APUSH LIFE LINE



APUSH Chapters 20-21 (5B) GrierWilliam Seward-United States politician who as secretary of state in 1867 arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars(known at the time as Seward's Folly) Secretary of state for Lincoln and JohnsonEdwin M. Stanton- An American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during the American Civil War from 1862-1865. His effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory.Border States-There were four slave states that stayed in the Union because of the assurances that the war was being fought to preserve the Union rather than end slavery. These four border states were Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland. Maryland was the key state for the North to keep in the Union. If it had joined the confederacy, the capital, DC, would have been surrounded by the Confederacy.secession-Militant leaders of S-champions of new concept of "Southern Nationalism," SC was first, then Miss, FL, AL, GA, LA & TX by time Lincoln is Pres. Union said states had no right to secede, but they couldn’t stop it.Robert E. Lee-confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the union should be held together by force. crushed arrogant General John J. Pope, replaced McClellan. Lost at Fredericksburg. divided his forces & sent Jackson to attack the Union flank. The strategy worked. Hooker was dazed by a near hit from a cannonball.Maggie NutterThomas “Stonewall” Jackson- A confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults. he earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. General badasscotton famine-shortage of cotton in Britain about 1 1/2 years after the blockades began that cost many Britons their means. South hoped this would gain them British support; it never materialized due to bumper crops 1857-1860Trent Affair- the 1861 incident with Great Britain in which two Confederate diplomats were seized from a British ship. Britain sent troops to Canada in preparation to fight but Lincoln was all “oh hell no i aint fighting a two front war” and released the diplomatsJefferson Davis- 1808-89, U.S. statesman: president of the Confederate States of America 1861-65. He believed in a well-knit central gov't. Tense, humorless, legalistic, stubborn, and suffered from neuralgia. Was a dumbass and printed more $$ to pay off war (lmao)George B. McClellan- Also known as Yung_napolean, was a very serious and cautious union general who was given command of the army of potomac. ran against lincoln and was actually a pretty chill guy. everyone idolized him. Meghan BulgerWilliam T. Sherman- led Union troops through the South and demonstrated total war by destroying everything in their path. They took Atlanta, eventually making it to the Atlantic Coast. It is a rumor in the Bulger family that we are related so there is something. Fort Sumter- Union fort in South Carolina. Lincoln send PROVISIONS not WEAPONS to keep fort going but not to spark a fight. The Confederacy attacked the fort and it sparked the Civil War. Not considered a battle as much as an attack. Laird rams- two Confederate warships constructed in a shipyard by John Laird and Sons in Great Britain. Had iron rams and large-caliber guns to defeat Union wooden ships. So shiiiiittttt that is scary.Alabama- Another ship that was built in Great Britain (this raised controversies). Was at sight not harmful but carried lots of men and weapons. Went up against the Union cruiser and quickly was defeated. Confederate ShipAndrew Johnson- Became President after Lincoln’s assassination. 17th president of the USA boiz. Jacksonian Democrat who like states rights. Overshadowed by the Radical Republicans at the time tho. Too bad for Drew.Brinn conscription law- During the Civil War, the U.S. Congress passes a conscription act that produces the first wartime draft of U.S. citizens in American history. The act called for registration of all males between the ages of 20 and 45, including aliens with the intention of becoming citizens, by April 1. Exemptions from the draft could be bought for $300 or by finding a substitute draftee. This clause led to bloody draft riots in New York City,New York City Draft Riot- The working class men were upsett because the wealthy could get out of the draft by paying money and the working class couldnt afford it. It was the biggest uprise besides for the civil war itself. Napoleon III- Napoleon III treated Union with contempt. abandoned Maximillian in 1867 and Mexico once again independent. nephew of napoleon bonaparte, and elected emperor of france from 1852-1870, he invaded mexico when the mexican government couldn't repay loans from french bankers. he sent in an army and set up a new government under maximillian. he refused lincoln's request that france withdraw. after the civil war, the u.s. sent an army to enforce the request and napoleon withdrew.Clara Barton- angel of the battlefield. nurse during the civil war; started the american red cross“bayonet vote”- soldiers vote for 1864 offered union soldiers two choices: victory for Lincoln would mean a continuation of war, McClellan= end of the war, but end of Union (people thoughts soldiers would vote for McClellan but news of Sherman's capture of Alabama meant they changed that) Lincoln wins by a landslide.JennyArch Duke Maximilian- Austrian guy who invaded and claimed Mexico and created a monarch. Many foreign governments didn't recognize Maximilian's rule. America was too wrapped up in our own civil war stuff happening to notice but once it drew to an end we were like, “who are you?” because it was in our sphere of influence and they stole it from us!Charles Frances Adams-served as Abe’s foreign minister in London during the war to keep the British neutral fighting against the southerners that wanted British in the side of the confederacy (might side with them for cotton)Clement L. Vallandigham- congressman from Ohio that was trying to get soldiers to desert the army. He was the leader of the “copperheads” (peaceful democrats) and was banished to the confederacy and then to Canada. Then he shot himself in the face! All fun things!John Wilkes Booth- finna killed that bitch Abe ( jk miss u tons). Shot him while he is watching a play. Booth was the second most famous actor which is cool.Appomattox Courthouse- the end of the civil war. Northern troops captured Richmond and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia of April 1865. This is where Lee surrendered. HunterNational Banking System- had three purposes: (1) create a system of national banks, (2) to create a uniform national currency, and (3) to create an active secondary market for Treasury securities to help finance the Civil War (for the Union's side)George McClellan-this was a union general who was very conservative with the way he used his soldiers, and so he got firedFirst Battle of Manassas-also known as the first battle of bull run, where people came to watch and then everyone fucking diedMonitor vs. Merrimack (1862)- iron clad ships clash in the atlantic oceanZoeUnion blockade- The Union blockade in the American Civil War was a naval strategy by the United States to prevent the Confederacy from trading. The blockade was proclaimed by President Abraham Lincoln in April 1861, and required the monitoring of 3,500 miles of Atlantic and Gulf coastline, including 12 major ports, notably New Orleans and Mobile.Antietam- Battle in Maryland that ended Lee's first invasion of the North. Known for being the bloodiest day in the war, and led to the Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation- Issued by Lincoln as a way to broaden the goals of the war and achieve a moral victory, but through its principles it freed absolutely no slaves on the day it was given; changed the purpose of the war and caused Europeans to withdraw from supporting southcontraband- Contraband was a term commonly used in the United States military during the American Civil War to describe a new status for certain escaped slaves or those who affiliated with Union forces.CaraGettysburg- Lee’s troops invaded the North through Pennsylvania. George G. Meade replaced Hooker as commander of the Union for this battle. 92,000 troops from the North fought 76,000 Confederate troops in this 3 day battle. General George Pickett’s charge broke the back of the Confederate attack, which lead the Confederate troops to be defeated. Pickett’s charge defined the last real chance for the Confederates to win the war as the Union won. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address immediately followed, which was a 2 minute speech dedicated to the lives lost during this battle.Vicksburg- Vicksburg was the South’s sentinel protecting the lifeline to the western sources of supply. General Grant was given command of the Union forces attacking Vicksburg. This was Grant’s best fought campaign of the war. The city surrendered on July 4, 1863. The victory here immediately followed the Union’s victory at Gettysburg.total war- A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded. General William Sherman strongly believed in this. MorganUlysses Simpson Grant- was president following the civil war, he was who defeated general lee at appottamox and formally ended the war. During his presidency issues such as the panic of 1873 came to be and a lot of scams in his presidency.“War Democrats”- the democrats who support Lincoln administration during the civil warCopperheads- this was an extreme group of peace democrats who were based in IL, IN and OH. They opposed the war, open draft,emancipation and the Lincoln administration. Because of this, they lead attacks against these practices obstructing the warElection of 1864-between Lincoln and McClellan, the north was tired of the war so they sided with McClellan who wanted the war the end. Lincoln however wanted to continue to unite the north and south. Lincoln won the presidency APUSH Chapters 16-21 Vocab (5A) GrierBlack Belt- region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves; the "Black belt" emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and westresponsorial- the style of preaching in which the congregation frequently punctuates the ministers remarks with amens, based of African practices and the African ring-shout danceThe Liberator-The first anti-slavery newspaper. Was created by Garrison, in Boston. With this newspaper he was able to openly express his beliefs, but this was one of the first movements to the civil warAmerican Anti-slavery Society-founded in 1833 by william lloyd garrison and other abolitionists. garrison burned the constitution as a proslavery document. argued for "no union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.appeal to the Colored Citizens of the world- Incendiary abolitionist track advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a Southern-born free black.Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass-In 1845 he published his classic autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Douglass increasingly looked to politics to end the blight of slavery.ZoeMason Dixon Line- The line along the southern border of Pennsylvania formed the Mason-Dixon line, it was the line dividing free North States from South Slave states.William Lloyd Garrison- He was the most conspicuous and most hated of the abolitionists. He favored mother secession from the South and managed to antagonize both North and South with his unrestrained language.Sojourner Truth- Sojourner Truth was a slave who escaped in 1827. As a Black abolitionist and a woman, she often met prejudice from anti-feminist White abolitionists who also expected free Black people to be quiet members of the movement. She became an important spokesperson for the abolitionist movement and was an influential bridge between that and the women's rights movementManifest destiny- a popular expression in the 1840's. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea" (Atlantic to Pacific Ocean). This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.