ADVANCED PLACEMENT WORLD HISTORY



ADVANCED PLACEMENT WORLD HISTORY

DECEMBER MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW KEY

FOUNDATIONS

The Neolithic Revolution

1. What are the definitions of the terms “prehistory” and “history”?

Prehistory is the era before writing; history is after the written record.

2. What allowed humans to become dominate and how did they migrate?

They had the ability to reason and over time they adapted to the climate regions allowing them to migrate and settle most of the earth.

3. What are the definition and characteristics of Paleolithic and Neolithic eras?

Paleolithic=old stone age/use of simple stone tools, fire, cave paintings, hunting and gathering

Neolithic=new stone age/beginning of settled agriculture, more advanced tools

4. Where did agriculture originally begin?

It developed independently across all continents.

5. What changes occurred due to the beginning of agriculture?

People began to organize socially, gender differences appeared, people settled in one place.

River Valley Civilizations

6. Who were the major groups of people who lived in Mesopotamia and what were their contributions?

The Sumerians organized in city-states, the Babylonians created empire, the Phoenicians were traders, and the Hittites introduced iron to the region.

7. were the Egyptian beliefs on the afterlife?

They had a positive view and mummified their dead so the gods would accept them into the afterlife.

8. What are some comparisons between Egypt and Mesopotamia?

Mesopotamia was not as organized politically, subject to many invasions, and did not have the natural resources that Egypt did. Egypt was a well-organized, long-lasting, durable empire with a stronger belief in the afterlife.

9. What is the major contribution of the Jewish people to civilization?

They were the first group to practice ethical monotheism.

10. What is the definition of the word “Semitic”?

It is a language group of the Middle East, specifically spoken by the Hebrews.

11. Who invented the modern alphabet and why?

The Phoenicians needed a simple alphabet in order to trade among many cultures in the Mediterranean, writing that was easy for ordinary people to learn.

12. Where is Indo-European original homeland and where did they migrate in South Asia?

They were nomadic, pastoral people and language group from Central Eurasia and migrated into present-day India.

13. Why are the Vedas are important to our understanding of India?

They contain the distinctive religious ideas of the Aryans.

14. How did India organize their social classes?

They used a strict social organization that was called the caste system.

15. How did the Zhou Dynasty establish their legitimacy?

They claimed the Mandate of Heaven meaning they had the blessing of heaven to rule.

16. What is the definition of Mandate of Heaven?

The gods or heaven allows a dynasty to be in power as long as they are benevolent and productive rulers.

Early Africa and the Americas

17. Who were the Bantu and where did they originate?

They were a language group (farmers and worked with iron) originating from West Africa in the Niger River valley.

18. How do the Bantu compare to Indo-Europeans?

Both were language groups who spread their language with their migrations.

19. Why did the Bantu begin their migrations?

Their population grew too large for the region and resources to support them.

20. How did the domestication of the camel impact trade?

It allowed trade across the Trans-Saharan route to increase and grow.

21. What were the primary trade products in sub-Sahara Africa before 600 C.E.?

The products most traded in the early foundational period were salt and palm oil

CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION

China

22. Which dynasty used Legalism to rule?

The Qin Dynasty was legalistic using punishment to rule.

23. What were common characteristics of Qin and Han dynasties?

Both dynasties came to power through conquest over the divided noble families, both used large bureaucracies to do the daily business of government, and both did monument building and flood control.

24. What was the Chinese social hierarchy?

Emperor and nobles at the top, scholar-bureaucrats next, soldiers and peasants next, merchants at the bottom; this was a rigid social order similar to India’s caste system.

25. What are the major Confucian beliefs?

A peaceful and orderly society is achieved through the five major relationships with respect and honor important.

26. What does Daoism believe?

They believe in “the way of nature” and that people should follow nature to be happy and balanced.

27. How do the Chinese view nature?

They believe in harmony and balance in nature.

28. Why is ancestor veneration important to the Chinese?

They honor and respect their ancestors and believe they can help people in the present.

India

29. What group was the highest social class in India?

The Brahmins (priests) were the highest caste.

30. What are the major characteristics of Hinduism?

Hindus follow the caste system and believe in dharma, karma, reincarnation and moksha.

31. What was Emperor Ashoka’s most important influence?

He converted to Buddhism and helped it spread throughout India.

32. What are the major characteristics of Buddhism?

Buddhists do not believe in the caste system, but believe that you can achieve nirvana in the present life.

