Interactive Reader and Study Guide

Interactive Reader and Study Guide

Copyright ? by Holt, Rinehart and Winston

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ISBN 0-03-092477-4

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Contents

CHAPTER 1 The Nature of Life Science

SECTION 1 Asking About Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SECTION 2 Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 SECTION 3 Tools and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SECTION 4 Scientific Models and Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . 19 SECTION 5 Safety in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

CHAPTER 2 It's Alive!! Or Is It?

SECTION 1 Characteristics of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 SECTION 2 The Necessities of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

CHAPTER 3 Light and Living Things

SECTION 1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 SECTION 2 Interactions of Light with Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 SECTION 3 Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

CHAPTER 4 Cells: The Basic Units of Life

SECTION 1 The Characteristics of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 SECTION 2 Eukaryotic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 SECTION 3 The Organization of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . 69

CHAPTER 5 The Cell in Action

SECTION 1 Cell Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 SECTION 2 The Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

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Interactive Reader and Study Guide

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CHAPTER 6 Heredity

SECTION 1 Mendel and His Peas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 SECTION 2 Traits and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 SECTION 3 Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

CHAPTER 7 Genes and DNA

SECTION 1 What Does DNA Look Like? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 SECTION 2 How DNA Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

CHAPTER 8 Studying Earth's Past

SECTION 1 The Study of Earth's History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 SECTION 2 Relative Dating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 SECTION 3 Absolute Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

CHAPTER 9 The History of Life on Earth

SECTION 1 Looking at Fossils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 SECTION 2 Earth's Changing Continents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 SECTION 3 Time Marches On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

CHAPTER 10 The Evolution of Living Things

SECTION 1 Change Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 SECTION 2 How Does Evolution Happen? . . . . . . . . . . . 150 SECTION 3 Natural Selection in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

CHAPTER 11 Classification

SECTION 1 Sorting It All Out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 SECTION 2 Domains and Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

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CHAPTER 12 Introduction to Plants

SECTION 1 What Is a Plant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 SECTION 2 Seedless Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 SECTION 3 Seed Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 SECTION 4 Structures of Seed Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

CHAPTER 13 Plant Processes

SECTION 1 Photosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 SECTION 2 Reproduction of Flowering Plants. . . . . . . . . . 198 SECTION 3 Plant Development and Responses. . . . . . . . 202

CHAPTER 14 Introduction to Animals

SECTION 1 What Is an Animal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 SECTION 2 The Animal Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 SECTION 3 Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 SECTION 4 Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

CHAPTER 15 Body Organization and Structure

SECTION 1 Body Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 SECTION 2 The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 SECTION 3 The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

CHAPTER 16 Circulation and Respiration

SECTION 1 The Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 SECTION 2 Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 SECTION 3 The Respiratory System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

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CHAPTER 17 Communication and Control

SECTION 1 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 SECTION 2 Sensing the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

CHAPTER 18 Reproduction and Development

SECTION 1 Human Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 SECTION 2 Growth and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

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Name

Class

CHAPTER 1 The Nature of Life Science

SECTION

1

Asking About Life

BEFORE YOU READ

After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions:

? What is life science? ? Why is life science important for everyday life?

Date

California Science Standards

7.7.b

What Is Life Science?

Imagine that it is summer. You are lying on the grass in a park watching dogs play and bees visiting flowers. An ant carries away a crumb from your lunch. Suddenly, questions pop into your head: How do ants find food? Why don't bees visit every flower? Why do dogs play? You have just taken the first steps to becoming a life scientist.

Life science is the study of living things. Asking questions about the world around you is the first step in any scientific investigation. What kinds of questions can you ask?

Why do leaves change color in the fall?

How do birds know where to go when they migrate?

How are a frog and a lizard different?

STUDY TIP Predict As you read this section, write a list of questions about life science that you think this book will help your answer.

READING CHECK 1. Identify What is the first step in a scientific investigation?

Part of science is asking questions about the world around you.

What Kind of Questions Can You Ask in Life Science?

Take a look around your home or neighborhood. Just about anywhere you go, you will find some kind of living organism. The world around us is full of an amazing diversity of life. Single-celled algae, giant redwood trees, and 40-ton whales are all living things. For any living thing you could ask: How does the organism get its food? Where does it live? Why does it behave in a certain way? However, these questions are just the beginning.

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Interactive Reader and Study Guide

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The Nature of Life Science

Name

Class

Date

SECTION 1 Asking About Life continued

READING CHECK 2. List List three methods of investigation that you could use to answer questions.

Say It

Research Choose your favorite living thing. Write five questions about that organism. Use three different types of resources to answer those questions. Present to the class what you have learned.

What Do You Do Once You Have a Question?

Once you ask a question, it is time to look for an answer. How do you start your investigation? There are three methods you can use: research, observation, and experimentation.

RESEARCH You can find answers to some of your questions by doing

research. The following are some ways you can do research:

? Ask someone who knows a lot about the subject. ? Look up information in print resources, such as textbooks,

encylopedias, and magazines.

? Use electronic resources such as the World Wide Web.

When you do research, be sure to think about the source of the information you find. Not all information you find in print materials or on the World Wide Web is correct. Scientists use information only from reliable sources.

OBSERVATION You can find answers to some questions by observa-

tion. When you observe, you watch something and write down what you see. For example, if you wanted to know what birds live in your area, you could go outside and look for them. You could also hang a bird feeder outside your home and observe the birds that use it.

EXPERIMENTATION You can answer some questions by doing an experi-

ment. An experiment should be designed carefully to answer a specific question. Making good observations and analyzing data are two important parts of doing an experiment.

TAKE A LOOK

3. Identify What type of investigation method is this student using?

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Interactive Reader and Study Guide

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This student is trying to find the hardness of a mineral.

The Nature of Life Science

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