“Fifty-four forty or fight”- "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight" referred to a boundary dispute between the United States and Great Britain-- Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory. The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. "Fifty-four forty or fight!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds.Liberty Party- The splinter, anti-Texans party in New York State that hastened that annexation of Texas by helping to defeat Clay. It was formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery and merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848.JennyWalker tarrif- carried out by President Polk (one of his big goals was to lower tariffs) and this lowered the tariff of 1842 from about 32 percent to 25 percent with the strong support of low-tarrif southerners. It had its haters from the north who thought it would ruin American manufacturing, but it got passed through congress and was an excellent revenue producer because it was followed by boom times and heavy imports.spot resolutions- Polk wanted America to fight a war against Mexico and in attempt to get congress to declare war he claimed that Mexico was too hostile towards them and shedding “American blood upon American soil”, Polk bent the truth to shift the reluctant public towards war but don't worry! Lincoln was like… “I request to know the exact spot on American soils where American blood has been shed” it was a total roast.California Bear Flag Republic- (1846) a short lived California republic that was established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once the news of war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the republic in favor of joining the US Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- treaty that ended the war against Mexico. It's terms confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and California. This land was one half of Mexico. The US agreed to pay 15 million dollars plus 3.5 million for damage claims to settlers in California.Wilmot Proviso- introduced an idea that any conquered Mexican territory should not allow slavery. This passed the house twice but never got approved by the senate. Southerners were too stubborn. This never became a federal law but it was endorsed by all but one of the free state legislatures and it came to symbolize the burning issue of slavery in the territories.James k. Polk- the 11th president of the United States and the last of the jacksonians to sit in the White House. He stood for expansion. He won a bunch of territory and died almost right after he left office. Maggie NutterJohn C. Fremont- "Pathfinder of the West", Against extension of slavery in territories. American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the republican party for the office of president of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery :)Popular Sovereignty- The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government. V hard to spell.Free Soil Party- Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.California gold rush- 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco.Underground Railroad- Misconception: was not the first subway system. A system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada.Seventh of March speech- Daniel Webster's speech one of his most famous. Stated he wasn't a northern or southern but an American, it supported the compromise of 1850 which included the fugitive slave law. Huge loss of popularity from this speech in the north. major dickbrain.CaraCompromise of 1850- a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American WarFugitive Slave Law- Fleeing slaves could not testify on their own behalf, and they were denied a jury trial. The federal commissioner who handled the case of a fugitive would receive five dollars if the runaway were freed and ten dollars if not. Freedom-loving northerners were subject to fines and jail sentencesOstend Manifesto- American ministers in Spain, England, and France prepared confidential recommendations for the acquisition of Cuba. This document urged that the administration offer $120 million for Cuba. If Spain refused to do this, the U.S. would be forced to fight the Spanish for this landGadsden Purchase- Negotiated by James Gadsden, a South Carolina railroad man. He ceded to the U.S. $10 million worth of land from Mexico. The transaction aroused a lot of criticism from northerners, who didn’t want to pay a lot of money for land the size of South Carolina. This purchase did enable the South to claim the coveted railroad, and a track would be easier to build because the mountains were less high and the route wouldn’t pass through unorganized territoryKansas-Nebraska Act- One of the most momentous measures ever to pass Congress. It helped cause the Civil War. This act annulled the Missouri Compromise and created the states Kansas and Nebraska, allowing them to choose whether or not they were free or slave statesHarriet Tubman- Helped slaves escape to Canada on the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War, she served as a Union Spy behind Confederate lines. She also helped bring education to freed slaves in North CarolinaMeghanMillard Fillmore- Vice President to Taylor. Signed off on Compromise of 1850. Had the position of presiding officer of the Senate. William Walker- tried to take control of the Central American land (Cuba, etc.) He established that he was president of this area and established it as a slave state created a whole lot of trouble. Quite a pompous ass wipe. Matthew Perry- led a fleet of warships to Japan. Commanded to do this by Fillmore the bitch that did the Compromise of 1850. Uncle Tom’s Cabin- The most influential book of this time. Humanized the slaves to the people in the North leading a lot of people to turn against slavery. The protagonist was a slave, giving an honest representation of the life of slaves. Harriet Beecher Stowe is queen. All hail the queen. The Impending Crisis of the South- Antislavery piece by Hinton Helper that argued that nonslaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy. New England Emigrant Aid Company- Organization that helped organize the migration of free laborers to Kansas to prevent Kansas from being a slave state.MorganLecompton Constitution- ultimately rejected, it was a pro-slavery constitution that moved to have Kansas admitted to the union.Bleeding Kansas- this followed the Kansas-Nebraska Act when pro-slavery dudes from MO went to Kansas and attacked/murdered those who were anti-slavery. These men were called border ruffians. Eventually Kansas retaliated with attacks, on of the most famous being John Brown’s attack in 1856. This violence was one of the factors leading to the civil war. Dred Scott v Stanford- MO slave, Dred Scott was moved with the plantation owner to a free state. He sued him saying that the MO compromise abolished slavery where he was and therefore should be freed, however the Supreme Court ruled against him saying he was property and not a citizen. Panic of 1857- this was caused by the failure of businesses and banks due to the inflation of California gold, the overproduction of grain and issues with the railroad system. Tension was caused with the North blaming the low tariff policies on the southerners who dominated the congress.Tariff of 1857- a huge tax reduction that was supported mainly by the south. It amended the walker tariff which lowered rates from 32 to 25%Lincoln-Douglas debates- A series of 7 debates between Lincoln and Douglas which Douglas ultimately won. They discussed issues such as the Dred Scott case, popular sovereignty and lecompton constitution. While Lincoln did not win, this helped him establish a ground in order to beat Douglas in the presidential elections in 1860.BrinnFreeport Doctrine- Stephen Douglas's doctrine that, in spite of the Dred Scott decision, slavery could be excluded from territories of the United States by local legislationHarpers Ferry-Harpers Ferry was an important arms-producing center, with mills, numerous gun factories, and huge stores of weapons and ammunition.John Brown's seizure of the U.S. arsenal there on Oct. 16, 1859, and the town's subsequent strategic importance during the Civil War, when it was considered the key to the Shenandoah valley, brought it into national prominence.Constitutional Union Party-1859, dissatisfaction in the southern states over protective tariffs and failures to enforce fugitive slave laws, Whigs and members of the American (Know-Nothing) Party, alarmed at partisanship and sectionalism and fearing secession, formed a new party under the leadership of Kentucky. kept kentucky in the union dissolved with civil war.Crittenden Amendments-Known collectively as the Civil War Amendments, they were designed to protect individual rights. The Thirteenth Amendment forbids involuntary servitude or slavery, except where the condition is imposed on an individual as punishment for a crime.Henry Ward Beecher- Beecher kept perfectly in step with historical trends. Like many people in nonslave states, he opposed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. When Kansas became open for settlement, he advised those opposing slavery to claim it for freedom, by force if necessary. He opposed immediate abolition, but once the Civil War started, he urged President Abraham Lincoln to emancipate the slaves.James Buchanan- president during the beginning of the civil war dealt poorly with the succession of states and voted one of the worst presidentsHunterCharles Sumner- this was a dude that spoke out about slavery and how awful it was, but then he got beat up by preston brooksPreston Brooks- preston brooks was the dick who beat up charles sumner with his cane in the caning of sumner. He’s a schlongDred Scott- this was the slave who sued his master for having him in the states that slavery was not legal in, but the supreme court favored against him, and this undid the MO compromise and pretty much said slavery was allowed everywhereRoger Taney- this was the supreme court judge who delivered the majority in the dred scott caseStephan Douglas- this was the guy who was against abe lincoln in the race for the senate and had a series of debates with himJohn Brown- this was the dude who stormed harper’s ferry to get guns to arm slaves, but he failedAbraham Lincoln- same situation as steve dougy (look up), but he lost the race for the senate and then said “figgity figgity fuck this, imma be the president”APUSH Chapters 11-15 Vocab GrierRevolution of 1800: Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.Midnight Judges: a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited termsMarbury v. Madison: Supreme Court Case ruled by John Marshall; William Marbury sued for his commision as a judge because he had been promised a job by Adams but refused by Jefferson; ruling: Marshall claims that Supreme Court cannot rule on the case and ruled earlier Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional; established judicial reviewLouisiana Purchase: 1803, the U.S. spends $15 million to buy a large amount of land from the west of the Mississippi from France; doubled the size of the United StatesImpressment: British practice of taking any sailors (not just British) and forcing them into military service if needed in an emergency. Infuriated Jefferson and American merchantsChesapeake affair: 1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.Embargo Act: a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britian and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and siezing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Brittian and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812.Thomas Jefferson: a Republican who believed that the future of the U.S. would lie in the hands of farmers. "Long Tom" Jefferson was inaugurated to the presidency in the swampy village of Washington on March 4, 1801. While Jefferson was president, the Louisiana Purchase was made, Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the newly aquired land, the Barbary Pirate threat was silenced, and the