Lab. #3 - INT 256
INT 256 - Laboratory #1
Orders of Insects
(Edmonds p. 413-435)
1 Purpose:
To recognize the major taxonomic orders of insects.
2 Materials:
Dissecting microscope or hand lens, compound microscope, insect specimens.
3 Introduction.
1 Insects as an evolutionary success:
1 Insects represent 75-80% of all animal species.
1 1 million described species
2 Maybe 10 million total
2 Insects are present in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems.
3 Insects occupy almost any role that can be imagined.
1 Most are benign or beneficial to humans
2 “Pests” are insects that are behaving in a manor that humans don’t like.
2 Insect identification and classification.
1 Names
1 Common – can differ by region, be careful in their use!
2 Latin
1 One name for a species
2 Based on phylogenetic classification
1 Shows evolutionary relationships
2 As our understanding of these relationships improve, Latin names can change to reflect the better understanding.
3 Must be able to recognize Latin names on quizzes and exams.
2 Phylogenetic classification.
1 Kingdom: Animalia
2 Phylum: Arthropoda (spiders, mites, crabs, centipedes, etc.)
1 Arthropoda = "jointed legs"
3 Class: Insecta
4 Order: 26 (depending on the classification used)
5 Family: name ends in -idae (for animals)
6 Genus: name begins with a capital letter
7 Species: name begins with a lower case letter
3 Characteristics of the phylum Arthropoda.
1 Segmented: usually 2 or 3 distinct body regions
2 Paired jointed appendages
3 External skeleton (exoskeleton)
4 Ventral nerve chord
4 Characteristics of the class Insecta
1 3 body regions
1 Head
1 Compound eyes
2 Antennae
3 Mouth parts
1 Chewing
2 Sucking
2 Thorax: 3 segments, 1 pair of legs/segment
1 Prothorax
2 Mesothorax - 1 pair of wings
3 Metathorax - 1 pair of wings
4 Function: locomotion
3 Abdomen
1 11 of fewer segments
2 Digestion, reproduction
2 3 pair of legs
3 1 or 2 pair of wings
4 1 pair of antennae
5 Compound eyes
Name: __________________________________________ Date: ___________________
4 Insect Orders
Examine samples from each of the insects orders listed below. Make a sketch of each insect and CLEARLY label the parts that can distinguish this insect order from others. BE SURE TO DRAW AND INDICATE ALL THREE BODY REGIONS.
1 Odonata: Dragonflies, damselflies
How ID: Front wings have many veins and cross veins; hind wings similar to front wings; wings don’t fold onto body; chewing mouthparts:
Dragonfly sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen
2 Dictyoptera: roaches, mantids
How ID: Front wings elongate, often thickened, usually with many veins; hind wings wider than front; wings fold along body; chewing mouthparts
Cockroach sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen
Praying Mantis sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen
3 Orthoptera: Crickets, grasshoppers, walking sticks
How ID: Front wings long and slender, thickened, with many veins; hind wings wider than front, membranous; folded on body; chewing mouthparts.
Cricket sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:
Walking stick sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen; NOTE – flightless when mature, helps explain how wings are forming:
5 Coleoptera: Beetles
How ID: Front wings hardened, protective, called “elytra”, meet in strait line on back; hind wings fold and are hidden under the elytra; chewing mouthparts.
Chafer beetle sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:
Long-horned beetle sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:
7 Lepidoptera: Moths, butterlies
How ID: Wings triangular in form and with scales, few veins; front wings slender to rather broad; hind wings usually shorter, broader, and more rounded; wings to not fold; mouthparts are coiled tubes.
Monarch Butterfly sketch - Draw and Label: Top view only; wings only:
Silkworm Moth adult sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, NO mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen:
8 Hemiptera - Heteroptera: “Bugs”
How ID: Front wings upper part hardened and pigmented, few veins; hind wings membranous, shorter and wider; wings fold along body; sucking mouthparts arise from front side of head.
Shield Bug sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:
9 Hemiptera – Homoptera: Cicadas, aphids, leafhoppers, scales
How ID: Wings (many times absent) slope over side of body (tentlike); front wings uniform; sucking mouthparts arise underside of head
Cicada sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen:
Aphid sketch from microscope slide - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen (include structures that exude honeydew); NOTE: Wings aren’t used when mature:
10 Hymenoptera: Ants, wasps, bees, hornets
How ID: Font wings membranous with few veins; hind wings smaller than front; chewing mouthparts.
Yellow Jacket Wasp sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen (note constriction where thorax joins abdomen):
Ant sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen (note constriction where thorax joins abdomen):
11 Diptera: Flies
How ID: Front wings membranous; hind wings no longer functional – now halteres; mouthparts piercing to sponging.
Onion Fly sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen:
5 Terminology.
1 Latin Names
Arthropoda
Insecta
Odonata
Dictyoptera
Orthoptera
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hemiptera
Heteroptera
Homoptera
Hymenoptera
Diptera
2 Common Names
Dragonflies
Damselflies
Cockroach
Praying Mantis
Cricket
Walking stick
Chafer beetle
Long-horned beetle
Monarch butterfly
Silkworm moth
Shield bug
Cicada
Aphid
Yellow jacket wasp
Ant
Onion fly
3 Terms
Phylogentic
Head
Thorax
Prothorax
Mesothorax
Metathorax
Chewing mouthparts
Sucking mouthparts
Abdomen
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