Elements of Good Design
Elements of Good Design
Setting
Subjects/sample
Treatment
Measurement
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Depending on the researcher’s view, a research problem may be addressed with two different approaches
Quantitative: positivist paradigm and directed toward the discovery of relationships and cause and effect
Qualitative: naturalistic paradigm and directed towards the discovery of meaning
Quantitative Vs Qualitative
Quantitative
Hard science
Narrow focus
Reductionistic
Logical approach
Objective
Tests Theory
Instruments
Statistical analysis/numbers
Generalization
Qualitative
Soft science
Broad focus
Holistic
Intuitive approach
Subjective
Develops Theory
Communication/ observation
Individual interpretation
Uniqueness
Quantitative Design
Concepts Important to Quantitative Design
Rigor
Control
Bias
Validity
Rigor
Discipline, accuracy, precision, and order in the research design
Control
Definition: Holding the conditions of the study constant and establishing specific sampling criteria
Established by ruling out extraneous variables that compete with the independent variables as an explanation for a study’s outcome
Means of establishing control:
Homogeneous sample
Use of consistent data collection procedures
Manipulation of the independent variable
Randomization
Bias
Any influence or action in a study that distorts the findings or slants them away from the true or expected
Validity
Internal validity: The extent to which the effects detected in the study are a true reflection of reality rather than being the result of extraneous variables
External validity: The extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study
Threats to Internal Validity
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Selection
Mortality
Threats to External Validity
Hawthorne Effect
Experimenter Effect
Novelty Effect
Reactive Effects of Pretest
Types of Quantitative Designs
Experimental Design
Pretest-posttest control group design
After only design
Solomon-four group design
Factorial design
Matching samples design
Randomized clinical trials
Quasi-experimental
Non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group
Time series design
Control group time series design
Correlational Designs
Allow the researcher to determine the strengths of relationships among two or more variables
Values range from -1.0 to +1.0
Descriptive Studies
Used to discover new meaning or new knowledge
Seeks to identify and describe possible independent variables
Exploratory Studies
Also conducted when very little is known about a problem
Can use quantitative or qualitative approach
Usually used to begin using research to study a problem
Survey Designs
Descriptive research used to obtain information regarding prevalence or distribution of variables or to describe characteristics, opinions, attitudes, or behaviors as they exist in a population – typically based on self – reports
Methods of survey research
Data are collected typically through face – to – face interviews , telephone interviews, or questionnaires distributed through the mail
Longitudinal Studies
Trend studies
Panel studies
Follow-up studies
Ex-post Facto Studies
Means “after the fact”
Looks at factors after the problem has occurred
Methodological Studies
Psychometrics
Concerned with development or refinement of data collection instruments/scales
Metaanalysis
A research method that takes the results of many studies and synthesizes the findings to draw conclusions
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