Embargo Act was passed. While all of Jefferson's presidential acts were not always successful, he always put the country ahead of himself. His patriotism and loyalty to the U.S. helped make it into the great country that it is today.John Marshall: Appointed by John Adams ( 1801) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist who was disliked by the state's rights Jeffersonians. ( served 30 days under Federalist administration and 34 years under the Jeffersonians and their successors) The Federalists died out but Marshall continued to hand down Federalist decisions. IMPORTANT ACT- Although he dismissed the Marbury suit ( 1801) to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional. Marshall greatly magnified the authority of the court. In the Marbury v. Madison case Marshall inserted the keystone into the arch that supports the tremendous power of the Supreme Court. Marshall's decision regarding Marbury spuried the Jeffersonians to lay rough hands on the Supreme Court through impeachment. Jefferson's ill advised attempt of " Judge Breaking" was a reasuring victory for the independence of the juiciary and the separation of powers among the three branches.Maggie Nutter William Clark Led the Corps of Discovery with Meriwether Lewis in 1804-1806; explored Louisiana Territory and traveled to the Pacific Ocean. Drew maps, constructed forts and lead men. Soldier and explorer.Aaron Burr A political leader who served as vice president of the United States in the first term of Thomas Jefferson (1801-1805). After he killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel, his career declined. He was later involved in a bizarre conspiracy to sever the western states and territories from the Union. He was tried for treason but was acquitted. v legendaryMeriwether Lewis U.S. explorer: leader of the Lewis and Clark expedition 1804-06.James Madison 4th President; Secretary of State; lead nation through War of 1812. Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution. Great statesman but not a strong presidentTecumseh He was a shawnee indian twin brother to the Prophet. They made a stand against western moving settlers by uniting other tribes. He died in the Battle of Thames while fighting for the British. He was one of the most gifted and noble indian leaders in American history. teenage girls post about him every Tuesday.Non-Intercourse Act 1809-Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's bill No. 2.Macon’s Bill #2 1810-Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first.War Hawks Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to acquire Britain's northwest posts, and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the Frontier.Battle of New Orleans A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to a foolish frontal attack, Andrew Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boostJenny Hartford Convention- the federalists were pissed about us fighting in the war of 1812 and when the capture of New Orleans seemed imminent, 26 delegates from various New England states like Massachusetts and Connecticut met in Hartford Connecticut and in secrecy and demanded Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed a ? vote in congress before embargoes, wars, or new states were declared. They didn't like the strength southern and western interests had in the government.Treaty of Ghent- signed on Christmas Eve (baby Jesus is born hallelujah!) It was a bit of a stale mate, no one really came out with anything new and exciting. Ended the war of 1812 between England and the US.Rush-Bagot agreement- 1817, signed by Britain and the US, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S Canadian border, completed in the 1870’s. This was good and meant we were buddies!Tariff 1816- the first tariff in American history instituted primarily for protection, not revenue. After the war British competitors were starting to outshadow the American factories that supported the war so the congress granted this tarrif to protect them. In order to gain support of this Henry Clay promised the money gained from this would be used for transportation improvements to benefit other parts of the country. American System- developed by Henry clay, had three big parts to it: a strong banking system (providing easy and abundant credit) or the second bank of the US, internal improvements like developing roads and canals, and lastly the tariff of 1816 designed to protect American industry. Era of Good Feelings- followed the war of 1812. A period of one party, republican, rule during James monroe’s presidency. This term obscures conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank. There was a bunch of artwork, industrialization, and conquering of natives in this era as well. Missouri Compromise- (1820) allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between north and south by carving maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the loiusiana purchase.Adams-Onis Treaty- Spain gave up Florida and Oregon in exchange for Texas in this treaty. Also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)Monroe Doctrine- 1823, a stern warning to European powers. Had two basic features: non limitation and non intervention. This was to make sure no old European power was gonna steal their land especially the Spanish. Zoe Francis Scott Key was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".Andy Jackson Democratic-Republican who was voted into office in 1828. Represented the "common man." First president from the west, and he represented many of the characteristics of the west. Believed in supremacy of federal government over the state government. Corrupt Bargain thanks to Henry Clay's influence in the house of Representatives, John Quincy Adams becomes president and makes Clay Secretary of StateSpoils System Jacksons patronage system which allowed men to buy their way into office made a very bad and corrupt government.Tariff of Abominations Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South; The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.Nullification Crisis Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void. in South carolina Force Bill Authorizes the president to use the army and navy to collect federal tariff dutiesIndian Removal Act Bill that enables congress to transplant indian tribes East of the Mississippi. Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.Bank War Jackson vs. Bank & Biddle; Jackson begins taking out funds and putting them into pet banks, successfully "killing" the bank; leads to fluctuation in economy and eventual panic; Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"Meghan Specie Circular- all public lands be purchased with metallic currency (gold, silver, like a pimp) Used because small state banks flooded market with unreliable paper currency.Alamo- Fortress in Texas where 400 Americans were killed by Santa Anna (1836) “Remember the Alamo” was a slogan that encouraged Texan independence John Quincy Adams-(235 , 248) Seen as corrupt, called a minority president because he only received 1/3 of the votes. Didn’t get much done in office. Cold, reserved person. First term ran against Clay, second term ran against Jackson and lost. Andrew Jackson-156, 157, 241, 246, 250, 272, 299) After a brutal campaign season against Adams, with accusations and rude messages, Jackson took office in 1828. Constantly sick. Started from the bottom now he here aka he was born poor then became a war hero and became rich and president. First president from the West. Denmark Vesey-When US freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves. Inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, SC. John C. Calhoun-- (255, 260, 339) Supported slavery and the South. Nationalist and Unionist. Supported one president for the North and one president for the South.Black Hawk-(258) Led the Sauk and other tribes during the Black Hawk War in 1832.Daniel Webster-- (239, 271, 326, 356) Secretary of State with William Henry Harrison and held many other roles. Part of the Whig Party. Was against Jackson.Henry Clay-(227, 231, 263, 360, 379) Senator, Democratic Republican. Created the American System (see above for the bombass definition of American System). Leader of a War Hawk in the War of 1812. Ran for president like 5 times. Morgan Sam Houston: US politician and military leader. He fought for Texas to gain independence from Mexico and to be a part of the United States. He was the first president of the republic of Texas and the former governor of Tennessee.Santa Anna: A Mexican dictator who fought against Sam Houston to keep Texas. He believed in 3 main things; catholic religion, no slavery and that people should be loyal to Mexico. He wiped out all the Texans at the Alamo. He surrendered to Houston in 1836.Martin Van Buren: if y'all recall he was the guy that wanted he govt. to be able to “check” the other branches. He was the 8th president of the United States and Jacksons VP. He passed the divorce law and he also became a part of a group of wealthy land owners who controlled politics in New Work. Whigs: a political party that were against Jacksonian idea. They supported the idea of a national bank, high tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements. However they were dived on the issue of slavery into two groups; conscience and cotton Whigs.“Self-Reliance”: an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson that detailed the struggles the pioneers faced as they were expanding west. It talked about the diseases, struggle for food, lack of resources and how people were cut off from the rest of civilization. Most people who moved west were younger, uninformed people who wanted to make a better life for themselves. Molly Maguires: an Irish union that formed in the 1860’s. Since the hardships of the potato famine, many fleed the the US and were not welcomed. They were viewed as a social menace and treated poorly. So, they banded together to create better conditions for themselves. Tammany Hall: a New York political power started by and controlled by the Irish.Know-Nothings: a violent group of Antiforeignists who were against the large numbers of Roman Catholic Germans and Irish coming over to the the US. They wanted to make tougher immigration laws. Cotton gin: an invention by Eli Whitney that revolutionized the cotton industry. It was a machine that could de-seed cotton at a faster rate than slaves,however the need for slave labor increased due to the rapid production. This meaning they needed slaves to do other labor like cleaning the cotton gins. It also helped the textile industry because they could more quickly get cotton. Hunter factory girls - girls that worked in factories? They were the first wave of women that worked in the industrial workplace? They sometimes lived in housing payed for by their employers, but otherwise worked in the factories? Why am i finished every sentence with a question mark? I have no monwealth v. Hunt - the ruling that labor combinations (unions) were totes okay. THIS WAS IMPORTANT. Cult of Domesticity - this was the glorification of women staying at home. It was hella sexist.Erie Canal - it was a canal. Lead from lake erie that helped increase trade and shit like that.Market Revolution - the move from small industry to large industry with respect to factories, but the idea that we also were able to produce more than we needed, which will lead to world trade. Samuel Slater- This little bitch brought actually memorized the inner workings of the cotton gin and brought it to america from europe. What a tool.Eli Whitney- this guy isn't much better than slater, because he came up interchangeable parts and removable parts for the cotton gin. That means they were more productive, but regardless he’s still a tool.John Deere - You know this fucker. He created things that made it 100x easier to farm. Other inventions like this were the mechanical reaper and plow. So yeah.Robert Fulton - he made steamboats really well!! He made one named clermont. It floated and moved shit. It was awesomeBrinnCyrus McCormick:American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, made mechanical reaperSamuel F.B. Morse: was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code, and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.Deism:belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankindSecond Great Awakening:The Second Great Awakening reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the super-natural. It rejected the skeptical rationalism and deism of the Enlightenment. religious revival (now less strict)Hudson River School:The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.Mormons:church founded by joseph smith in 1830 with headquarters in salt lake city, utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-takingWoman’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls:convention for women advocates at seneca falls to rewrite the declaration of independence to include women. "all men and women are created equal" -declaration of sentimentsHorace Mann: secretary of the massachusetts board of education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.Dorothea Dix:a reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the u.s. and canada. she succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. she served as the superintendant of nurses for the union army during the civil war.CaraNeal Dow Blue-nosed reformer, Mayor of Portland, Employer of labor. “Father of Prohibition.” Sponsored the Maine Law of 1851. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Advocated suffrage for women. Susan B. Anthony Lecturer for women’s rights. Exposed herself to rotten garbage and vulgar epithetsRobert Owen Scottish textile manufacturer. Founded a a communal society at New Harmony, Indiana. This colony prevailed with hard-working visionaries, radicals, theorists, and scoundrels. But it eventually sank its a morass of contradiction and confusion.James Fenimore Cooper Wrote literature. Made New World themes respectable. His novels sold well to Europeans. His deepest theme was an exploration of the viability and destiny of America’s republican experiment Edgar Allan Poe An eccentric genius. Suffered hunger, cold, poverty, and debt. Reflected a morbid sense of writing. Excelled in short stories and poems Transcendentalism Every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the highest truth and put him/her in direct touch with God. Commitment to self reliance, self-culture, and self-disciplineRomanticism emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society. Values are emotion, expression, and experimentation. Romantics celebrate human potential and the heroic genius of individual artistsTemperance Total elimination of intoxicants. Anti-alcohol movement. Utopian Communities More than 40 communities set up by reformers. These communities were cooperative and communistic. APUSH Chapters 9&10 Federation: a strong central government with the power shared between itself and state governments. Checks and balances: a system in government that prevents one branch from obtaining too much power. Sovereignty: is political power, in the constitution sovereignty rested on the people. basically “power to the people” or “by the people for the people”Mobocracy: being ruled or controlled by a mob. The colonists would form mobs in opposition to laws imposed by the british. Movements like the Boston Tea Party and the protests following the Stamp Act are examples of this.Republicanism: the basic idea that the government is run by the people that it governs; the foundation of democracy.States' rights: The constitution’s ratification took so long because the states were angry that they did not have all of the rights they wanted. The states believed that some of their important rights were revoked and could not ratify the constitution until that was fixed.MAGGIE GRIERPopular sovereignty: notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.anarchy: A state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)Society of Cincinnati: the society of Continental Army Officers who formed an exclusive hereditary order; ridiculed by Americans in the 1800s because servitude was unknownGreat Compromise: Also known as the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise of 1787, it was an agreement between the small (ex. New Jersey) and large states (ex. Virginia) reached in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. In part, it defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would be entitled to in the US Constitution. The bicameral legislature and proportional representation in the lower house was retained, but the upper house was required to be weighted equally between states. Main contribution was appointment of the senate and congress.Articles of Confederation: Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789Electoral College: The Electoral College is a group of electors that are elected by the people to elect the President of the United States in every election year. This system was born alongside the U.S. Constitution. This system is a way of speeding up Presidential elections and is still in force today. The representatives of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes in the Electoral College. That states votes is determined by its population.MAGGIE NUTTERLand Ordinance of 1785: Land sold to pay off national (war) dept. Law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers and raise money. Part of the Articles of Confederation.Three-Fifths Compromise: “Settled” debate of population and whether or not slaves counted towards a state’s population and therefore number or representatives. Counted slaves as 3/5ths of a person. this was a complete asshole move and utter bullshit. America fucked up hereNorthwest Ordinance: A judicious compromise: temporary tutelage, then permanent equality. new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. Forbade slavery but allowed citizens to vote on legality of it. Most lasting measurement of articles of confed.Anti-federalists v. Federalists: Federalists- backed the constitution, liked centralized government, were wealthy mother fuckers, and knew their shit (well educated). Anti-feds were the opposite for the most partShay’s Rebellion: a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. this contributed to the fall of the articles of confed. State maitia put it downVirginia Plan v. New Jersey Plan: Virginia plan favored the big states by allowing representation by population. On the other hand, the peps in New Jersey wanted equal reps from all states. The great compromise came out of this which made everyone happy!!!!! :)MEGHANThe Federalist: Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, designed as propaganda they wrote pamphlets that was to change people to federalists, like them.Alexander Hamilton: Federalist, Secretary of the Treasury under Washington, financial wizard. Tried to lower the National debt after the Articles. His planned favored the rich. He believed the support of the rich would save the economy.James Madison: Father of the Constitution (wrote the friggin thing), One of the authors of the Federalist, supported limited government, fourth president of the US, .George Mason: Mason advocated strong local government and a weak central government. *Major influence on the Bill of Rights.*Annapolis Convention: Convention to discuss commerce. Nine states appointed delegates, 5 states showed up. Alexander Hamilton called to have another convention to fix the control of commerce and to completely change the Articles, in one year.Loose and strict interpretations of the constitution: -strict: Constitution states that govt. of the United States holds only those powers specifically granted to it by the Constitution. -loose interpretation of the Constitution- the government of the United States hold all powers that are not specifically denied to it by the Constitution.BRINN Thomas Jefferson: anti-federalist, the first secretary of state, vice president, leader of the first political opposition party, and third president of the United States. Alexander Hamilton: Hamilton was a federalist who advised George Washington in the Revolutionary War, wrote most of the essays in The Federalist Papers, and was a leader in the drafting of the Constitution. He later served under Washington as the first secretary of the treasury in the new government.Henry Knox: military officer in the continental army; first secretary of war.John Jay:United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme CourtIssue of funding at par and assumption: a program that favored the wealthy because all debts were taking on by the government so everyone with bonds which we sold to the wealthy from the poor got their money back from taxation of the people.Implied Powers: a power that is not specifically written in the constitution but seen as necessary and appropriate to carry out.HUNTERExcise Tax: any tax that is hidden or not directly stated (appeals to politicians because it is more hidden)Cabinet (1st): the cabinet is a board who helps take care of the president's normal duties. It has several departments that oversee very specific areas of the executive branchBill of Rights: generally regarded as the first 10 amendments to the constitutionWhiskey Rebellion: rebellious actions taken mainly by farmers against the excise tax on whiskey and other distilled spirits during GW's presidency.Jeffersonian Republicans: Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed this party (also known as the democratic-republican party) in direct opposition to the federalists (run by Alexander Hamilton).Judiciary Act of 1789: Created the federal judicial branch (supreme court)JENNYJohn Adams: Washington’s Vice president. Barely Elected president with 71 votes to 68 votes in electoral college. Didn’t appeal to the masses at all. He was a quite unsuccessful president who laid the grounds for political corruptness and made unpopular decisions that forced people to choose a political party. Worst of all, Adams inherited a violent quarrel with France. XYZ Affair and Talleyrand: In order to keep peace with France Adams sent 3 men to France in 1797 who wanted to talk to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, a minister. They secretly talked to 3 go betweens, X, Y, and Z who demanded 250,000 dollars to talk to Talleyrand (ridiculous). This affair sent a wave of hysteria and rage through the US with rumours of war.Barbary Pirates: North African barbary pirates had long made a national industry of blackmailing and plundering merchant ships that ventured into the Mediterranean. When the US was in British control the british took care of it but now they are on their own. This led to Tripoli’s declaration of war on the US and the pacifist president, Thomas Jefferson, reluctantly stepping up to the warrior pact Theory: Meant that the 13 states, in creating a federal government, had entered into a “compact” or contract, regarding its jurisdiction. The states had the final say in whether the compact had broken by the fed overstepping the original authority that it was granted. This was used by Jefferson to ensure the success of the nonfeds and the kentucky and virginia resolutions.Nullification: Abolition. The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were a perfect formulation of the extreme states’ rights view regarding the Union. The arguement of nullification is used by South Carolina in the 1830’s and southerners when they seperate from the Union. CARAFrench Revolution: The uprising in France against the monarchy from 1789 to 1799 which resulted in the establishment of France as a republic. The storming of the Bastille by the French citizens started this Revolution. The U.S. was considered neutral during this event. The Jeffersonians were thrilled by the French Revolution because their ally, France, was achieving liberty. They felt an obligation to side with them because they owed them debts of gratitude and freedom. Washington and the Federalists made the U.S. neutral, and the Jeffersonians were very angry by this. However, American neutrality favored France because if the U.S. had sided with France, then Britain would have blockaded America’s coast and cut off essential supplies for France.Jay’s Treaty: between the British and the Americans. John Jay, Chief Justice of the U.S., was sent to England to negotiate with the British. The British agreed to leave their forts that remained on U.S. territory. This treaty said nothing about stopping Britain’s harassment of American ships or Native issues. The Republicans were not in favor of this treaty because to them, it felt like the Americans were giving in to England because England was still supplying weapons to the Natives and destroying their shipsPinckney’s Treaty: Spain agreed to allow the U.S. usage of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. It also made the northern boundary of Florida the 31st parallelNeutrality Proclamation of 1793: Issued by George Washington. It declared the U.S. to be neutral in the French RevolutionZOEAlien and Sedition Acts 1798: Contains four parts: 1) Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2) Alien Act - Gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3) Alien Enemies Act - permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. (No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act.) 4) The Sedition Act - Key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of shit talking the government. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration.Battle of Fallen Timbers: The last major conflict of the Northwest Territory Indian War between Native Americans and the United States.Washington’s Farewell Address: A document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. This document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France.Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison, result of the Alien and Sedition Acts, said that a state can nullify a law of the national government if it doesn't agree with it. Virginia= james madison Kentucky= Thomas JeffersonTreaty of Greenville: Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.Second Great Awakening: The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. The Second Great Awakening reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the super-natural. It rejected the skeptical rationalism and deism of the Enlightenment.APUSH Chapters 6-8*Robert de La Salle and Coureurs de Bois are also include in this unit’s vocabulary; refer to unit 2 for definitionsSamuel de Champlain: French explorer who sailed through Mexico and the West Indies. He also wrote many books telling about his trips and eventually explored the St. Lawrence River and settled Quebec.Jesuits: “Society of Jesus”; the missionary order to resist the expansion of Protestantism. It was founded by Ignatius Loyola.Salutary Neglect: Great Britain loosened their grip on the colonies. Their lack of enforcement of laws regarding trade lead the colonies to go and trade with other countries without Great Britain knowledge… Because when the rents are away you get out that Gouda and have a cheese partayyyyyWilliam Pitt: :”Organizer of Victory”; British leader that won the war against Quebec gaining more of North America. He also aided in the success of the French and Indian war, but also aided in creating a lofty debt for Great Britain. James Wolfe: A British general who won the Battle of Quebec and acquired Canada during the French and Indian War. He was injured in battle and ultimately died.Edward Braddock: British commander who tried to capture Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War. Unfortunately he was also wounded in battle and died. #RIPPontiac: An Indian chief who led attacks on the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes Region in 1763 after the French and Indian War. These attacks led to the Proclamation of 1763.Huguenots: French Protestants that were freed from persecution by the Edict of Nantes. This was revoked causing hundreds or thousand Huguenots to seek refuge in multiple countries including the Americas.French and Indian War/ Seven Years War: A war between England and the French and their Allies the Indians. The war started due to both the British and French wanting to expand their area of control (British wanted the land to settle and use for money whereas French wanted to trade). The tension then lead to a war that was ultimately resolved by the Treaty of Paris in 1763.Albany Plan of Union: Purpose: to get the native americans on the side of the british--Led by Benjamin Franklin who created the join or die political cartoon as a result --Rejected by the colonist because they didn’t want to give up any independence and they didn’t want to pay taxesProclamation of 1763: Said colonists could not go west of the appalachian mountains -- they did anyway Louis Joliet: A French Canadian explorer, louis and his father were two of the first men to map and explore much of the Mississippi River in 1673Pere Marquette: French missionary who accompanied Louis Joliet in exploring the upper Mississippi River valley (1637-1675)Peace of Paris 1763: French power was thrown completely off the continent of North America, leaving behind a large french population that is to this day a strong minority in Canada --this treaty ended the seven years’ war and caused spain and france to leave north america --this led to problems with the natives because now they had to deal soley with Britain Pontiac’s Rebellion: native american rebellion west of the appalachian mountains-- Purpose: drive the British out of the Ohio Country--Led to: the proclamation of 1763 John Hancock Persuaded: american colonies to declare their independence, ringleader in plot to store gunpowder, biggest signatureLord North:George the III’s corrupt prime minister who was appointed so that he could agree with all of George’s corrupt propositionsGaspee Incident: british customs schooner that had been enforcing trade regulations was attacked by menGeorge Grenville: He was a british prime minister and imposed acts such as the stamp act. He was an asshole who hated William Penn for most of his life, but later reconciled with him, so yay.Samuel Adams: He was a founding father and was a cousin to the second president John Adams. (mastermind of all rebellion- loved politics and organized local committees of correspondence in all of MA which many colonies followed later on) He was an all around stand up guy.Charles Townshend: Imposed the Townshend acts which severely limited the rights of colonial americans. An all around asshole. You shouldn't like him or let him sit at your lunch table.John Adams: Johnny A (my man) was a champ. He was our second president, a founding father, and was very instrumental in the revolution.King George III: King George III was (no surprises here) the king of england at the time of the colonial dissipation from england. He was a massive schlong.Baron Von Steuben: Von Steuben was a french militant who assisted George Washington with his strategies and with training his men. He and Washington worked closely together in order to assure the American victory.Mercantilism: Mercantilism was the economical system used by the English government to the colonies. It basically meant that the colonies existed to make money for England.“No taxation without representation”: This was a sentiment expressed by the colonists that displayed how they were frustrated that they were being taxed without anybody representing them in parliament.Whigs in Parliament: These guys were pretty chill. They were a british political party that was against the King and also against the political party the tories (loyalists). They were cool.John Locke: Philosopher who developed idea of natural rights along with the right to rebel which are key in the american revolution Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Philosopher who wrote the social contract and who thought that any man is born free. individual would give up self-interest for common goodDeism: belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.Royal Veto: british crown had the right to repeal any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if the laws messed with the mercantilism system.Internal/External Taxation: internal was based strictly on colonial affairs(property tax); external was based on mercantilism system (trade regulation) mostly created own internal taxation so colonists didnt like british enforced internal taxes.“Virtual” Representation: British parliament claiming that they were keeping the well being of the colonist in mind when in reality the colonists had never voted on a member of parliamentBoycott: abstaining from using, buying or dealing with. Used this in attempt to get britain to change its politicsBoston Massacre:a crowd of colonists protested british customs agents and the presence of british troops in boston. Violence flared and 5 colonists were killed; first bloodshed of American RevolutionHessians: German soldiers being paid by Great Britain to fight on their behalf. Just in it for the paycheck and don’t genuinely care about the cause.Crispus Attucks: He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.Sons/Daughters of Liberty: was a radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.Quebec Act: passed in 1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.Navigation Acts: law of 1650 to regulate the mercantilist system that was aimed at rival Dutch shippers trying to enter the American carrying trade; all commerce flowing to and from the colonies must be transported in British vessels only; later forced tariffs on British goods and that America could only export to BritainDeclaratory Act: 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and passed this act which reaffirmed Parliament's right to "bind" the colonies. First Continental Congress: All colonies but Georgia went to this Congress in Philadelphia in 1774 to determine how the colonies should react to what, from their viewpoint, seemed to pose an alarming threat to their rights and liberties; no talk of secession from England, just wanted to protest parliamentary acts and restore the relationship they had with Britain before the French and Indian WarQuartering Act: Was an act enforced by the British on their North American colonies. It required colonist to provide adequate housing and basic necessities like food to the troops.Sugar Act: First law passed by Parliament that raised tax revenues in the colonies for the crown. It increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.Townshend Act: Named for Charles Townshend, head of British ministry.Persuaded Parliament to pass these regulations with an import duty on glass, while lead, paper and paint and tea. This was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports.The Association: Created by the First Continental Congress. It called for a complete boycott of ALL British goods. Not calling for independence yet.Stamp Act: A raising of the tax. Mandated the use of stamped paper to certify payment of tax. Stamps were used often so this made people maddddd. It was a way for England to raise the revenue to support the mittees of Correspondence: Organized by Samuel Adams, towns created small committees. They spread the spirit of resistance in their town and also the committees communicated with each other and created a body of government similar to the House of Burgesses. Admiralty Courts: created in response to the Stamp and Sugar Act. A trial without a jury.Boston Tea Party: December 16, 1773. A group of around 100 Bostonians disguised as Indians boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the Boston Harbor. United the rich and poor and was a symbol of rebellion.Loyalists/Tories: People who remained loyal to England. Some got their land taken during the war, but the Treaty of Paris returned their land to them. Stamp Act Congress: 27 Delegates (from nine colonies) met in New York to create a statement of rights and grievances and begged the king and Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act.Coercive/Intolerable