Ms. Bergman's Classes at DCIS Montbello - Chemistry



Name: ______________________________________Date: ____________Period: ___Unit 3: The Living WorldChapter 3 – Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work? READING GUIDE3-1: How Does the Earth’s Life-Support System Work? (Monday, September 22)What are the four major components of the earth’s life-support system? ________________________, _________________________, __________________________, ____________________________What are the three ways in which life is sustained on earth?The flow of _________________ from the sun through the biosphereThe __________________ of nutrients within the biosphere____________________Earth’s Life-Support System Has Four Major Components Define the following terms –Atmosphere: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The layers of the atmosphere are the ________________ and the _________________What does the troposphere control: __________________________________________What does the stratosphere do: _____________________________________________Hydrosphere: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Geosphere: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Biosphere: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Three Factors Sustain the Earth’s LifeExplain the three interconnected factors that life on Earth depends upon?One-way flow of high-quality energy from the sun - _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cycling of nutrients through parts of the biosphere - _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gravity - _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3-2: What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem (Tuesday, September 23)Ecosystems Have Several Important ComponentsDefine Ecology: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ecologists study the following interactions with and among five levels - ___________________, ____________________, ________________________, ___________________, ________________Give 3 examples of biotic components of an ecosystem: _______________, ________________, ____________Give 3 examples of abiotic components of an ecosystem: _____________________, _____________, __________________Define Trophic Level: ________________________________________________________________Define Producer (autotroph): _________________________________________________________Write the equation for photosynthesis:What are the most populous producers in the open ocean? ___________________________________Define Consumer (heterotroph): ________________________________________________________Explain the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________Draw and label an ecosystem that has both biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components on a separate sheet of paperDefine decomposer: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Organisms Get Their Energy in Different WaysDefine aerobic respiration: ____________________________________________________________Write the chemical reaction for aerobic respiration:Define anaerobic respiration: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3-3: What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem (Wednesday, September 24)Draw a food chain that you might find in Colorado on a separate piece of paperDraw a food web on a separate piece of paperExplain why every use and transfer of energy by organisms involves a loss of high-quality energy to the next trophic level: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Using Figure 3-13 (page 61) explain why there are fewer tertiary consumers than producers on Earth____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Define Gross Primary Productivity (GPP): __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Define Net Primary Productivity (NPP): _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is one ecosystem with a high NPP? ___________________________________________Explain why the planet’s NPP ultimately limits the number of consumers that can survive on the earth.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are the three most productive, and three least productive types of ecosystems (see figure 3-14 on page 62) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3-4: What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem? (Thursday, September 25)Nutrients Cycle within and among EcosystemsDefine nutrient cycle: _________________________________________________________________The Water CycleWhat is the purpose of the water (hydrologic) cycle: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What powers the water cycle: _______________________________Define the following terms:Surface runoff: ________________________________________________________________Aquifer: _____________________________________________________________________What percent of the Earth’s water is available to humans and other species: _____________________What are three ways that humans alter the water cycle: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Carbon CycleWhat is the carbon cycle based on? ______________________________How are humans altering the carbon cycle: _______________________________________________How does the carbon cycle control the global climate: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Nitrogen Cycle: Bacteria in ActionWhere is most nitrogen on Earth stored: __________________________________________________What 2 natural processes convert (fix) nitrogen (N2) into compounds that plants and animals can use as nutrients? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are the steps of the nitrogen cycle?_________________________________________________________________________________How is acid rain formed? ______________________________________________________________Why are farmers removing large amounts of nitrogen from the atmosphere? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________The Phosphorous CycleWhat 3 components of the Earth’s life-support system does the phosphorous cycle use? _____________________________________________________________________________________________The Sulfur CycleWhere is the majority of Earth’s sulfur stored? _____________________________________________How have human activities affected the sulfur cycle? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3-5: How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems (Friday, September 26)Some Scientists Study Nature DirectlyWhat is field research? _______________________________________________________________Some Scientists Study Ecosystems in the LaboratoryWhat is laboratory research? __________________________________________________________Some Scientists Use Models to Simulate EcosystemsHow do scientists use models to study ecosystems: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Terms to KnowAtmosphereTroposphereStratosphereHydrosphereGeosphereMantleCrustCoreBiosphereGreenhouse effectOrganismsPopulationsCommunitiesEcosystemsBiosphereBioticAbioticFeeding level/trophic levelProducers (autotrophs)Consumers (heterotroph)PhotosynthesisPrimary consumers (herbivores)CarnivoresSecondary consumersTertiary consumersOmnivoresDetritus feedersDetritivoresAerobic respirationAnaerobic respirationFermentationFood chainFood webEnergy flow pyramidBiomassGross primary productivity (GPP)Net primary productivity (NPP)Nutrient cycles (biogeochemical cycles)Hydrologic cycle (water cycle)Surface runoffPrecipitationTranspirationEvaporationGlaciersAquiferGroundwaterCarbon cycleFossil fuelsCarbon footprintNitrogen cycleNitrogen-fixing bacteriaNitrogen fixationNitrificationDenitrificationAcid deposition (acid rain)Phosphorous cycleSulfur cycleField researchGeographic information system (GIS)Remote sensingLaboratory researchBaseline dataTipping pointPlanetary boundariesSample Problems (Saturday, September 27)A tipping point in the disappearance of the tropical rainforest would beThe change in regional weather patterns after clearing the forests that prevents their returnThe clearing of rain forests for agricultural lands that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphereThe loss of trees causing less carbon dioxide to be absorbed from the atmosphereThe loss of habitat for endangered species as the rain forests are clearedThe clearing of land for a new road to be built through the rain forestThe best example of a population isA group of cats known as Felis concolor living and interbreeding in one area at the same timeA community of different species interacting with one another and their nonliving environmentGroups of different species living in a specific place and potentially interacting with each otherThe movement of nitrogen form a terrestrial system into the atmosphereThe rabbits who are preyed upon by bobcatsWhich is NOT an important ecological role of insects?Pollinating almond and fruit trees in California so the farmers themselves do not have to pollinate the flowersEating insect pests that may irritate or harm other insectsProviding a nutritious food source for other insects and for animals such as bats and frogsFertilizing the soil with nutrients from their waste material and when they decomposeTransmitting tropical disease to humans who visit locations between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of CapricornQuestions 4-7 refer to the compounds listed belowNitrogen gas (N2)Oxygen gas (O2)Water (H2O)Phosphate (PO43-)Methane (CH4)A greenhouse gas produced by raising cattleCan be stored in marine sediments for long periods of timeA greenhouse gas emitted into the atmosphere through transpiration or evaporationA limiting factor for most plant growth in lakes and terrestrial systemsOrganisms live within a range of tolerance that determines where they live. Which of the below is NOT a range of toleranceTrout populations live in areas with a high dissolved oxygen content and a narrow range of temperatureCoral polyps need a symbiotic algae living within themDesert cacti can thrive in areas with low levels of rainfallBlue crabs in an estuary can tolerate wide swings of salinity and temperatureRoyal ferns require moist areas and are only found in wetlandsQuestion 9 refers to the data in the table shown below:Ecosystem TypeNPP (g/m2/yr)Energy Provided to 1? Consumer (Cal./gram)Tropical Rainforest2,2004Applying the 10% rule, if a shrew living in a tropical rain forest has a daily requirement of 500 Cal., how many square meters of rain forest are needed to support one shrew that feeds only on snails which are primary consumers?0.6 m21.1 m2207.4 m2401.5 m22073.9 m2 The end product of the wood in a log being decomposed by fungi isNitrogen gasCarbon dioxide gas and waterHeat energyCoalCarbon monoxide gasWhich of the below is NOT a human intervention in the nitrogen cycle?Large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) are released into the atmosphere by smokestacks which can cause acid rainNitrous oxide (N2O) is added to the atmosphere through the action of bacteria on livestock wasteLarge amounts of nitrogen are released into the atmosphere as forests are clearedLarge amounts of nitrates are added to the Chesapeake Bay causing a eutrophic dead zoneSpecialized bacteria convert ammonia into nitrate and then into nitrogen gas reducing nitrogen available to plantsThe phosphorous cycle includes all of the following EXCEPT itIs found in rock as fossil bones and guanoIs a fast-moving atmospheric cycleIs a limiting factor for many plantsCan be deposited as marine sediment and not be released for millions of yearsIs returned to the soil as fertilizer and can cause algae bloomsSample Free Response Question - This will be on your unit test (Sunday, September 28)Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of certain elements (typically bound with other elements in compounds) through Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. These elements and their compounds are necessary components of all life, and because they cycle, they can be used repeatedly by new generations of organisms. Each biogeochemical cycle has different pathways with various reservoirs (sources and sinks) where elements may reside for days or millions of years.The atmosphere is one important carbon reservoir. Describe a biological process by which carbon is removed from the atmosphere and converted to organic molecules. Describe a biological process by which carbon is converted from organic molecules to a gas and returned to the atmosphere. Oceans and terrestrial systems are also important carbon reservoirs. Explain how atmospheric carbon is incorporated into two oceanic sinks. Identify one terrestrial sink, other than fossil fuels, that stores carbon for thousands to millions of years. The burning of fossil fuels has been shown to increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere.Discuss TWO other human activities that increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere. Identify an environmental problem that results from elevated atmospheric carbon concentrations. Discuss one consequence of the problem you identified. Phosphorus is another element important to all organisms.Describe one major way in which the phosphorus cycle differs from the carbon cycle. ?Identify one reason that phosphorus is necessary for organisms. ................
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