33. Who was Buddha?

Siddhartha Gautama was a Hindu prince who became enlightened.

34. What are the Four Noble Truths?

They are the teachings of Buddha. There is suffering in the world and it is caused by desire. To end suffering, you must end desire. Desire is ended by following the Eightfold Path.

Greece,Rome and Persia

35. How did the Persians politically organize their empire?

The Persians divided their empire into provinces that were ruled by governors.

36. Greece is noted for the development of what type of political form?

Greece was decentralized into city-states. Greece is known for the development of democracy from the city-state of Athens and various other forms of government in the city-states.

37. What is the importance of the Greek “polis”?

The polis is the Greek city-state and how the Greeks organized themselves politically.

38. What was important to the Spartans?

The Spartans valued physical fitness and military capability above all.

39. What is the definition of the Pax Romana and when it begin?

It means the “peace of Rome” and was a 200 year period that began with the first emperor, Caesar Augustus.

40. What is the meaning of “Hellenism” and who is credited with this legacy?

It is the blending of the cultures of Greece, Egypt, and Persia and was brought into being with the conquests of Alexander the Great.

41. What are the origins and importance of Christianity?

It began in the Middle East as part of the Roman Empire during the time of Augustus. It began with a Jew, Jesus, who Christians believe is the Christ. It spread rapidly to become the largest monotheistic religion in the world.

42. What are the similarities between Judaism and Zoroastrianism?

Both religions believe in a heaven, a hell, and a single creator god.

POST CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION

The Byzantine Empire

43. Why does Constantinople have a geographic advantage?

It is located at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, and Asia, so all of the trade routes are accessible to the city which has a well-protected harbor.

44. What was the major accomplishment of Justinian?

He took the old Roman law, changed and adapted it to become the Justinian Code.

45. What was the original purpose of the Hagia Sophia?

It originally was built as a Christian church in Constantinople under the rule of Justinian, later a mosque, and it is now a museum. It represents both Christian and Islamic architectural styles.

Europe in the Middle Ages and Renaissance

46. Which Germanic tribe established important feudal kingdom?

The Franks were the first tribe to organize into a centralized political unit with a king.

47. Who held political power in medieval age?

Those that owned land held power in the medieval age, including emperors, kings, and the church.

48. How did “feudalism” work?

It is the political and military system that is based on the holding of land. It is a relationship between a lord and a vassal where the lord owns the land and gives some to the vassal who serves the lord through military service.

49. How did the plague spread in the 14th century?

It came from Asia through the trade routes to Italy and southern Europe, by the rats that were on the ships and by the fleas that fed on the rats and then humans. Over time the plague mutated to be spread through the air.

50. How did architecture in the Middle Ages compare to that of the Renaissance?

Gothic architecture was the main form of building in the Middle Ages. Renaissance architecture returned to the clean lines and domes of the Classical Period.

51. Why was the printing press an important achievement in Europe?

The knowledge used to create it came from the east and it led to increased literacy and the diffusion of knowledge that led to the Renaissance.

Islamic Empires

52. Who were the Bedouins?

They were the nomadic Arab people of the desert.

53. What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

They are the duties and responsibilities of all Muslims and include a statement of faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and a pilgrimage to Mecca.

54. What is the importance of the hijra?

This is the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina and marks a major turning point in the spread of Islam.

55. What were the reasons for the split between the Shi’a and the Sunnis?

They split over the issue of leadership after Muhammad’s death. The Shi’a believe that a descendant of Ali (the 4th Caliph and Muhammad’s cousin) should rule, and the Sunnis believe the leader does not have to be a descendant but someone who is worthy of the position.

Africa

56. What were the three major empires of West Africa?

They are Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

57. What were the major trade routes of Africa?

The Trans-Saharan routes dominated north and west Africa and the Indian Ocean trade routes dominated east Africa.

58. Why did Mali become the wealthiest kingdom in sub-Saharan Africa?

Their kings controlled the gold and salt trade of the Trans-Saharan routes.

East Asia and the Mongols

59. What factors caused a large population increase in Tang and Song China?

Population grew due to the import of fast-ripening rice from Vietnam, improvements in agriculture and trade-based prosperity in the cities.

60. What were some of the effects of Mongol rule in Asia?

The Mongols expanded trade in Asia through the improvements on the Silk Roads and the ship trade throughout the South China Sea and Indian Ocean allowing for the diffusion of Chinese inventions such as the compass and gunpowder.

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