Acts: Chartered Rights were taken away from colonial Massachusetts. Restrictions were placed on town meetings, etc. Casimir Pulaski: Casimir Pulaski was a Polish military officer who fought on the side of the American colonists against the British in the Revolutionary War. The "father of the American cavalry,"George Washington: served in the sevens years war and became commander of the continental army during the American Revolution. known for his good looks and charisma he is considered one of the founding fathers and heroes of America. William Howe: Commander in chief of the british forces during the AR. fought at the battle of bunker hill where they experienced mass casualities. Nathanael Greene: one of the most respected generals in the American Revolution. lead the americans in the southern campagne Benedict Arnold: General in the American Revolution. originally fought for the continental army but double crossed them. John Burgoyne: British general most known for his surrender at SaratogaLord Cornwallis: lead several early success for the british but was eventually defeated at battle of yorktown Thomas Paine: TPAINE HOLLA YOLA!!!! English philosoph known for his book Common sense, which was written to persuade the average American to fight in the revolution. George Rogers Clark: Conquerer of the Old “north west” his wins helped american to gain the expanded land (aka the midwest now).This was then written into the treaty of Paris 1783. Richard Henry Lee: stated, “these United colonies are, and ought to be, free and independent states.” This statement was formally accepted on July 2, 1776 and was the formal “declaration” of independence by the American colonies.Horatio Gates: An American general who was given the U.S. army after Burgoyne failed at SaratogaJohn Paul Jones: A daring and hard-fighting young Scotsman who commanded a naval force. The major contribution of this force was to destroy British merchant shipping and carry the war into the waters around British land.Bunker Hill: Battle between the colonists and the British. The colonists seized this hill, and were soon attacked by 3,000 British troops. The Americans successfully fought back, but eventually ran out of gunpowder and had to abandon the hill.Valley Forge: Located in Pennsylvania. American soldiers were left to starve, manufactured goods were in short supply in agriculture, clothes/shoes were scarce, men were barefooted and nearly naked. Clothing was needed for the Winter, but none was provided for the troops. Thomas Jefferson: Virginia lawyer-33 years old. A brilliant writer. His task was to make a formal statement of the separation of the American colonists from British parliament. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Invoked the natural rights of humankind, wrote about all of the misdeeds of the British tyrant, and argued that the colonists were allowed to separate because parliament took away their rights. However, he owned many slaves which contradicted his comment that “all men are created equal.”Marquis de Lafayette: A wealthy young French nobleman. Was a major general in the colonial army at age 19. Also known as a “French gamecock.” Had a large family influence and several political connections.Admiral de Grasse: Operated with a powerful fleet in the West Indies. Advised the Americans that he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown.Patrick Henry: A well respected man who was part of the First Continental Congress. Said the phrase, “Give me liberty or give me death!”John Jay: The impulsive peace negotiator of New York. He was deeply suspicious of Old World intrigue. Had explicit instructions from Congress to make no separate peace and to consult with French allies at all stages of negotiations.Natural Rights Theory: Created by John Locke, the idea that every man should have rights to life, liberty, and property. If these aren’t protected by the government it gives the public a reason to rebel. Privateering: numerous and damaging ships of the regular american navy. They were practically legalized pirates, sent to capture british ship in the name of patriotism. They were quite successful and gave America the boost in moral they needed when washington was fucking shit up and loosing a lot.Although It did divert man power from the war effort, it also brought in a lot of much needed gold from the captured british ships.Second Continental Congress: A convention of delegates from the 13 colonies that started meeting in summer of 1775 in Phillidelphia soon after the revolutionary war had begun. They managed the war effort, moved towards independence, and drafted the Declaration of mon Sense: Bestseller pamphlet written by Thomas Paine telling the United States to separate from Britain. Stated that the only reason we are enemies with France is because they were great britain's enemies, they are tiny and we are big. It was really straight forward because he wanted everyone to understand it and follow it. Declaration of Independence: Written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th of 1776. Stated that the 13 colonies were now an independent and new nation and no longer a part of the british empire. Treaty of Paris 1783: Signed in Paris by King George III of Great Britian and U.S representatives on September 3, 1783 and ended the revolutionary war. British were lenient and generous during the treaty because they wanted to keep strong economic and trading ties with the U.S. Talked about acknowledgement of the U.S being free states, removal of troops, and rights to fishing banks and other things. Continentals: A form of paper currency used in the United States during the time of the revolutionary war. This money was used to help the cost of war but it quickly lost value and was replaced with the U.S dollar in 1785 because people just stopped accepting it as payment in trade. Battle of Saratoga: raged september 19th to october 7th 1777. British general John Burgoyne led a large invasion up the champlaine valley but got trapped by american troops and surrendered his entire army after the lose of 2 battles.Battle of Yorktown: Battle that Ended October 19th, 1781 at Yorktown virginia that was led by George Washington and also french army troops. against british army led by charles cornwallis. Last land battle in the revolutionary war that caused the surrender of cornwallis, the boost in morale of U.S, french enthusiasm, and prompted British to negotiate. Lexington and Concord: The first military engagements of the revolutionary war. fought April 19th 1775 in Massachusetts Bay within the towns of Lexington, Concord, and others. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between Britain and U.S 13 colonies. APUSH Chapters 2-4 Vocab de La Salle: was a French explorer who explored the area around the Great Lakes. He was searching for a western passage to China due to the fact he thought the Ohio River would let out in the Gulf of Mexico. He ended up along the Mississippi River, claiming it for France and naming Louisiana after king Louis XIVBlack Legend: stories that talked about the extreme cruelty of the spaniards to the native Americans. These stories were made to degrade the Spaniards and portray them in a negative light. Protestant Reformation: The movement to reform the ways of the Roman Catholic Church that started by Martin Luther. He believed, and influenced many others to believe as well, that the church needed to be revived due to it’s corruption. This lead to the creation of many religious groups like the Puritans. Spanish Armada: Spain sent 130 ships to overthrow Queen Elizabeth of England and Protestantism in 1588. They were ultimately unsuccessful and were taken down by the English and the Dutch. Out of the 130 ships over a third did not return. Primogeniture: the belongings and estate of the family is passed down to the first born child (the oldest son). This left the younger children with nothing, thus driving them to the new world to create a life for themselves. Roanoke Island: sir Walter Raleigh was given a charter to establish a colony is America. He created Roanoke in the 16th century in North Carolina. But, all the settlers went missing during the Anglo-Spanish war. It was England's first attempt to settle which ultimately failed. Virginia Company/Jamestown: the Virginia Company was a joint stock chartered by James I; it was made to start colonies in the new world. Jamestown was England's first permanent settlement in Virginia. It was named after James I. Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1 & 2): the first war began in 1610 and lasted until 1614 with the Union of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. The Jamestown settlers attacked a Native American village and took chief Wowinchopunks wife and her child. In retaliation, the natives went after colonist thus starting the war between the two sides. The second war started in 1622 when native massacred a third of the colonists in hopes of them abandoning their settlement. The settlers instead fought back. The second war ended in 1632.House of Burgesses: was the first legislative brunch in the American colonies. It was started in Jamestown in 1619. There were burgesses elected to represent plantations/settlements. It was eventually disbanded by the crown who did not trust their homemade government. Act of Toleration: When Maryland’s founder, Lord Baltimore, sought catholic refuge. Protestants started to really outnumber catholics and threaten to take down the catholics, so Lord Baltimore and other catholics passed the “act of toleration” in 1649 that stated that in Maryland, they must tolerate all christians (not jews or atheists). Iroquois Confederacy: A great military power consisting of 5 indian nations (the mohawks, the oneidas, the onondagas, the cayugas, and the senecas) made strong by their powerful political system. They also absorbed survivors of the Tuscaroras from Carolina. Sir Walter Raleigh: His brother was lost at sea trying to colonize, then Raleigh organized an expedition that first landed in 1585 on North Carolina’s Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia. After several false starts, Roanoke vanished, swallowed up by the wilderness.James l: The king who gave a charter to the Virginia Company in order to find gold, silver and a path to the Indies. He eventually revoked the charter due to his distrust of the House of BurgessesJohn Smith: Practically saved Virginia. After being captured in 1607 and almost killed by Indian Chief Powhatan. John Smith came back to Jamestown in 1608 and told them, “If you do not work, you do not eat”. A lot of the colonists still died anyway:/Powhatan: The indian chieftain of the tribes in land where jamestown was settled. His daughter was pocahontas and he derived a plan to show his power and desire for peace with the colonists by “showing mercy” on john smith and letting him go (see below). His tribe fought in the first and second powhattan wars against the virginians but lost and died off.Pocahontas: The indian chief's daughter. Pocahontas “saved” John Smith’s life by dramatically interposing her head between his head and the war clubs of his captors, which was supposed to be symbolic for the indians wanting to have peace with the colonists. Pocahontas served as an intermediary between the indians and the settlers and preserved the peace. She was then married to John Rolfe as a peace settlement at the end of the first- anglo- powhatan war and it was known as the first known interracial union in virginia. Lord Da La Warr: He headed the relief party for Jamestown and was the new governor. He imposed a harsh military regime on the colony and undertook aggressive military action against the indians and declared war against them in 1610. John Rolfe: Married pocahontas for a peace treaty between the powhatans and the virginians. This was known as the first interracial union in Virginia. He was killed in 1622 by a series of Indian attacks.Lord Baltimore: Established Maryland as a haven for Catholics. He unsuccessfully tried