Study Guide for the Unit I Test- Evolution



Study Guide (Part 1) for the Evolution Unit Test

|Who is Charles Darwin and what did he do? |1st to publish theory on evolution and natural selection based on observations he made while |

| |traveling around the world |

|Evolution involves change…describe what things change and how |Change in gene frequencies within a population over a period of time |

|things change. | |

|What is a common ancestor? |Ancient organism that other modern organisms have in common |

|What evidence do fossils provide for evolution? |Compare structures of ancient organisms to structures of modern organisms |

|Define homologous structures and analogous structures. Give |Homologous Structures: anatomy/structure of organisms are similar but used for different functions |

|examples! |(Ex: human and cat arms) |

| | |

| |Analogous Structures: anatomy/structure of organisms are different but used for similar functions |

| |(Ex: bird and butterfly wings) |

|What do homologous structures show about two organisms? |Evidence they evolved from a common ancestor |

|What is a vestigial organ? Give two examples of vestigial |Structure still present in an organism but no longer serves an essential function (Ex: appendix, |

|organs. |wisdom teeth, etc.) |

|How do we compare two organisms’ DNA, and what does it mean if |Compare amino acid sequences and the more similar the AA sequences, the more related they are |

|their DNA is similar? | |

|What is a cladogram, and how can we use it to determine common |Diagram that organizes organisms to show how similar (more related) or different (less related) |

|ancestry? |organisms are. It can be used to show how closely related organisms originated from the same |

| |ancestor |

|How do human embryos compare to embryos of other animals? |Human embryos are VERY similar to embryos of other animals and provides evidence of a common ancestor|

|What is the difference between an adaptation, a variation, and |Adaptation: a population of organisms become better adjusted to changes in their environment through |

|a mutation? |natural selection and evolution |

| |Variation: differences in genetic sequences of a population |

| |Mutation: change in genetic sequence |

|Why is it beneficial for variation (differences) to exist in a |If a population has variations in its gene pool, the population has a better chance to survive when |

|population? |the environment changes. If a population has little or no variation, it has a lower chance of |

|Hint- Think about the moths and what happened when the forest |surviving the changes. |

|blackened. | |

|Give three examples of adaptations some organisms have evolved |Examples will vary… |

|to have. | |

|What is natural selection? |Organisms/populations that adapt better to changes have the best chance of survival AND reproduction |

|What MUST be present in order for natural selection to occur? |SKIP |

|How do scientists use gel electrophoresis in order to determine|DNA Fingerprints that are more similar will be more closely related |

|how closely two organisms are related? | |

|What is the difference between ACQUIRED traits and INHERITED |ACQUIRED Traits: characteristics obtained during the life of the organism (Ex: skin cancer, scars, |

|traits? |etc.) |

| |INHERITED Traits: characteristics parents pass on to their offspring |

|List the six kingdoms of life. |Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals |

|List one example of an organism from each kingdom of life. |Answers will vary… |

|Can two animals from DIFFERENT species mate and produce a |No. A species is type of organism that can mate with another organism to produce FERTILE offspring. |

|fertile offspring? Why or why not? (Ex: MULES) |Mules are a cross between a horse and donkey. Since mules are NOT FERTILE, donkeys and horses cannot|

| |be the same species. |

|What is the most effective way to prove that two organisms are |DNA analysis |

|related? | |

|Explain the cladogram below: |

|The closer the organisms are on the chart, the more related they are. Traits at the bottom are used to narrow down how closely related the organisms are. |

|Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. The ancestors of amphibians were probably lobe-finned fish. The diagram below shows this development of |

|amphibians over time. Explain the process that explains how an early amphibians developed over time: |

| |

|The more amphibians moved on the land, the more useful the lobed fins became to them. Organisms that moved best on land would have spent more time together and |

|therefore mated together more often. They would have passed on to their offspring the trait for the lobed fins that helped them move best. Over time, the same |

|population that spent more time on land would have become more and more different from the population spended more time in the water due to the different |

|populations mating within their own group. |

|Use the following data in order to explain which species is most likely related to the common ancestor: |

|The unknown species is Species IV based on the DNA sequence but it is most closely related to Species II because there is only 1 difference in bases. |

|Use the table below in order to explain what animals are most closely related: |

|Birds and Theropod Dinosaurs are most related based on the chart due to have the most characteristics in common. |

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