WDPusa府使magistrate of the Town, Jr. 3Pusa府使magistrate of County WDPusagwa 副司果junior fifth rank military officer of the Five Military Commands Jr. 5WPusajik 副司直junior fifth rank military officer of the Five Military Commands Jr. 5WPusaj?ng 副司正junior seventh rank military officer of the Five Military Commands Jr. 7WPusamaeng 副司猛junior eighth rank military officer of the Five Military Commands Jr. 8Wpusang負商back-packing merchant or pack-peddler WDPusayong 副司勇junior ninth rank military officer of the Five Military Commands Jr. 9WPusuch’an 副修撰junior sixth counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Jr. 6WPu?nggyo副應敎junior fourth counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Jr. 4WPuw?ngun府院君great lordWPuw?nsu副元帥assistant supreme commanderSJKPuyun府尹magistrate of the Special Capital Jr. 2WPuyun府尹magistrate of P’y?ngyang VNPuyun府尹magistrate of Special City WDp’ye sa-gun廢四郡the area where four districts were located in the early Chos?n periodSJKp’yo表documentary prose VNP’yohaerok漂海錄Record of Drifting across the Sea VNpy?k僻obsession VNPy?l-Chongsagwan別從使官special staff officer VNpy?l yuho別儒戶quasi-yangban householdsSJKPy?lchang別將garrison commander, Jr.9SJKPy?lgam別監assistant director of the Bureau of Local YangbanSJKPy?lg?m別檢assistant supervisor at the Ice Storage VNpy?lji別紙addendum WDpy?llan??politically charged rebellionsSJKpy?lly?mun騈儷文four- or six-pair couplets VNpy?lsi別試special examination VNPy?ngbury?ng兵部令director of the Ministry of WarRMP’y?ngjangsa平章事manager of Important National Security MattersRMPy?ngjo兵曹Ministry of Military Affairs WDPy?ngma Ch’?mj?lchesa兵馬僉節制使army second deputy commander Jr. 3WPy?ngma Ch?lchesa兵馬節制使army deputy commander Sr. 3WPy?ngma Ch?ltosa兵馬節度使army commander Jr. 2WPy?ngma P’y?ngsa兵馬評事army aide Sr. 6WPy?ngma Tonch’?mj?lchesa兵馬同僉節制使army third deputy commander Jr. 4WPy?ngma Uhu兵馬虞候army inspector Jr. 3Wp’y?ngmun平問interrogation without torture WDp’y?ngnip平笠coarse bamboo hat WDP’y?ngniw?n平理院Supreme Court WDPy?ngsa兵使provincial military commanderSJKP’y?ngsis?平市署Marketing Control OfficeWP’y?ngyang chi平壤志Gazetteer of P’y?ngyang VNP’y?ngyang sokchi平壤續志Gazetteer of P’y?ngyang, Continued VNPy?ngy?ng兵營Provincial Military Commander’s Office WDpy?njang邊將military office in border regionSJK SJKp’y?njwa偏左left side of the head WDp’y?no chi ryu 編伍之類commoners obliged to military serviceSJKp’y?nu偏右right side of the head WDpy?nsinsul變身術occult artsSJKroehy?ng牢刑torture or punishment of twisting legs by inserting wooden sticks between bound legsWDSa師director of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Wsa司battalionSJKsa辭prose-poetry VNsaaek s?w?n賜額書院royal-chartered private academySJKsaan査安special investigation report WDsabi私婢private female slave WDSaboksi司僕侍Royal Stables AdministrationWsabon寫本a copy VNsabu士夫scholar-official WDSabyonnok思辨錄Thoughtful Elucidations VNsadaed?ng仕大等official grandeeRMsaengw?n生員a lower civil service examination degree or degree-holder; classics licentiate or its degree-holderSJKSagan司諫second censor of the Office of Censor-General Jr. 3WSaganw?n司諫院Office of the Censor-General SJKSaguk (Sillokch’?ng) Tansang史局(實錄廳)堂上director of the Veritable Records OfficeWSagwa司果sixth rank of military officer of the Five Military Commands Sr. 5WSagwan史官historianWSagwan史官recorderWSagwangs?