Loudoun County Public Schools / Overview



Essays

Chapter 1 ( Prologue questions are at the end)

|1. |When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course, she asserts that psychology is simply common sense. Explain|

| |why your awareness of both the limits of everyday reasoning and the methods of psychological research would lead you to disagree|

| |with your friend's assertion. |

|2. |The table below lists the scores of eight subjects on a test to measure anxiety, as well as the typical number of cigarettes |

| |each person smokes daily. Scores on the anxiety test can range anywhere from a low of 0 (indicating very low anxiety) to a high |

| |of 30 (indicating very high anxiety). |

| | |

| | |

| |Anxiety |

| |Cigarettes |

| | |

| |Subject |

| |Test Score |

| |Smoked Daily |

| | |

| |1 |

| |8 |

| |11 |

| | |

| |2 |

| |9 |

| |3 |

| | |

| |3 |

| |15 |

| |11 |

| | |

| |4 |

| |14 |

| |16 |

| | |

| |5 |

| |21 |

| |26 |

| | |

| |6 |

| |12 |

| |10 |

| | |

| |7 |

| |22 |

| |24 |

| | |

| |8 |

| |17 |

| |18 |

| | |

| | |

| |Construct a scatterplot to represent the correlation between smoking and anxiety. Describe the direction of the correlation and |

| |give two possible explanations for it. |

|3. |Speaking at a college graduation ceremony, Professor Robson compared college graduates with adults who are less educated. She |

| |correctly noted that college graduates pay more taxes, vote more frequently, engage in more volunteer activities in their |

| |communities, and are less likely to go to jail than less-educated adults. The professor concluded that colleges obviously do |

| |great things for society. How might you reasonably challenge the way the professor reached her conclusion? |

|4. |Design an experiment to test whether alcohol consumption influences people's tendency to become socially aggressive. Be sure to |

| |specify your experimental hypothesis and identify your dependent and independent variables, as well as your experimental and |

| |control conditions. Identify any experimental procedures that would help to ensure the validity of your research. |

|5. |Five students received the following test scores: 7, 11, 5, 6, and 11. Calculate the mode, median, mean, and range of this |

| |distribution of scores. Which measure of central tendency would change the most if an additional test score of 2 was included in|

| |the distribution? |

Chapter 2

|6. |The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believed that four basic body fluids (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm) |

| |influenced human behavior, emotions, and personality. Use your understanding of the body's rapid and slower chemical |

| |communication systems to support or refute Hippocrates's theory. |

|7. |Over the last few weeks, Mr. Klein has been bothered by nausea, frequent fainting spells, and severe headaches. Describe two |

| |ways a physician might seek to determine whether Mr. Klein's symptoms result from a brain disorder or injury. |

|8. |After a mild stroke, Mr. McGeorge showed some signs of aphasia. What pattern of symptoms would lead you to believe the damage |

| |occurred primarily in (a) Broca's area, (b) Wernicke's area, (c) the angular gyrus? |

|9. |After Jordan brilliantly performed a challenging and emotionally vibrant violin concerto, the orchestra conductor proudly |

| |proclaimed that Jordan was obviously a right-brained personality.What type of explanation is the conductor giving for Jordan's |

| |artistic skills? What's wrong with his statement? Provide an alternative reason for Jordan's talent. |

Chapter 3

|10. |Many would consider it ironic that men are more likely than women to feel comfortable about having casual sex with multiple |

| |partners and yet at the same time more likely to feel jealous rage over a mate's having sex with someone else. How would an |

| |evolutionary psychologist explain these gender differences? What are the strengths and weaknesses of this evolutionary |

| |explanation? |

|11. |Describe one of your personality traits that you believe to be highly heritable and another trait that seems to be much less so.|

| |Provide evidence to support your answer, and explain why you would expect genetics to exert a much greater impact on some |

| |personality traits than on others. |

|12. |Mr. Firkin is a shy and reserved person who often feels tense and nervous. In therapy, he recalled that he had an unhappy |

| |childhood, feeling that he did not receive enough attention from his mother and resenting the conservative family discipline and|

| |life style enforced by his father. He blames both parents for his current anxiety, unhappiness, and loneliness. In light of your|

| |understanding of the interactive influences of nature and nurture, explain why Mr. Firkin's complaints about his parents may be |

| |somewhat unfair and unhelpful. |

|13. |Describe ways in which our society might change in the future--in the home, school, and workplace, for example--if all children |

