File: chap07, Chapter 7 - Community Health



Chapter 7 Test Notes: Maternal, Infant, and Child Health

Multiple Choice

1. Maternal health is regarded as the health of a woman of childbearing age during which of the following times?

A. pre-pregnancy and pregnancy

B. labor and delivery

C. postpartum period

D. all the above

E. only A and B

Ans: D

Page: 176

2. During the past several decades (from 1980 to 2002) the United States has made important progress in reducing:

A. maternal mortality.

B. infant mortality.

C. child mortality.

D. all of the above

Ans: D

Page: 177-178

3. The _____________ defines a family as “a group of two people or more (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together; all such people (including related to subfamily members) are considered as members of one family.”

A. U.S. Census Bureau

B. Maternal and Child Health Bureau

C. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

D. Planned Parenthood

Ans: A

Page: 181

4. From a community health perspective, a marriage, or having two parents, serves as an important family characteristic in relation to a child’s well-being. The greatest percentage of all births to unmarried women is highest among:

A. those less than 20 years of age.

B. 20 – 29 year olds.

C. 30 – 39 year olds.

D. those greater than 40 years of age.

Ans: A

Page: 181

5. Teenagers who become pregnant and have a child are more likely to:

A. drop out of school.

B. not get married or have a marriage end in divorce.

C. rely on public assistance and live in poverty.

D. all of the above are correct

E. just A and C are correct

Ans: D

Page: 182

6. Teenage mothers are much less likely than women over the age of 20 to:

A. not receive first trimester prenatal care.

B. smoke during pregnancy.

C. have a preterm birth.

D. have a low birth weight.

E. all of the above are correct

Ans: E

Page: 182

7. The federal and state governments provide funding assistance through:

A. Title X.

B. Medicaid.

C. Maternal and Child Health Bureau.

D. Social Service Block Grants.

E. all of the above are correct

Ans: E

Page: 184

8. Every year more than 4.8 million women receive health care services at family planning clinics funded by Title X. Those served are:

A. predominately young.

B. poor.

C. uninsured.

D. never had a child.

E. all of the above are correct

Ans: E

Page: 184

9. Abortion has been legal throughout the United States since _______ when the Supreme Court ruled in the Roe v. Wade case that women, in consultation with their physician, have a constitutionally protected right to have an abortion in the early stages of pregnancy from government interference.