四館所Office of the ExaminationsWSagy?ng司經first secretary of the Office of the Royal Lectures Sr. 7WSahak四學Four CollegesWSah?nbu司憲府Office of the Inspector-GeneralWsahwa私和private settlement WDsahwan使喚a domestic servantSJKsahy?ng死刑punishment of death penalty or capital punishment WDsahy?ng私刑private punishment or torture WDsain士人a scholar or yangbanSJKsajang詞章belles lettres VNSaji司紙overseer of the Paper Manufactory Jr. 6WSajik 司直fifth rank military officer of the Five Military Commands Sr. 5Wsajok士族political and social elites of Chos?n VNSaj?ng司正seventh rank military officer of the Five Military Commands Sr. 7Wsallim山林rustic scholar VNSamaeng 司猛junior rank military officer of the Five Military Commands Sr. 8Wsamasi司馬試triennial lower civil service examinationsSJKsamch’u三推third deposition WDSamdo t’ongjesa三道統制使regional naval commander, Jr.2SJKsamgarye三加禮capping ceremony VNsamgong三公three high state councilorsWSamguk sagi三國史記History of the Three KingdomsSamguk yusa三國遺事Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms VNsamin徙民policy of population relocation VNsamsip se三十歲thirty years old WDsamsumi三手米rice surtax to support the three types of soldiersSJKsamun nanj?k斯文亂賊a despoiler of the TRUE Way VNsan山grave, gravesite, graveyard, or mountain WDSan guo zhi yan yi三國志演義Romance of the Three KingdomsSJKsangdaed?ng上大等senior grandeeRMsangha ach’i上下牙齒upper and lower molars WDsangha sunmun上下脣吻upper and lower lips and around lips WDsanghan常漢commonerSJKSanghogun 上護軍first deputy commander of the Five Military Commands Sr. 3Wsangjae上宰Senior grand councilorRMsangjaesang上宰相Senior grand councilorsRMSangjinch’?ng常賑廳Ever-Normal Relief BureauSJKsangmu chi chi尙武之地a place that valued martial arts VNsangmy?ng償命requital for a life WDSangnye piyo喪禮備要Essentials of Funerary Rites VNSangp’y?ngch’?ng常平廳Ever-Normal BureauSJKsangsang上相Senior grand councilorRMsangso上疏submit a memorial VNSangs?s?ng / Shangshu sheng 尙書省Department of State AffairsRMsangy?ga喪輿家community funeral home WDsano私奴private male slave WDsansong山訟dispute over gravesite, or gravesite litigation WDsan?m山陰blessing emanating from the ancestor’s grave WDSap’y?ng 司評second secretary of the Bureau of Slave Administration Sr. 6Wsarim士林Confucian scholars or local scholars VNsarim kongsong士林公誦public praise from regional yangban elites VNSaryak (C: Shi lue)史略Concise History VNsary?n詞連a person related WDsasin私臣Private or confidential ministerRMSas?司書fourth tutor of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Sr. 6WSas?ng司成assistant master of the Royal Academy Jr. 3Wsau祠宇Confucian shrines VNSa?i司議first secretary of the Bureau of Slave Administration Sr. 5WSa?nsa ky?m chinjusa謝恩使兼陳奏使embassy expressing gratitude for imperial grace and submitting an appealVNSaye司藝second assistant master of the Royal Academy Sr. 4WSayong 司勇ninth rank military officer of the Five Military Commands Sr. 9Wse歲counting unit of person’s age VNseg?ji世居地semipermanent residenceSJKSeja Sigangw?n世子侍講院Crown Prince Tutorial OfficeWSejong sillok chiriji世宗實錄地理誌Veritable Records of King Sejong’s Geographic Survey VNShi wen lei ju事文類聚Classified Compendium of Affairs and Things VNsich’in屍親the close relative of the deceased WDSidokkwan侍讀官reader of the Office of the Royal Lectures Sr. 5WSiganggwan侍講官expositor of the Office of the Royal Lectures Sr. 4Wsig?p食邑Stipend villageRMSigy?ng詩經Book of Poetry VNsijang屍帳autopsy or inquest form WDsije時祭anniversary ancestor ritual WDsikkisang食氣顙esophagus WDsilchik實職regular officeSJKSillok實錄Veritable Records VN"Sim Ch’ong ka"???