| |were raised in families that discouraged traditional gender-typing and distinct gender roles. Consider the advantages or |

| |disadvantages of such changes while you develop an argument as to whether you would or would not recommend the development of |

| |that kind of society. |

Chapter 4

|14. |Three-year-old Ivan frequently takes other children's toys from them, showing little concern for their feelings, even when they |

| |cry. When he does this, his mother tells him to “imagine how other kids feel when they lose their toys.” Use your understanding |

| |of cognitive development to explain Ivan's antisocial behavior. Why is his mother's comment unlikely to influence his behavior? |

| |How would you encourage Ivan to stop behaving this way? |

|15. |Mrs. Karina spends a lot of time stroking, cuddling, and rocking her infant son and seems to be highly aware of the baby's |

| |actions and needs. Mr. Karina worries that his wife's interactions with the baby may eventually lead the child to (a) cry easily|

| |when frustrated, (b) fearfully cling to his mother, (c) become unfriendly toward other people, and (d) become withdrawn and |

| |uninterested in his surroundings. Describe research on social development that supports or refutes each of the father's |

| |concerns. |

|16. |Mr. and Mrs. McDonald believe in the importance of stern discipline; they impose strict rules which they expect their children |

| |to obey without question. They penalize misbehavior harshly, frequently with a spanking. Mr. and Mrs. Reynolds use milder forms |

| |of punishment to enforce their rules. They also have regular family meetings in which their children help them to establish |

| |household rules and penalties for breaking them. What do you see as the advantages and disadvantages of these two disciplinary |

| |approaches? Explain the reasons for your answer. |

|17. |Thirteen-year-old Philip has begun to challenge many of his parents' values and to express his own set of highly idealistic |

| |standards. Compare and contrast the explanations for Philip's behavior that would be given by Kohlberg and by Erikson. |

|18. |As Brianna begins experiencing symptoms of menopause, she worries about the loss of (a) health and vitality, (b) intellectual |

| |capacity, and (c) life satisfaction. Describe research that would serve to justify or minimize each of Brianna's concerns. |

Chapter 5

|19. |Use your understanding of absolute thresholds, sensory adaptation, and pain control to argue that sensation is often influenced |

| |by our motives, expectations, and psychological states of mind. |

|20. |You are the president of a corporation that owns several large department stores. A board member has a plan for preventing |

| |shoplifting: In each store play musical soundtracks containing subaudible and consciously imperceptible verbal messages such as |

| |“don't steal” and “shoplifting is a crime.” Carefully discuss your reasons for supporting or rejecting this proposal to engage |

| |in subliminal persuasion. |

|21. |In what sense is there a correspondence between the experiences of hue and pitch? Discuss how the Young-Helmholtz theory of |

| |color vision and the place theory of pitch perception are conceptually similar or different. |

|22. |A friend believes that the five human senses--seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and feeling--are distinct and independent. |

| |Explain what is wrong with your friend's belief. |

| | |

Chapter 6

|23. |You have been asked to paint a picture that includes buildings, fields, a river, and a mountain. Describe how you would use at |

| |least five monocular cues to give your painting a sense of depth. |

|24. |The moon typically appears larger near the horizon than when high in the sky. The height of the Gateway Arch in St. Louis |

| |typically appears greater than its width. Explain these two perceptual illusions and show how your explanations for both |

| |illusions are similar. |

|25. |Explain how research on size constancy, restored vision, perceptual adaptation, and perceptual sets serves to support and/or |

| |refute John Locke's emphasis on the importance of learning in perception. |

|26. |Last night one of your mother's best friends had a car accident. Your mother feels guilty because three days ago she dreamt of |

| |such an accident but failed to warn her friend. How would you explain your mother's experience? What advice would you give her? |

Chapter 7

|27. |Because he has difficulty falling asleep at night, Professor Hogan doesn't go to bed until very late. Before he retires, he |

| |tries to wear himself out by running around the block several times. Then he treats himself to a beer and perhaps a pizza while |

| |preparing his lecture for the next day's early morning classes. What specific advice would you give the professor to help him |

| |fall asleep? |

|28. |Franco studied all evening for a chemistry test the following morning. That night he dreamt that he copied test answers from a |

| |female classmate sitting nearby. Compare and contrast a Freudian and an information-processing explanation of Franco's dream. |

|29. |A good friend of yours hopes that hypnosis will improve his memory and help him study longer and more effectively. He worries, |

| |however, that he might not be easily hypnotized. Your mother hopes that hypnosis will help relieve her arthritis pain but fears |

| |that under hypnosis she might do something embarrassing. Discuss the extent to which the hopes and fears of your friend and your|

| |mother are realistic. Where appropriate, use research evidence to support your conclusions. |

|30. |A classmate believes that alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine all have similar effects on behavior and that therefore all three |

| |drugs ought to be legalized. Carefully evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your classmate's position. |