to reconstitute the English manorial system in the colonies and gave vast tracts of land to Catholic relatives, a policy that soon created tensions between the seaboard Catholic establishment and back-country Protestant plantersJames Oglethorpe: English soldier, philanthropist, and colonizer. In 1732, he secured a charted for the colony of Georgia as a refuge for unemployed debtors, newly freed from prison.Tobacco: John Rolfe began planting tobacco in virginia. Many were willing to buy so growing tobacco became very popular up and down the James. This pressured the colonists to expand their territory because a lot of land is needed for growing tobacco to grow large amounts and because tobacco exhausted the soil. The need for land made Europeans move more inward away from the center of European settlement, which was going into the native's land. Tobacco quickly became the most valuable crop. By 1616 tobacco was profitless due to overproductionMercantilism: an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interestsPilgrims: The pilgrims were a form of Puritan (separatists) who wanted to completely break away from the church of England. They emigrated to the Americas on the Mayflower to find safe haven, after negotiating for rights with the Virginia company.Puritans: English Protestant Reformers who sought to Purify the church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "Visible Saints" should be admitted to church membership.Separatists: Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.Mayflower Compact: The Mayflower Compact is often cited as the first example of self-government in the Americas. The Pilgrims, having arrived at a harbor far north of the land that was rightfully theirs, signed the Mayflower Compact to establish a "civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James I.Antinomianism: An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation;identified with Anne Hutchinson.Fundamental Orders: 1639, settlers of the Connecticut River colony drafted in open meeting a trailblazing document that was a modern constitution. This constitution established a regime democratically controlled by the “substantial” citizens (white, rich guys)Pequot War: 1637, England vs. Pequot tribe. English militiamen and other Indian tribe (Narragansett) set fire to Pequot village and their wigwams (homes) then they shot surviving tribe members. Ignited four decades of uneasy tension between the Natives and PuritansKing Philip’s War: slowed westward march of English settlement in New England for decades. War reduced Native population and moral drastically. What happened- Tribes made agreements to help slow march of English. 1675, Massasoit’s son, Metacom (English called him King Philip) set up attacks on villages in New England. By the end of the war, refugees fled to Boston, and 52 towns attacked and 12 destroyed. Metacom was captured and beheaded, his head was on a spike for many years. Ew. Many colonists and Indians died.New England Confederation: ground-breaking experiment in union was launched in 1643 when four colonies banded together to form this Confederation. Mainly Puritans, each member got two votes. Why? Because the English Civil War distracted British govt. so colonists had to rely on their own resources. Purposes- 1. Protect from Natives and French and Dutch (any enemies) 2. Intercolonial problems (runaway slaves, criminals). LED to colonial unity. Dominion of New England: 1686,created by the royal authority. Embraced New England and eventually New York and West and East Jersey. Aimed to strengthening colonial defense, **efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws (see next vocab work) Navigation Laws: reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the seventeenth century. Wanted to connect colonies back to England by cutting off trade with countries England didn’t approve of. So settlers smuggled goods. Salutary Neglect: a time when the new monarchs relaxed the royal grip on colonial trade. Navigation Laws were only weakly enforced. Quakers: (Society of Friends) mid-1600’s. They were considered offensive to the authorities (religious and civil). Quakers refused to support Church of England with taxes. Built meetinghouses and without a clerk and spoke up for themselves. They believed they were the children of God. People of deep conviction. Peaceful (refused military service) and proper (used “thee” and “thou”s and wore wide brimmed hats)William Bradford: William Bradford was an English Separatist leader in thePlymouth Colony. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact while aboard the Mayflower in 1620.John Winthrop: John Winthrop became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and declared that the purpose of the colony was to “be a city upon a hill”which meant that they had an agreement with God to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind. Anne Hutchinson: A separatist who challenged the authority of the clergy in the Bay colony. She claimed to have a direct contact with God and she also challenged gender roles in the church. Banished to Rhode Island.Roger Williams: Extreme separatist who wanted to break away from the Anglican Church entirely. He was more threatening to Puritan leaders than Anne was because. He was very friendly towards the Native Americans and challenged the Bay colony charter and condemned the Bay for not paying Natives for their land. He also denied the authority of the government to regulate religious behavior. He was banished to Rhode Island.Metacom (King Philips): Native American leader who unified various indian tribes and initiated a series of attacks against many English villages in New England. When the war ended in 1676 fifty two Puritan towns had been attacked and twelve were destroyed. Lots of people died, mostly indians and eventually Metacom (King Philips) wife and child were sold into slavery while Metacom was beheaded and taken with his head on a stick to Plymouth. This war slowed the westward march of English settlement in New England for decades but left so many Native Americans dead they were now only a sporadic threat to the New England colonists. Sir Edmund Andros: An unpopular leader who lead the Domain of England which combined Massachusetts with the rest of new England and later New Jersey and New York. He put heavy taxes on his people, was heavily affiliated with the unpopular Anglican Church, he enforced navigation laws and led a corrupt government that only benefited himself. When the people revolted he attempted to escape by dressing like a girl but i didnt work, awww :(William and Mary: Became joint rulers after the glorious revolution in England and america after James the second is overthrown. The declaration of Rights was established and created a constitutional monarchy that limited the power of the monarchy. Henry Hudson: An English explorer who discovered the Delaware Bay and New York Bay in 1609 and then ascended to the Hudson River hoping to find a shortcut through the continent. Instead he filed a Dutch claim to a magnificent watered and wooded area. William Penn: He was a quaker who wanted to move to the New World so he could practice his religion with his fellow quakers, he also wanted to experiment with liberal ideas in government and at the same time make a profit. in 1681 he secured a grant of fertile land from the kind and created Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania soon became a place of civil/religious freedom with great relations with the Natives. Penn spent four years here until he died of a stroke. Myles Standish: The captain of the Mayflower who later turned to be a successful negotiator towards the natives. He also was a skilled soldier.New Amsterdam: This establishment on manhattan island, was established by the dutch to govern their territories and act as a military defensive base to protect their fur trading posts. It was renamed New York on september 8, 1664.Patroonships: Pretty much charters for the New Netherland colonies Indentured Servants: People who payed for their passage to the new world by working on a plantation for 5-7 years. Pretty much slaves, but they eventually got their freedom.Headright System: This was a system that allowed for a person to receive 50 acres of land if they payed for the passage across the ocean for one indentured servant. This favored the rich, because the land that they could give would be cheap land, and an indentured servant was basically free labor for 5-7 years.Bacon’s Rebellion: This was a rebellion of indentured servants led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676. It was led against The House of Burgesses because they didn’t do anything about the attacks that were happening to these servants, and they were #hellapissed. So, naturally, they attacked the only government they had for not doing anything, and they eventually got crushed by a militia set forth by, you guessed it, the house of burgesses #yay for servants #just kidding you’re deadMiddle Passage: Yall know what the middle passage is: it’s what the african slaves came on to get to america, and about 20% of them died on the journey here.Slave Codes: Put into effect in 1705, this was a significant event because it made slavery a legal status, as well as limited the rights of ALL africans, not just slaves. These acts defined slaves as property, acquit owners who killed their slaves during punishment of murder, forbids any black person from assaulting a white, took away slaves rights to bear arms, and also took away all blacks rights to travelling abroad.Stono Revolt: The stono rebellion which started in 1739 was the largest rebellion of workers (save Bacon’s rebellion) and killed as many as 50 whites and 50 blacks. The revolution was where around 50 slaves rebelled and headed for the spanish controlled florida to escape. This was unsuccessful, and was eventually destroyed by a militia. These dehumanized the slaves, took away their rights, and helped to stop any future rebellions.Half-Way Covenant: The halfway covenant was a way to increase the membership of the church by allowing a lot more people to join, however, it created two distinct classes: The elite of the church (those with all the power) and the regular members (anyone, really, because almost anyone could join now).Salem Witch Trials: A hysteria that women who were out of the social norm were witches due to a lack of intelligence and need for a scapegoat. This reflected a widening social stratification of New England, as well as fear of many traditionalist that puritan heritage was being eclipsed by commercialism.William Berkeley: Virginia’s governor who monopolize a fur trade with the native people leading to an anger towards natives from the towns people. Leading into Bacon’s Rebellion.Congregational Church: puritans ran their own churches, and democracy. the CC government led logically to democracy in political govt (males met together and each one voted).Paxton Boys: an armed march which protested the quaker oligarchy lenient oligarchy towards indiansRegulator Movement: small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colonies affairs. Triangular Trade: a skipper would leave new england with rum and sail to gold coast of africa. Barter for slaves and then go to the west indies to get molasses which would be carried to new england to make rum and then repeated. Made very large profit. Molasses Act: 1733 act passed by parliament to squelch north american trade with the french west indies. If successful the scheme would have ruined America’s international trade Americans responded by bribing their way around the law. foreshadowed crisis because they revolted instead of succumbing to the king. Arminianism: named after the dutch theologian jacobus arminius who preached that free will, not divine decree determines a person's fate, and all humans not just the elect could be saved. Threatened Calvinism predestination.Great Awakening: series of religious revivals among the protestant colonies, especially New England, from 1725 to 1770. this