“Song of Sim Ch’?ng” WDsimgam心坎between the chest and belly WDSimjam (C: Xin zhen)心箴“The Maxim to Our Mind” VNSimnirok審理錄Records of Royal Reviews WDsimsang心喪three years of mourning in one’s heart VNSinan’gwan新安館the guesthouse in Ch?ngjuSJKsindobi神道碑spirit-path stele VNsingni殖利interest income from loaning out the fundSJKsingny?nsi式年試triennial regular examination VNsinhae t’onggong辛亥通共joint-sale decree in 1791 which allowed unlicensed merchants to operate in the capital alongside the six shopsSJKsinhyang新鄕local yangban or people with lesser social status who aspired to earn membership in a local yangban associationSJKsinim sahwa辛壬士禍purges of 1721–22 VNSinju Muw?llok新註無寃錄Newly Annotated Coroner’s Guide for the Elimination of GrievancesWDSinj?ng Tongguk y?ji s?ngnam新增東國輿地勝覽Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea VNSinmirok???A Story of Sinmi YearSJKsinmun顖門fontanel WDsinnang腎囊scrotum WDsinsa神師holy masterSJKSirang侍郞vice-directorRMsirhak實學practical learning VNsirin實因TRUE cause of death WDSiwigwan侍衛官escort WDso-chunghwa小中華lesser civilizationSJKSobuk小北Small Northerners VNs?dang書堂village schoolSJKS?do chaby?ng西都雜詠“Miscellaneous Songs of the Western Capital” VNs?gi書記court clerk WDS?gigwan書記官document clerkSJKsog’o-gun束伍軍sog’o army which was modeled after the Zhejiang system of military organization in the late Ming periodSJKS?gy?ng書經Book of History VNS?gy?ng chi西京志Gazetteer of P’y?ngyang VNS?gy?ng pu西京賦“Song of the Western Capital” VNS?gy?ng sihwa西京詩話A Talk on Poetry from the Western CapitalVNS?gy?ng t’ongji西京通志Comprehensive Gazetteer of P’y?ngyang VNSohak小學The Elementary Learning or The Lesser LearningSJKsohwa小華lesser civilizationSJKs?in西人P’y?ngan peopleSJKS?in西人Westerner FactionSJKs?jae書齋study hall WDsojang訴狀petition WDS?j?ng Tow?nsu西征都元?commander-in-chief of the western expeditionWsojunghwa小中華a lesser civilization VNSok taej?nSupplementary Great Codes?l舌tongue WDS?lgy?ng設經second secretary of the Office of the Royal Lectures Sr. 8WS?ls?設書fifth tutor of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Sr. 7Ws?m石1 s?m = 15 or 20 mal = 1 picul of grain by volume = 89.464 or 119.285 litersSJKS?nbongjang先鋒將chief field commanderSJKs?ng姓surname WDsongan訟案litigation records WDsongby?n訟卞hearing WDs?nggwan chedo姓貫制度ancestral seat systemSJKS?nggyun'gwan成均館Royal AcademySJKs?n’gi善騎cavalrymenSJKs?ngin聖人a saviorSJKs?ngin聖人sage ruler VNS?ngnihak性理學Learning of Nature and Principle VNsongsang松商Kaes?ng merchantsSJKS?nj?n or S?nj?n’gwan宣傳官royal messenger WDS?nj?n’gwanch’?ng宣傳官廳Office of TransmissionSJKs?nsan先山lineage cemetery WDs??l庶孼nothoi or sons of yangban by slave or commoner concubinesSJKs??l庶孼concubine’s son VNsorin率人houseguestSJKSoron少論Disciple’s Faction VNs?sil書室study hall VNs?suk書塾study hall VNs?w?n書院private academySJKS?yun庶尹deputy magistrate of P’y?ngyang or Seoul VNssi氏Madam, or title for a yangban woman WDSuch’an修撰sixth counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors, Sr. 6Wsuch’o yuso手草遺疎handwritten draft memorial VNSugun Ch’?mj?lchesa水軍僉節制使navy deputy commander