Chapter 8

|31. |(a) How would you classically condition an adventuresome 2-year-old to be more fearful of running across a busy street near her |

| |house? (b) How would you classically condition a preschool child who is afraid of dogs to enjoy playing with a neighbor's |

| |friendly dog? Be sure to identify the UCS, CS, UCR, and CR in both answers. |

|32. |(a) Several days after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol, Karen becomes nauseated simply by the smell of liquor. The sight|

| |of the half-empty liquor bottle from which she drank does not, however, upset her. What does Karen's pattern of response |

| |indicate about the limits of associative learning? (b) If George is spanked immediately after his baby sister cries, he is |

| |likely to become fearful every time she cries. If Ken is spanked immediately before his baby sister cries, he is not likely to |

| |become fearful when she cries. What do the different reactions of George and Ken suggest about the role of cognitive processes |

| |in associative learning? |

|33. |Mr. Byrne can't understand why scolding his seventhgrade students for disruptive classroom behaviors makes them more unruly. |

| |Explain Mr. Byrne's predicament in terms of operant conditioning principles. Show how he could use operant conditioning |

| |techniques to (a) reduce disruptive behaviors and (b) increase cooperative behaviors. |

|34. |For Vina, cigarettes reduce feelings of tension and anxiety. Because of her heavy smoking, however, she has a bad morning cough |

| |and breathing difficulties.How can the principles of operant conditioning help to explain the development and continuation of |

| |Vina's self-defeating smoking habit? Explain the extent to which the reinforcement for Vina's habit is positive or negative, |

| |primary or conditioned, immediate or delayed, partial or continuous. |

|35. | Although Mr. Wright often tells his children about the importance of donating time and money to charitable causes, he rarely |

| |does so himself. He believes that this hypocrisy will not rub off on his children, however, as long as he has plausible excuses |

| |for his lack of charity. Use your understanding of learning processes to explain how Mr. Wright's children are likely to be |

| |affected by their father's behavior. What advice would you give to Mr. Wright? |

Chapter 9

|36. |A friend claims that the faster you read, the more you remember. Use your knowledge of effortful processing and effective |

| |encoding strategies to refute your friend's claim. |

|37. |Describe three mnemonic devices that would enable you to remember the following list of grocery items: milk, eggs, margarine, |

| |oranges, rhubarb, ice cream, eggplant, and sausage. Explain why each would be effective. |

|38. |Although you genuinely enjoyed studying hard for a biology exam, during the test you are feeling frustrated and irritable |

| |because you can't recall the answer to a series of fairly easy factual questions. What techniques could you use to effectively |

| |remember the information previously learned? |

|39. |Professor Markus is a brilliant mathematician who is 70 years old and still enjoys teaching. Over the past few years she has |

| |experienced increasing difficulty remembering the names of her students. Suggest several possible explanations for the |

| |professor's increasing memory failure. |

|40. | During the process of psychotherapy, Elaine accurately recovered some long-forgotten and painful memories from her childhood. |

| |This experience led her to conclude that these memories must have been repressed for many years. Use your understanding of the |

| |nature of memory to refute Elaine's conclusion. |

Chapter 10

|41. |Describe several heuristics that you might use or that you have used when deciding whether you should (a) study especially hard |

| |for a test and (b) ask someone for a date (or accept a date). Under what circumstances are these heuristics likely to contribute|

| |to poor decision making? |

|42. |You are the commissioner of a state lottery system that sponsors daily and weekly drawings. Lottery tickets have not been |

| |selling well over the past few months. Describe four ways you could take advantage of people's use of the availability heuristic|

| |in order to boost sales. Explain why you would judge your tactics to be fair or unfair to your customers. |

|43. |Heike's older brother has suffered from chronic depression for several years. Unfortunately, Heike has been incorrectly informed|

| |by her parents that there is a 40 percent chance she will also suffer from depression. Explain how the availability heuristic, |

