Lab. #3 - INT 256



INT 256 - Laboratory #1

Orders of Insects

(Edmonds p. 413-435)

1 Purpose:

To recognize the major taxonomic orders of insects.

2 Materials:

Dissecting microscope or hand lens, compound microscope, insect specimens.

3 Introduction.

1 Insects as an evolutionary success:

1 Insects represent 75-80% of all animal species.

1 1 million described species

2 Maybe 10 million total

2 Insects are present in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems.

3 Insects occupy almost any role that can be imagined.

1 Most are benign or beneficial to humans

2 “Pests” are insects that are behaving in a manor that humans don’t like.

2 Insect identification and classification.

1 Names

1 Common – can differ by region, be careful in their use!

2 Latin

1 One name for a species

2 Based on phylogenetic classification

1 Shows evolutionary relationships

2 As our understanding of these relationships improve, Latin names can change to reflect the better understanding.

3 Must be able to recognize Latin names on quizzes and exams.

2 Phylogenetic classification.

1 Kingdom: Animalia

2 Phylum: Arthropoda (spiders, mites, crabs, centipedes, etc.)

1 Arthropoda = "jointed legs"

3 Class: Insecta

4 Order: 26 (depending on the classification used)

5 Family: name ends in -idae (for animals)

6 Genus: name begins with a capital letter

7 Species: name begins with a lower case letter

3 Characteristics of the phylum Arthropoda.

1 Segmented: usually 2 or 3 distinct body regions

2 Paired jointed appendages

3 External skeleton (exoskeleton)

4 Ventral nerve chord

4 Characteristics of the class Insecta

1 3 body regions

1 Head

1 Compound eyes

2 Antennae

3 Mouth parts

1 Chewing

2 Sucking

2 Thorax: 3 segments, 1 pair of legs/segment

1 Prothorax

2 Mesothorax - 1 pair of wings

3 Metathorax - 1 pair of wings

4 Function: locomotion

3 Abdomen

1 11 of fewer segments

2 Digestion, reproduction

2 3 pair of legs

3 1 or 2 pair of wings

4 1 pair of antennae

5 Compound eyes

Name: __________________________________________ Date: ___________________

4 Insect Orders

Examine samples from each of the insects orders listed below. Make a sketch of each insect and CLEARLY label the parts that can distinguish this insect order from others. BE SURE TO DRAW AND INDICATE ALL THREE BODY REGIONS.

1 Odonata: Dragonflies, damselflies

How ID: Front wings have many veins and cross veins; hind wings similar to front wings; wings don’t fold onto body; chewing mouthparts:

Dragonfly sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen

2 Dictyoptera: roaches, mantids

How ID: Front wings elongate, often thickened, usually with many veins; hind wings wider than front; wings fold along body; chewing mouthparts

Cockroach sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen

Praying Mantis sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen

3 Orthoptera: Crickets, grasshoppers, walking sticks

How ID: Front wings long and slender, thickened, with many veins; hind wings wider than front, membranous; folded on body; chewing mouthparts.

Cricket sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:

Walking stick sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen; NOTE – flightless when mature, helps explain how wings are forming:

5 Coleoptera: Beetles

How ID: Front wings hardened, protective, called “elytra”, meet in strait line on back; hind wings fold and are hidden under the elytra; chewing mouthparts.

Chafer beetle sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:

Long-horned beetle sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:

7 Lepidoptera: Moths, butterlies

How ID: Wings triangular in form and with scales, few veins; front wings slender to rather broad; hind wings usually shorter, broader, and more rounded; wings to not fold; mouthparts are coiled tubes.

Monarch Butterfly sketch - Draw and Label: Top view only; wings only:

Silkworm Moth adult sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, NO mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen:

8 Hemiptera - Heteroptera: “Bugs”

How ID: Front wings upper part hardened and pigmented, few veins; hind wings membranous, shorter and wider; wings fold along body; sucking mouthparts arise from front side of head.

Shield Bug sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:

9 Hemiptera – Homoptera: Cicadas, aphids, leafhoppers, scales

How ID: Wings (many times absent) slope over side of body (tentlike); front wings uniform; sucking mouthparts arise underside of head

Cicada sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen:

Aphid sketch from microscope slide - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen (include structures that exude honeydew); NOTE: Wings aren’t used when mature:

10 Hymenoptera: Ants, wasps, bees, hornets

How ID: Font wings membranous with few veins; hind wings smaller than front; chewing mouthparts.

Yellow Jacket Wasp sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen (note constriction where thorax joins abdomen):

Ant sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen (note constriction where thorax joins abdomen):

11 Diptera: Flies

How ID: Front wings membranous; hind wings no longer functional – now halteres; mouthparts piercing to sponging.

Onion Fly sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen:

5 Terminology.

1 Latin Names

Arthropoda

Insecta

Odonata

Dictyoptera

Orthoptera

Coleoptera

Lepidoptera

Hemiptera

Heteroptera

Homoptera

Hymenoptera

Diptera

2 Common Names

Dragonflies

Damselflies

Cockroach

Praying Mantis

Cricket

Walking stick

Chafer beetle

Long-horned beetle

Monarch butterfly

Silkworm moth

Shield bug

Cicada

Aphid

Yellow jacket wasp

Ant

Onion fly

3 Terms

Phylogentic

Head

Thorax

Prothorax

Mesothorax

Metathorax

Chewing mouthparts

Sucking mouthparts

Abdomen

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