Jr. 3WSugun Ch?ltosa水軍節度使navy commander Sr. 3WSugun Manho水軍萬戶navy sub-area commander (and others) Jr. 4WSugun Uhu水軍虞候navy inspector Sr. 4WSuguny?ng水軍營Navy Commander’s Officesuji手指fingers WDsujidu手指肚fingertips WDsujigap手指胛fingernails WDsujigappong手指胛縫underneath fingernails WDsujikkun守直軍watchman WDsujok首族lineage leaders WDsujong chi yul隨從之律the law concerning accomplices WDSumunjang守門將chief of gatekeepersSJKSumunjangch’?ng守門將廳Gatekeeper's OfficeSJKSunch’alsa巡察使border inspectorWSunginj?n崇仁殿Kija shrine in P’y?ngyangSJKS?ngji承旨royal secretary of the Royal Secretariat, Sr.3WS?ngj?ngw?n承政院Royal SecretariatWS?ngj?ngw?n ilgi承政院日記Records of the Royal Secretariat VNS?ngmunw?n承文院Office of the Diplomatic CorrespondenceWsungmy?ng崇明veneration to Ming VNSungny?ngj?n崇靈殿Tan’gun shrine in P’y?ngyangSJKsun’gyo巡校sheriff WDSunmu Chunggun巡撫中軍deputy commander of the Circuit Pacification Army HeadquartersSJKSunmuy?ng巡撫營Circuit Pacification Army HeadquartersSJKsunmy?ng paeho崇明排胡revering the Ming and rejecting the Jurchen VNSuny?ng巡營Circuit Army HeadquartersSJKSuny?ng巡營Provincial Governor’s Office WDSuny?ng Chunggun巡營中軍deputy commander of the Circuit Army Headquarters, Sr.3SJKSury?ng守令magistratesusim手心palms WDsuwan手腕wrists WDsuyanghy?ng收養兄adopted older sister or brother WDsuyangje收養弟adopted younger brother WDsuyangmo收養母godmother WDtaebangsulgaek大方術客master ascetic WDtaebo大輔Great bulwark RMTaebodan大報壇Altar of Great Retribution VNTaebuk大北Great Northerners VNTaedohobu大都護府Greater County WDTaedohobusa大都護府使magistrate of the Special City Sr. 3Wtaedongmi大同米tribute rice surtaxSJKtaedongp?p大同法Uniform Land Tax LawSJKtaed?ng大等grandeeRMtaegae大槪a summary of the memorial VNTaegan臺諫censorateWTaegun大君great princeTaegyo待敎second diarist of the Office of Royal Decrees Sr. 8WTaegyo待敎a senior eighth-rank office at the Yemun’gwanSJKTaehan Cheguk大韓帝國Great Han Empire WDTaehogun 大護軍second deputy commander of the Five Military Commands Jr. 3Wt’aehy?ng笞刑punishment of beating with the light stick WDTaejehak大提學director of the Office of Royal Decrees or the Office of the Special Councilors VNTaej?n chuhaeAnnotations to the Great CodeTaej?n hoet’ong大典會通Comprehensive Collection of Dynastic CodeTaej?n husongnokLater Supplement to the Great CodeTaej?n t’ongp’y?nComprehensive Great Codetaejongson大宗孫The senior-most descent line of a clantaemy?ng ?iri大明義理Chos?n’s gratitude to the Ming for its military aid during the Japanese invasions VNTaesagan大司諫censor-general of the Office of the Censor General Sr. 3WTaesah?n大司憲inspector-general of the Office of Inspector-General Jr. 2Wt’aesang胎傷injury to the fetus WDTaesas?ng大司成headmaster of the Royal Academy Sr. 3WTaesin大臣minister WDTaew?n’gun大院君the father of King Kojong WDTaew?nsu大元帥supreme commanderSJKtangbogun塘報軍scout soldier WDtanggun唐軍Chinese soldiersSJKTan’gun-dae檀君臺Tan’gun Terrace VNtangjil堂姪a son of a male cousin or a second nephewWDtangmok唐木Chinese cotton WDt’angp’y?ng蕩平politics of impartiality VNtangsanggwan堂上官officials of the upper end of the hall; high-ranking officials whose rank reached higher than senior third rankSJKTangsi (C: Tang shi)唐詩Tang Poems VNTo道Province WDToch’onggwan都摠官commander of the Five Military Commands Headquarters Sr. 2WTodang都堂Executive OfficeRMTodangnok都堂錄a final candidate roster for the Hongmun’gwanSJKtoe升1 