| |framing, the confirmation bias, and belief perseverance might lead Heike to conclude that she will definitely be a victim of a |

| |severe depressive disorder. |

|44. | After returning from a shopping trip with his mother, little Tommy reported, “I goed to the store and eated candy.” Why might a|

| |behaviorist such as B. F. Skinner have had some difficulty explaining Tommy's incorrect grammatical construction? What does his |

| |error suggest about the process of language acquisition? |

Chapter 11

|45. |You have been hired by a large public school system to construct a musical aptitude test. Describe how you would standardize |

| |your test and assess its reliability and validity. Explain why it might be more difficult to develop a valid musical aptitude |

| |test than a reliable one. |

|46. |Although Susan is a brilliant pianist and highly acclaimed ballet dancer, her high school intelligence test scores were only |

| |average. What does Susan's experience suggest regarding (a) the reliability and validity of intelligence tests, (b) the nature |

| |of intelligence, and (c) the desirability of currently popular “gifted child” education programs? |

|47. |A classmate makes the following claim: “Despite numerous federally funded Head Start programs and nationwide efforts to |

| |desegregate public schools, Blacks continue to lag behind their White counterparts in intelligence and academic achievement. |

| |Clearly, Black Americans must be genetically inferior to White Americans.” Use research evidence and logical arguments to |

| |intelligently refute your classmate's statement. |

|48. | Juan is the oldest son of Mexican parents who immigrated to the United States less than five years ago. Juan's high school |

| |teachers perceive him to be fairly intelligent, but his SAT scores are low and he is having trouble getting into college. Juan's|

| |mother angrily claims that “intelligence tests are biased against Hispanics.” Juan's father sadly counters, “It's not the tests |

| |that are biased; it's American education that is biased.” Carefully explain why you would agree or disagree with the comments |

| |made by each of the parents. |

Chapter 12

|49. |Abraham Maslow suggested that “a person who is lacking food, love, and self-esteem would most likely hunger for food more |

| |strongly than anything else.” Conversely, the novelist Dostoyevski wrote, “without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his|

| |life, man cannot live even if surrounded with bread.” Give evidence that would lead you to support both statements. |

|50. |Although Jan appears to be underweight, she is afraid of becoming fat and consistently restricts her food intake. Although Gene |

| |appears to be overweight, he enjoys eating and always eats as much as he wants. Explain how their different reactions to food |

| |might result from (a) differences in their inner bodily states and (b) differences in their reactions to external incentives. |

|51. |The rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States has risen sharply in the last 40 years, despite the increased availability of|

| |contraceptives. Suggest how parents, teachers, religious leaders, government officials, and teenagers themselves could help |

| |remedy this situation. Include at least one concrete suggestion for each of these groups. |

|52. |People often refer to homosexuals as persons rather than referring to homosexual behavior as something persons do. In fact, |

| |those who experience homosexual desires or engage in homosexual practices are often assumed to be gay or lesbian in the same |

| |sense that they are male or female. Describe the potential advantages and disadvantages of this assumption, and critically |

| |evaluate how it might influence research on the origins of differing sexual orientations. |

|53. | Describe the contrasting effects of directive management and participative management on employee morale. Discuss these |

| |differences in terms of Maslow's hierarchy of motives. Explain why the effectiveness of each style would depend on the |

| |personality traits and cultural background of the employees. |

Chapter 13

|54. |Tranquilizing drugs that inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity often effectively reduce people's subjective experience of |

| |intense fear and anxiety. Use one of the major theories of emotion to account for the emotionreducing effects of such |

| |tranquilizers. Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining these effects? Why? |

|55. |A newspaper advice columnist suggests that thinking can be voluntarily controlled and changed, but emotions are gut-level, |

| |biological reactions that can't be voluntarily controlled or modified. Use your knowledge of emotion research and theory to |

| |either support or refute the columnist's claim. |

|56. |Idaliza is furious because her steady boyfriend spent half an hour talking with his former girlfriend at last night's school |

| |dance. A friend suggests that Idaliza ought to get the anger out of her system by repeatedly pounding her pillow while she |

| |imagines that she is hitting her boyfriend. Explain why this might be an ineffective way for Idaliza to reduce her anger. |

| |Suggest better ways. |

|57. | Jim, a 42-year-old engineer, is unhappy about his yearly salary although it is the highest salary he has ever earned. His wife,|

| |Carla, suggests that he vividly recall how little he earned at the age of 32. She also recommends that he watch a TV program |