A. 1963

B. 1973

C. 1983

D. 1993

Ans: B

Page: 187

10. The maternal mortality rate is the number of mothers dying per:

A. 1,000 live births.

B. 10,000 live births.

C. 100,000 live births.

D. 1,000,000 live births.

Ans: C

Page: 189

11. Maternal deaths (mortality) in the United States today are the result of:

A. hemorrhage.

B. embolism.

C. pregnancy-induced hypertension

D. all of the above are correct

Ans: D

Page: 189

12. Maternal mortality rate was _____ times higher for black Americans than white Americans.

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 6

E. 10

Ans: C

Page: 189

13. High-quality prenatal care is one of the fundamentals of a safe motherhood program and includes:

A. risk assessment.

B. treatment for medical conditions.

C. risk reduction.

D. education.

E. all of the above are included

Ans: E

Page: 189

14. Which of the following are goals of prenatal care?

A. provide the best care for the pregnant woman

B. provide the best care for the unborn child

C. prepare the mother-to-be for the delivery

D. all of the above are correct

E. just A and C are correct

Ans: D

Page: 189

15. The infant’s health depends on:

A. the mother’s health and her health behavior prior to and during pregnancy.

B. the mother’s level of prenatal care.

C. the quality of the mother’s delivery.

D. the environment after birth.

E. all of the above are correct

Ans: E

Page: 190

16. A medical doctor who specializes in the care of newborn children up to 2 months of age is called a:

A. pediatrician.

B. neonatologist.

C. gynecologist.

D. podiatrist.

Ans: B

Page: 190

17. The infant mortality rate is expressed as the number of children __________ per ________ live births.

A. younger than 1 month: 1,000

B. younger than 1 month: 100,000

C. younger than 1 year: 1,000

D. younger than 1 year: 100,000

Ans: D

Page: 191

18. Neonatal mortality is deaths that occur during:

A. the first 28 days after birth.

B. the first 6 months after birth.

C. the first year after birth.

D. pregnancy.

Ans: A

Page: 191

19. The most common cause of postneonatal mortality is:

A. sudden infant death syndrome.

B. premature birth.

C. low birth weight.

D. hypertension.

Ans: A

Page: 192

20. Premature (or preterm) babies are born prior to ____ weeks’ gestation.

A. 37

B. 40

C. 42

D. 44

Ans: A

Page: 192

21. Low birth weight infants are those that weigh ______________.

A. 5.5 pounds or less

B. 6.5 pounds or less

C. 7.5 pounds or less

D. 8.5 pounds or less

Ans: A

Page: 193

22. The percentage of U.S. infants born at low birth weight is highest among:

A. whites.

B. blacks.

C. Asians.

D. American Indians.

E. Pacific Islanders.

Ans: B

Page: 193

23. The death of a child during the first 28 days after birth is called:

A. infant death.

B. neonatal mortality.

C. postneonatal death.

D. fetal death.

E. all of the above are correct

Ans: B

Page: 191

24. The death of a child between the age of 28 and 365 days is called:

A. infant death.

B. neonatal mortality.

C. postneonatal death.

D. fetal death.

E. all of the above are correct

Ans: C

Page: 192

25. Which of the following is (are) true about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?

A. most cases occur when a baby is sleeping in a crib

B. it is the third leading cause of infant death

C. the risk increases when baby sleeps on stomach

D. strikes about 2,2000 babies each year

E. all of the above are correct

Ans: E

Page: 196-197

26. To prevent low birth weight (LBW) babies, pregnant women should do all of the following except:

A. receive early, regular prenatal care.

B. eat a balanced diet, including folic acid.

C. gain enough weight.

D. avoid smoking and drinking alcohol.

E. take iron and calcium supplements.

Ans: E

Page: 193-194

27. Which of the following statements is (are) true in regards to nationwide tobacco use during pregnancy?

A. increases risk of low birth weight babies

B. increases the risk of infant mortality

C. continues to decline

D. all of the above are true statements

E. just A and B are true statements

Ans: D

Page: 194

28. Which of the following is (are) advantages to breastfeeding?

A. helps babies resist infections and other diseases

B. helps babies vomit less often

C. improves maternal health

D. all of the above are correct

E. just A and B

Ans: D

Page: 195

29. The leading cause of childhood mortality is:

A. unintentional injury

B. homicide

C. suicide

D. influenza and pneumonia

Ans: A

Page: 197-198

30. The overwhelming majority of unintentional injury deaths in children are due to:

A. roller skating without a helmet.

B. bicycling without a helmet.

C. motor vehicle crashes.

D. HIV infection.

Ans: C

Page: 199

31. The CDC recommends vaccinating children against most vaccine-preventable diseases early in life. The proportion of children aged 19 months to 35 months receiving the recommended combined series (4:3:1:3 series) is approximately ____ percent.

A. 65

B. 75

C. 85

D. 95

Ans: C

Page: 201

32. The reason(s) for the significant number of unvaccinated children in the United States is (are) attributed to:

A. cost.

B. lack of access to medical care.

C. uneducated parents.

D. confusion on when to vaccinate children.

E. all of the above are correct

Ans: E

Page: 202

33. The Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is sponsored by:

A. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

B. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

D. Public Health Service.

E. None of the above are correct.

Ans: B

Pages 204-205

34. When did the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program begin?

A. 1960’s

B. 1970’s

C. 1980’s

D. 1990’s

Ans: B

Page: 204

35. The Family and Medical Leave Act covers employees:

A. after the birth of a child.

B. after an adoption.

C. in the event of illness in the immediate family.

D. all the above

E. just A and B

Ans: D

Page: 208

True/False

36. True or false? The United States has one of the lowest infant mortality rates of any industrialized nation in the world.

