LECTURE 4: Paleozoic Era (543mya-245 mya)
LECTURE 3: Paleozoic Era: Cambrian/Ordovician Periods
(543mya-245 mya)
• What Life existed in the Early Cambrian Period (543 mya)?
o Late Precambrian Period
▪ Ediacaran Fauna
▪ Limited Diversity
o Early Cambrian Period (543-530 mya)
▪ The “small, shelly fauna”
▪ First Appearance of skeletalized parts: tiny plates, cones, and tubes, made of various minerals
▪ Plant life is essentially limited to ___________________________
• TIMELINE OF CAMBRIAN EVENTS
o 530 mya – Cambrian Explosion
▪ 8 animal phyla
• Porifera (sponges)
• Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals)
• Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
• Arthropods (Trilobites)
• Mollusks (bivalves/gastropods/nautiloids)
• Echinoderms (Sea Stars)
• Annelids (worms, leeches)
• Chordates (spinal tube/Graptolites?)
o 500 mya – First Vertebrate
▪ First Jawless fish: Myllokunmingia
o By the end of the Cambrian:
▪ Trilobites DOMINATE
• What was the Cambrian Explosion?
o most animals appear in a relatively _____________time in history (~530-520 mya)
o great diversity of _____________________________________
o All 8 animal phyla first appear in the fossil record: _________________ flourished
o all of the eight major animals body plans in existence today, along with 27 minor ones, had emerged and no new body plans have developed since
• What Trace Fossil marks the Beginning of the Cambrian Period?
o Trichophycus pedum
▪ Burrowing animal
▪ No ____________________________________
• What was the Burgess Shale?
o Rocky Mountains of British Columbia
o Discovered in 1899
o It is ________________________________ million years old
o Celebrated for its preservation of ____________________________________
o Showed that ________________________________ Dominated!!
• Why did the Cambrian Explosion Occur?
o Increased _______________________________in the atmosphere
▪ At low ___________________levels, only simple metabolic tasks can occur
▪ At high ________________levels, more energy can be exerted to other tasks
• Skeletonization
• Low 02 levels, only small, _________________________ forms
• Allows larger body size- ________________________ relationship
o Predator-Prey Arms Races
▪ First Predators arose during Cambrian (_________________________)
▪ This led to selection of diverse _______________________adaptations
▪ _______________________________________________ prey
▪ Shells in guts of large predators
• What was the First Vertebrate?
o First Jawless fish (___________________________): Myllokunmingia 500 mya
▪ Ancestor to Living Jawless Fish (_________________________________)
• What Significant Event Happened at the end of Ordovician Period(500 mya- 439mya)?
o _______________________________________ #1 (439 mya)
▪ At least ______________________________ of all species were wiped out.
▪ Many species of trilobites, brachiopods, echinoderms, graptolites, and corals became _____________________________
• Why did this Mass Extinction Occur?
o Global ______________________________________________
▪ Gondwana moved over the South Pole, causing glaciers to form and global temperatures to ______________________________________
▪ Many species could ___________________________ cooler conditions
▪ Suffered from ________________________________ as water turned to ice, lowering sea levels worldwide.
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