| |about famine victims in Africa. Use your understanding of psychological principles to explain why Carla's suggestions might help|

| |to increase Jim's feelings of economic satisfaction. |

Chapter 14

|58. |There's a dramatic increase in the likelihood of a person becoming ill or dying during a brief period following the death of a |

| |spouse. Describe some of the specific biological and psychological processes that may contribute to this effect. |

|59. |A classmate argues that “the best way to handle stress is to work harder and meet life's challenges head-on.” Evaluate both the |

| |strengths and the weaknesses of your classmate's position. |

|60. |Trevor, a college student, has tried to quit smoking on two different occasions. In each case, however, he relapsed into his old|

| |habit during the last few weeks of the school year. Explain the possible reasons for this relapse pattern and describe what |

| |Trevor can do to avoid repeated failure in his efforts to stop smoking. |

|61. | Kate, who is 50 pounds overweight, has tried a variety of diets. Although she often loses some weight under each diet, she |

| |eventually gains it all back. Explain why Kate most likely has difficulty maintaining her weight losses. What are the advantages|

| |and disadvantages of her continued efforts to lose weight? |

Chapter 15

|62. |During a heated argument with his father, 15-year-old Jason developed a paralysis of his right arm. Medical examinations can |

| |find no physical cause for the paralysis. Use the psychoanalytic perspective to explain how the paralysis may be Jason's attempt|

| |to deal with an unconscious conflict between his id and superego. |

|63. |According to a number of distinguished psychologists, a major purpose of the defense mechanisms described by Freud is the |

| |protection of self-esteem. Give an example of how repression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement |

| |could each be used to protect or even enhance a positive self-image. |

|64. |The behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner emphasized that people are largely controlled by forces outside themselves. Critique |

| |the practical implications of personally accepting Skinner's position in light of contemporary research on locus of control and |

| |learned helplessness. |

|65. |Andy, a high school sophomore, lacks self-discipline, fails to plan ahead, and is excessively anxious. He is quickly frustrated |

| |by challenging tasks and frequently becomes overly critical of others. Use the psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social-cognitive |

| |perspectives to give three contrasting explanations of Andy's behavior. |

|66. |Carl Rogers believes that most people consider themselves worthless and unlovable. Reinhold Niebuhr, on the other hand, claims |

| |that most people suffer from excessive self-love and self-pride. What do you consider to be the strengths or weaknesses of each |

| |of these contrasting positions? Use psychological research findings to support your arguments. |

|67. | Explain how differences between individualist and collectivist views of self contribute to differences in marital expectations |

| |and political views. How do pro-choice and pro-life positions regarding the issue of abortion differ with respect to the ideals |

| |of individualism and collectivism? |

Chapter 16

|68. |A newspaper editorialist argues that the use of DSM-IV diagnostic labels is destructively antidemocratic, because it enables an |

| |elite corps of mental health professionals to subtly control the values and life-styles of the rest of society. First give |

| |reasons supporting this argument, then defend the continued use of diagnostic labels. |

|69. |June is so preoccupied with keeping her house absolutely spotless that she has no time to do anything but clean. After each |

| |family meal she not only washes the dishes, she also thoroughly cleans and polishes the kitchen table, chairs, floor, and |

| |cupboards. Although these cleaning rituals irritate her family, June is unable to discontinue them without experiencing intense |

| |feelings of discomfort. Use the learning and biological perspectives to explain June's behavior. |

|70. |A guest on a TV talk show claims that “major depressive disorder is not a psychological problem; it's a disease that can be |

| |medically treated.” Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this claim. |

|71. | Differentiate between antisocial personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder, and schizophrenia. What relationships |

| |might exist between each disorder and insanity? |

Chapter 17

|72. |Geraldo, a college sophomore, is so fearful of asking a woman out that he hasn't had a date in over three years. He has recently|

| |contacted a psychotherapist for help in overcoming his fear. Describe how a behavior therapist would treat Geraldo's problem |

| |differently from the way a psychoanalyst would. |

|73. |Describe how a therapist might use both aversive conditioning and operant conditioning techniques in order to help a client |

| |overcome a compulsive habit of smoking more than three packs of cigarettes a day. Be clear about the exact procedures that would|

| |be used. |

|74. |One of your best friends feels that he fails at everything he does and that his life isn't worth living. When you suggest that |

| |he talk to a psychotherapist, your friend responds, “Talking won't help. The more I talk about myself, the more I think about my|