toe = 10 hop = 0.596 literSJKt?gin德人men of virtue VNtogwa道科provincial examination WDt’ogwan chedo 土官制度indigenous office and rank systemSJKt’ogwanjik土官職indigenous officesSJKt’oho土豪indigenous power-holdersSJKTohobu都護府County WDTohobusa都指揮使commander in chiefSJKTohobusa都護府使magistrate of County WDtohy?ng徒刑punishment of penal servitude WDTojihwisa都指揮使commander in chiefSJKToj?ng都正first secretary of the Royal House Administration Sr. 3Wt?k德virtue VNToks?dang讀書堂Hall of ReadingTolly?ngbu敦寧府Royal House AdministrationWtong or dong洞village WDTongbus?ngji同副承旨sixth royal secretary of the Royal Secretariat Sr. 3Wtongch’u同推joint interrogation under torture WDTonggy?ng chi東京志Gazetteer of Ky?ngju VNtongim洞任village administrator WDTongin東人Easterners VNtongjang洞長village headman or village elder WDTongjisa同知事third deputy director of the Royal House Administration Jr. 2Tongjisa同知事second deputy director of the Office of the Royal Lectures Jr. 2Tongjisa 同知事assistant director of the Royal Academy Jr. 2Tongjisa 同知事fourth minister of the Office of Ministers-without-Portfolio Jr. 2tongjok purak (J.: d?zoku buraku)同族部落same surname village SJKT’ongj?ng taebu通政大夫a senior third-rank titleSJKtongmong童蒙young student WDt’ongmun通文a circularSJKTongmuns?n東文選Anthology of Korean Literature VNT’ongnyew?n通禮院Office of CeremoniesSJKtongp’o同胞fellow countryman VNt’ongsa通事interpreter VNtongs?ng ch’ollak同姓村落same surname village VNtongsu洞首village headman or village elder WDTosa都事auditor of the Office of Ministers-without-Portfolio Jr. 5Tosa都事auditor of the Five Military Commands Headquarters Jr. 5Tosa 都事inspector of the Province Jr. 5Tosa 都事inspector of the State Tribunal VNt’os?ng土姓surname with geographical identification or indigenous surnameSJKTos?ngji都承旨first royal secretary of the Royal Secretariat Sr. 3Wtubok肚腹upper belly WDt’uhang投降surrender VNt’ujang偸葬steal a tomb site and illegally bury, or such an illegal burialWDT’?kchingwan特進官special participant (Office of the Royal Lecture)tumin頭民village headman or village elder WDturak斗落a measure of land where 1 mal (4.765 U.S. gallons) of rice seed is sownWDturo頭顱cranium WD?ban邑案county yangban rosterSJKUbingaek右賓客second mentor of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Sr. 2WUbubingaek右副賓客fourth mentor of the Crown Prince Tutorial Office Sr. 2WUbus?ngji右副承旨firth royal secretary of the Royal Secretariat Sr. 3W?i義righteousness VN?iby?ng義兵militia or righteous armySJK?ig?mbu義禁府State TribunalSJK?ihwa議和peace negotiation VN?ij?ngbu議政府State CouncilW?iri義理propriety VN?irye (C. I-li)儀禮Book of Etiquette and Ceremonials VN?isaeng醫生herbalist or medical specialist WD?m陰protection privilege WD?mjikProtection route appointment?nggyo應敎drafter Sr. 4W?nggyo應敎fourth counselor of the Office of the Special Counselors Sr. 4W?p揖bowed to him as an equal VNUs?