Ans: F

Page: 179

37. True or false? Family planning can be defined as determining the preferred number and spacing of children and choosing the appropriate means to achieve this preference.

Ans: T

Page: 184

38. True or false? Title X of the Public Health Service Act was established in 1970 to provide family planning services to low-income people.

Ans: T

Page: 184

39. True or false? In 1988, the “gag rule” regulations were enacted on family planning clinics.

Ans: T

Page: 185

40. True or false? Maternal health encompasses the health of women in the childbearing years, including those in the pre-pregnancy period, those who are pregnant, and those who are caring for young children.

Ans: T

Page: p. 189

41. True or false? The establishment of local family clinics has resulted in an improvement in maternal and child health indicators for the communities served.

Ans: T

Page: 186

42. True or false? Prenatal health care should begin before pregnancy when a couple is considering having a child and it should continue throughout pregnancy.

Ans: T

Page: 189

43. True or false? A neonatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the care of newborn children up to two months of age.

Ans: T

Page: 190

44. True or false? Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden unanticipated death of an infant in whom, after examination, there is no recognizable cause of death.

Ans: T

Page: 196

45. True or false? Deaths in utero (intrauterine) with a gestational age of at least 20 weeks are called neonatal deaths.

Ans: F

Page: 192

46. True or false? Low birth weight (LBW) is the factor most associated with infant mortality.

Ans: T

Page: 193

47. True or false? A safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy has not been determined.

Ans: T

Page: 194

48. True or false? Infectious diseases represent the leading cause of death in children.

Ans: F

Page: 198

49. True or false? Childhood death by injury is much more prevalent than injury-related morbidity.

Ans: F

Page: 199

50. True or false? All children should be immunized at regular health care visits, beginning at birth and continuing to age 6.

Ans: T

Page: 201

51. True or false? The Maternal and Child Health Bureau is responsible for funding and implementing the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program.

Ans: F

Page: 204

52. True or false? The major program aimed at providing health care coverage to low-income children is Medicaid.

Ans: F

Page: 206

Short Answer

53. Calculate the maternal mortality rate for the following:

A. 29 deaths for 100,000 live births;

B. 15 deaths for 50,000 live births.

Ans: A. 29/100,000; B. 30/100,000.

Page: 189

54. Why do teenage pregnancies result in serious health consequences for the mother and her baby?

Ans: Teenage mothers are less likely to receive early prenatal care, which can result in pregnancy complications. They are also more likely to smoke during pregnancy and have a preterm birth and low-birth-weight baby. The babies are more likely to die during the first year of life and suffer certain serious health problems.

Page: 182-183

55. What factors have contributed to the lowering of the infant mortality rate in the United States?

Ans: (1) improvements in socioeconomic status, (2) housing, (3) nutrition, (4) levels of immunization, (5) availability of clean water, pasteurized milk, and antibiotics, and (6) modern medical technology.

Page. 177–179

56. Briefly describe or define Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Ans: FAS—A term used to describe a group of defects in babies born to mothers who have consumed high levels of alcohol during pregnancy; can lead to growth and mental retardation. SIDS—Sudden unanticipated death of an infant in whom, after examination, there is no recognized cause of death.

Page: 194 and 196

57. Briefly describe the criteria for women, infants, and children to be eligible for WIC.

Ans: (1) reside in the state in which they are applying for the WIC program, (2) meet the income guideline, and (3) meet the nutritional risk criteria as determined by a medical and/or nutritional assessment.

Page: 204

58. Briefly explain the Children’s Defense Fund.

Ans: The CDF is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, DC, and it is dedicated to providing a voice for the children of America. The CDF focuses on the needs of the poor, minority, and handicapped children and their families.

Page: 208-209

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