| |problems. The more I think about my problems, the more depressed I get.” Explain why your friend's comment illustrates his need |

| |for cognitive therapy. What procedures would a cognitive therapist use to help your friend overcome his negative feelings? |

|75. |Isaiah performed miserably on his first psychology test, even though he had carefully prepared written notes on each assigned |

| |chapter of his textbook. In an effort to improve his performance, Isaiah subsequently engaged in daily meditation exercises and |

| |discontinued his normal practice of textbook note-taking. To his delight, he performed somewhat better on his second psychology |

| |test. Give Isaiah some helpful advice regarding any conclusions he might draw about the reasons for his improved performance on |

| |the second test. |

|76. | Mr. Andrews suffers from frequent episodes of extreme depression. When a friend suggests that he might be helped by drug |

| |therapy, Mr. Andrews responds, “Drugs are just a crutch for people who lack self-discipline and who want to hide from their |

| |problems. Besides, I'm not about to hand over control of my life to some psychiatrist and his magic pills.” Explain why Mr. |

| |Andrews' ideas about drug therapy are inaccurate. |

Chapter 18

|77. |David's history teacher asked him why so many German people complied with Hitler's orders to systematically slaughter millions |

| |of innocent Jews. David suggested that the atrocities were committed because the Germans had become unusually cruel, sadistic |

| |people with abnormal and twisted personalities. Use your knowledge of the fundamental attribution error and Milgram's research |

| |on obedience to highlight the weaknesses of David's explanation. |

|78. |Latitia, a college sophomore, reported: “Although I was not at all sure that I really loved my boyfriend, he coaxed me into |

| |sleeping with him. After that, I convinced myself that I really did love him.” Use your understanding of cognitive dissonance |

| |theory to explain why Latitia developed such positive feelings for her boyfriend. What could Latitia do in the future to ensure |

| |that her sexual behaviors are guided by her own true attitudes and desires? |

|79. |Jill, a female employee at Acme Industries, recently complained that she had been sexually harassed by one of her male |

| |supervisors. Upon hearing of this complaint, Luis, a fellow employee, commented, “If the women around here would stop some of |

| |their flirting, they'd be left alone.” Jason, another coworker, quickly added, “If the women in this country stopped trying to |

| |act like men, they'd all be treated with more respect.” Explain how these insensitive remarks illustrate some of the social, |

| |emotional, and cognitive roots of prejudice. |

|80. |Research indicates that we often form more positive impressions of beautiful people than of those who are physically |

| |unattractive. Explain how advertisements, movies, and children's fairy tales might encourage this tendency. Use your knowledge |

| |of the factors that facilitate interpersonal attraction to suggest how people could be influenced to feel more positively about |

| |those who are physically unattractive. |

|81. | While walking through a busy city park, Mr. Cruz experiences sharp chest pains that indicate to him the onset of a heart |

| |attack. Describe several things Mr. Cruz should do to increase the chances that someone will come to his aid and quickly provide|

| |him with appropriate medical attention. Explain the rationale for your advice in light of research on altruism and the |

| |decision-making process underlying bystander intervention. |

Prologue

|82. |Tom believes that children are born with neither good nor bad thoughts, desires, or character traits. He suggests, instead, that|

| |parents and culture shape individual minds and hearts in virtuous or harmful directions. For Plato, John Locke, and Charles |

| |Darwin, note whether that philosopher would agree or disagree with Tom's claims; in each case, explain why they would agree or |

| |disagree with Tom. Explain also why you would agree or disagree with Tom. |

|83. |Julie, a physics major, has difficulty believing that psychology is a science, because people cannot observe other people's |

| |thoughts and sensations. Explain how Wilhelm Wundt and John Watson would have responded to Julie's skepticism regarding |

| |psychology's scientific status. |

|84. |Jack is a second-grade student. He seems to have no interest in learning, often daydreaming in class and frequently disrupting |

| |the class by throwing objects at other students. Using the major theoretical perspectives employed by psychologists, give three |

| |alternative explanations for Jack's classroom behavior. In light of these explanations, what steps could be taken to reduce |

| |Jack's disruptive behavior? |

|85. |Kathy does not want to become a psychologist because she has no interest in analyzing emotionally disturbed people. Use your |

| |knowledge of psychology's subfields and perspectives to expand Kathy's limited understanding of career opportunities for |

| |psychologists. |

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