迂書Idle Jottings Us?ngji右承旨third royal secretary of the Royal Secretariat Sr. 3WU?ij?ng右議政right state councilor VNUyun右尹third magistrate of the Seoul Magistracy Jr. 2Ww?n yuho元儒戶authentic yangban householdsSJKw?nak hyangni元惡鄕吏corrupt clerksSJKw?n’an原案original rosterSJKw?n’go原告plaintiff WDw?nhyang 原鄕original members of the local yangban associationSJKW?nja Poyanggwan元子輔養官special mentor of the Crown PrinceWW?njang院長director of a private academy VNW?nj?psa遠接使receiving agent of a Chinese envoy VNW?nsu-dae元帥臺Pavilion of the Great GeneralSJKXiyuan jilu (K. Sew?llok)洗寃錄The Washing Away of Wrongs WDYakch?ng約正district administrator WDyang兩monetary unit; 1 yang = 10 ch?n = 100 p'un or munWDyangaekchi兩腋胑both armpits WDyanganp’o兩眼胞both eyelids WDyangban兩班a term referring to social, political, economic elite of the Chos?n dynastySJKyangbibu兩臂膊both backs of the shoulders WDyangdun兩臀both buttocks WDyanggagwan兩脚腕both ankles WDyanggak sinjik兩脚伸直both legs are straight WDyanggakkwa兩脚踝both ankles WDyanggaksim兩脚心both soles of the feet WDyanggangmy?n兩脚面both tops of the feet WDyanggokch’u兩?瞅both crooks of the knees WDyanggokch’u兩腆瞅inside the elbow WDyanggwa兩胯both groins WDyanggy?lbun’gol兩缺盆骨both depressed areas above the shoulder blades WDyanggy?min兩膁肕both shins WDyanggy?ngap兩肩胛both shoulders WDyanghuhy?p兩後脇sides under arms WDyangh?lju兩肐肘both elbows WDyangh?ppak兩?膊upper arms WDyanghur?k兩後肋back ribs WDyanghy?p兩脇sides under the arms WDyangi兩耳both ears WDyangig?n兩耳根both roots of the ears WDyangj?n-ch’?k量田尺a land-survey ruler WDyangmi兩眉both eyebrows WDYangmu-gong襄武公Duke of Cultivating the MilitarySJKyangn?k兩肋ribs WDyangny?良女commoner woman WDyangsihy?p兩腮脇both cheeks WDyangsubae兩手背both backs of the hands WDyangs?l兩膝both knees WDyangsuwan兩手腕both wrists WDyangt’aeyanghy?l兩太陽穴both temples WDyangt’oe兩腿both thighs WDyangt’oedu兩腿肚both calves WDYang?i-gong 襄毅公Duke of Cultivating ValorSJKyangyu兩乳both breasts WDYegi (C. Li-chi)禮記Book of Rites VNYejo禮曹Ministry of RitesWyej?n禮錢monetary contributionSJKYemungwan藝文館Office of Royal DecreesWYijo吏曹 Ministry of PersonnelSJKYip’an吏判minister of the Ministry of Personnel, Sr.2SJKyoan腰眼waist WDY?jidos?輿地圖書Cultural Geography of Korea VNyojik要職key positionsSJKY?kky?ng (C: Yi jing)易經Book of Changes VNy?ks?易書copying VNy?l烈devotion VNy?lly?j?n烈女傳biography of a chaste woman WDy?mak廬幕temporary mourning shed VNyong勇courage VNyong sinang龍神仰folk belief in the dragon spiritSJKy?ngan營案provincial yangban rosterSJKY?ngjang營將chief commanderSJKY?ngmy?ngsa永明寺Temple of Eternal Enlightenment VNY?ngsa領事director of the Royal House Administration Sr. 1Y?ngsa領事superintendent of the Office of the Special Counselors Sr. 1Y?ngsa 領事superintendent of the Office of Royal Decrees Sr. 1Y?ngsa 領事first minister of the Office of Ministers-without-Portfolio Sr. 1Y?ngsa 領事director of the Office of the Royal Lectures Sr. 1Y?ng?ij?ng領議政chief state councilor, Sr.1SJKY?nhaeng ky?nmullok燕行見聞錄“Things Seen and Heard during the Travel to China”VNY?nhaengnok ch?njip燕行錄全集Complete Collection of Travelogues to China VNY?sa nanjip餘事亂集Collected Works on Miscellaneous Matters WDyuch’? ch’wich’?有妻娶妻having a second wife when a man already had a legal wife VNYug?ij?n六矣廛six licensed shops in the capitalSJKyuhak幼學scholars in training or Confucian scholarSJKyuho儒戶yangban householdsSJKyuhy?ng流刑punishment of banishment WDyuhy?p乳脇area between the breast and side (of the body)WDYujinjang留陣將chief commanderSJKYukcho六曹Six MinistriesYukkun陸軍the Army WDyukp?m六犯six crimes WDyulsaeng律生legal clerk WDyun閏intercalary month WDyusa有司Administrator (of a munjung)Yus? p’ilchi儒胥必知Essential Knowledge for Scholar-Officials and Clerks WDYusu留守chief magistrate of Municipality WDYusubu留守府Municipality WD ................
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