was caused by two major burdens: the elaborate theological doctrines and their compromising efforts to liberalize membership requirements.first ignited by Jonathan Edwards.Old Lights/New Lights: the old lights referred to orthodox clergymen, who were deeply skeptical of emotionalism and revivalists. The new lights were all for the awakening. Congregationalists and presbyterians were split over the issue.Zenger Trial: John Peter Zenger was a newspaper printer who wrote about corruption of a royal governor. he was accused and charged of seditious libel but when defended argued it would violate a liberty, which then it was overturned.Royal Colonies: a monarch appointed the council, or upper body, in the two house legislative system. Proprietary Colonies: all land belonged to the king, and it was his prerogative to divide.Jonathan Edwards: Ignited the Great Awakening and his followers also were the people who identified as new lights. Believed we needed to complete dependence on God’s grace. “Hell was paved with the skulls of unbaptized children.”George Whitefield: Starting about 4 years after Edwards, he formed a different style of preaching and spread it throughout the colonies, revolutionizing the spirituality of the colonies. He also had a voice comparable to Morgan Freeman, which helped in his ceremonies.John Singleton Copley: Famous painter from Massachusetts and is famous for portrait paintings of important figures.Phillis Wheatley: An enslaved girl brought to Boston at 8 years old, and taken to England at 20 years old. She was never formally educated, yet she published a book and wrote poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope. Georgian Architecture: Architecture was imported from the Old World to the New World. The red-bricked Georgian-style log cabin was introduced in 1720 and is best exemplified by the beauty of now-restored Williamsburg, Virginia.Harvard College: Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Congregational. Student enrollments were small (200 boys at most.) Boys as young as 11 years old were admitted.Poor Richard’s Almanac: Written by Benjamin Franklin. This publication emphasized virtues such as thrift, industry, mortality, and common sense. This book was well known in Europe, and it influenced the American character. Coureurs de Bois: Another name for a French tradesman or colonistKing William’s War: An early contest among the European powers for control of North America. Similar to Queen Anne’s War ↓Queen Anne’s War: Pitted British colonists against the French, with both sides recruiting Indian allies. Spain and France were allies and tomahawked the British colonial frontiers. The British seized the stronghold of Port Royal in Acadia. Britain was eventually rewarded with Acadia and unlimited trading rights in Spanish America War of Jenkins Ear: Britain captain Robert Jenkins encountered Spanish authorities, who sliced off his ear with a sword. He aroused serious resentment when he returned home to Britain. Thus started the war between the British and the Spaniards. It was confined to the Caribbean Sea and to the colony of Georgia. APUSH Chapter 1&2 Vocab -Meghans Quizlet -Jack’s Maize: Maize agriculture began to spread from central America to South America and was especially popular in the Southwest. Societies developed vast irrigation systems (Pueblos in rio grande) to help grow the Maiz. Maiz cultivation transformed societies by creating less emphasis on hunting and gathering, led to an increase in population and villages were built around maize fields Horses: Before the introduction of horses people living in the great basin and great plains struggled with the lack of natural recourses. After the horses arrived, Bison hunting became easier, Natives created a stronger military, and became more powerful Disease/Smallpox: When Europeans arrived in the Americas they carried the germs that caused smallpox, yellow fever and malaria . These diseases would later destroy the Native Americans who did not possess the protective antibodies needed to fight off the diseases. In the centuries after Columbus’s landfall, as many as 90% of the Native Americans perished.Encomienda System: This system allowed gov’t to commend or give indians and land to certain colonists in return for the promise to try and christianize them (essentially slavery) Slavery: Slavery was practiced centuries before the Europeans, by Arab flesh merchants and Africans. Slaves from distant places were often sold at higher prices due to the low probability that they would flee or be rescued from family. The Portuguese, seeing the success of slave trade, soon adapted the idea themselves and set up trading posts all along the African coast. The Portuguese demand for slaves was large; forty thousand slaves were taken to work on sugar plantations in the fifteenth century and millions were traded upon the discovery of the Americas.Land Bridge: A landmass that rose, from what is now the Bering Strait, and connected the coasts of Siberia and Russia. This prompted humans and animals to migrate and colonize new territories Anasazi: A desert-dwelling people that constructed a pueblo, or town, of six hundred interconnected rooms in the Chaco Canyon. They were able to sustain a large population through the integration of corn planting into their lives.Cahokia: A settlement made by mound-building people that was home to over twenty-five thousand people. It spans six miles along the Mississippi River, in what is now St. Louis.Pueblos: A Native American Culture that was developed in the Rio Grande Valley. They constructed an intricate irrigation system that further advanced the idea of farming. Their homes were multistory buildings forming “pueblos” which translates to towns.Woodland Mound Builders: Mound Builders were inhabitants of eastern North America who, during a 5,000-year period, constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious and ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes.Mayans: The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, noted for the Maya hieroglyphic script, the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as for its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems.Incas: native people of Peru who had major feats in engineering (roads, irrigation, etc). Known as one of the closest controlled empires in the world. Were taken over by Fransico Pizaro Aztecs: native people of mexico, known for advanced agricultural practices based on maize. over 20 mil in MX alone. Hernan Cortes overthrew in 1521. Conquistadores~ spanish “conquerors” who set out to explore the caribbean and later mainland america who eventually conquered the aztec and incan empiredHernan Cortes: after setting sail from cuba, he picked up mayan-speaking castaway and a female slave called Malinche, who knew both mayan and nahuatl (aztec language). He had the advantage of being about to speak with natives which he would soon encounter. After being greedy for gold from tenochtitlán, the spaniards were later attacked by the aztecs.Francisco Pizzaro: crushed the incas in peru in 1532 and added “a huge hoard of booty” to spanish coffersCaravel: a ship that the portuguese used to sail more closely to the wind, allowing them to explore the coast of west africaFerdinand and Isabella: Their marriage united spain in a time of christian-islamic warfare, strengthening them enough to defeat their portuguese rivals.Protestant Reformation: the movement in which people believed the Catholic Church needed to be revived. Christopher Columbus: (asshole. Occupation: Professional Fuk Boi.) Found the Americas when he was searching for West Indies. Murdered, enslaved and abused many Native Americans. All in all a shit person who found America on accident. Go Chris. 5343525333375Treaty of Tordesillas: (1494) A treaty in which majority of the land in the Americas was given to Spain. (think why people Argentina and Mexico speak SPANISH) However, Brazil went to Portugal (think why Brazil speaks portuguese)Slave Trade: The Spanish and Portuguese used Africans from West Africa to work in the Americas primarily on plantations and mines. African Slave Trade replaced the Encomienda SystemNation-State: A large permanent encampment of a group of people. This usually signified an advanced society, because in order to hold a lot of people you had to have pretty significant advances in technologyAlgonquian: These people, like the Sioux, were nomads who lived primarily in the north eastern part of the united states. Algonquian means “A place to spear fish and eels” and for this reason they are known to be fishers. They moved from place to place depending on the weather and geography, and they were known to use birch wood canoes and heavy winter clothes to keep warm. They were, like many native american tribes, very advanced. Siouan: This word referred to any tribe that spoke the Sioux language, however for our purposes it was a group/tribe of nomadic hunter gatherers who migrated with the buffalo that they hunted for food and clothing.Iroquois Confederation: The iroquois confederation was a league of five different tribes (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas) that competed for territory with neighboring tribes, and eventually the French and English. They were a fantastic military presence. The building block for their survival was the longhouse. Longhouses: Longhouses were usually 25 feet wide and anywhere from 50 to 200 feet long. These usually were inhabited by three to five fireplaces, around which two nuclear families were able to live. The longhouses were based on a matriarchy system in which the women lived in the same house for life, and the men had to move from house to house when they married. Quote: “Men dominated in Iroquois society, but they owed their positions of prominence to their mothers’ “Three Sisters Farming”: farming technique used in North America before exploration; beans grew on the trellis of the cornstalks and squash covered the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil. This led to a rich diet which aided the Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee peoples. John Cabot: John Cabot explored the northeast coast of North America in 1497 and 1498, claiming Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Grand Banks for England.Jacques Cartier: A French sailor who explored the St. Lawrence River region between 1543 and 1542, Cartier searched for a northwest passage, a waterway through which ships could cross the Americas to Asia. He found no such passage, but opened the region up to exploration and colonization by the French.Henry Hudson: An English explorer sponsored by the Dutch East India Company, Hudson sailed up the river that now bears his name in 1609, nearly reaching present-day Albany. His explorations gave the Dutch territorial Bartolome de las Casas: Argued that the natives deserved the same treatment as all other men. He played a crucial role in the ending of the encomienda system and contributed to the “black legend”Father Junipero Serra: Led spanish missionaries to San Diego where they founded the first chain of 21 missions that wound up as north as past San Francisco. His missionaries tried to christianize over 300,000 native californians. “The Black Legend”: The false notion that the spanish conquerors did little but butcher indians and steal their gold in the name of christMestizos: After the taking of Tetochitlan Cortes and his followers stayed there and intermarried with the surviving indians, creating Mestizos, a mix of indian and european heritage, representing a unique blend of the old and new worlds. Pope’s Rebellion: The roman catholic mission became the central institution in colonial new mexico until the missionaries’ efforts to surpress native religious customs provokes “Popes rebellion” which was an indian uprising in 1680 where the pueblo rebels destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed priests and hundreds of spanish settlers. ................
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