Teen Dating Violence: Developing a Research Agenda to Meet ...

National Institute of Justice Teen Dating Violence: Developing a Research Agenda to Meet Practice Needs

December 4 ? 5, 2007 Doubletree Hotel Crystal City, Virginia

The opinions and conclusions expressed in this document are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 242212

Teen Dating Violence: Developing a Research Agenda to Meet Practice Needs

December 4 ? 5, 2007

Doubletree Hotel Crystal City, Virginia Federal Sponsors

Agenda

Tuesday, December 4, 2007 2:00 p.m. ? 6:30 p.m.

Part 1 -- Conference Overview

1:00 p.m. ? 2:00 p.m. Registration

Welcome & Introductions

2:00 p.m. ? 2:15 p.m.

Conference Co-Chairs: Deborah Capaldi, Ph.D., Oregon Social Learning Center

Barri Rosenbluth, LCSW, Director of School-Based Services, SafePlace

Summary of Recent Federal TDV Activities Moderated by Wanda Jones, Dr.P.H. Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health (Women's Health), HHS

2:15 p.m. ? 2:45 p.m.

Genesis of this Workshop and Current Federal Activities; Role TDV Plays in National Advisory Committee Wanda Jones, Office on Women's Health, HHS

NIH 2004 State of the Science Workshop on Youth Violence and Other Recent Research Activities LeShawndra Price, Ph.D., National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, HHS

Teen Dating Violence Workshop hosted by NIJ, July 2006 -- Themes and Recommendations Bernie Auchter, National Institute of Justice, DOJ

Part 2 -- Frameworks for Understanding TDV -- New Directions

Moderated by Lisa Jaycox, Ph.D., RAND To be discussed: key research gaps, methodological challenges, contextual factors

2:45 p.m. ? 4:30 p.m.

Presentation 1: Development and Relation of TDV to Bullying Debra Pepler, Ph.D., York University

Presentation 2: Models, Including Typology Approaches Deborah Capaldi, Ph.D., Oregon Social Learning Center

Presentation 3: Relationships (Dyads) Context Within Couples; Mutuality and Gender Issues Peggy Giordano, Ph.D., Bowling State University

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 Discussion Barbara Shaw, Illinois Violence Prevention Authority

4:30 p.m. ? 4:45 p.m. Coffee Break Breakout Sessions

4:45 p.m. ? 6:00 p.m.

Group 1: Assessment Challenges Group 2: Adolescent Development Issues Group 3: Dyads/Relationship Issues Group 4: Contextual Influences

Discussion and Wrap-Up 6:00 p.m. ? 6:30 p.m. Moderated by Deborah Capaldi and Barri Rosenbluth, Co-Chairs

Wednesday, December 5, 2007 8:00 a.m. ? 5:00 p.m.

8:00 a.m. ? 8:30 a.m. Continental Breakfast

8:30 a.m. ? 9:00 a.m.

Review of Day 1; Look Forward to Day 2 Moderated by Deborah Capaldi and Barri Rosenbluth, Co-Chairs

Part 3 -- Programs Exemplifying Different Approaches to TDV Intervention

Moderated by Catherine Pierce, Office on Violence Against Women, DOJ

9:00 a.m. ? 10:00 a.m.

Presentation 1: School-Based Approaches -- Review of Research Daniel Whitaker, Ph.D., HHS/CDC

Presentation 2: Family Approach Vangie Foshee, Ph.D., University of North Carolina Chapel Hill

Presentation 3: Community Approach -- Choose Respect Rita Noonan, Ph.D., HHS/CDC

10:00 a.m. ? 10:20 a.m.

10:20 a.m. ? 11:00 a.m.

Coffee Break

Continuation of Part 3

Presentation 4: Multilevel Approach -- Expect Respect Barbara Ball, Ph.D., LPC-AT, SafePlace

Presentation 5: Justice Approach -- Specialized Teen Dating Violence Courts Judge Miriam Cyrulnik and Amanda Cissner, Center for Court Innovation

11:00 a.m. ? Noon Noon ? 1:30 p.m.

Plenary: Synthesis of Research and Practice Issues Group discussion designed to direct research questions for the afternoon session Moderated by Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Ph.D., R.N., FAACP, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing

Working lunch -- Vision for the Future

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Breakout Sessions Charge (to all groups): Focus on gaps, implications, methodological/measurements challenges (including cultural issues), next steps

1:30 p.m. ? 2:30 p.m.

Group 1: Couples and Family Interventions Group 2: Peer and School-Based Interventions Group 3: Criminal Justice Interventions Group 4: Community-Based, Multilevel Interventions Group 5: Macrolevel (media, legislative/policy) Interventions

Reports from Breakout Sessions Moderated by Deborah Capaldi and Barri Rosenbluth, Co-Chairs

2:30 p.m. ? 3:15 p.m.

2:30 p.m. Group 1 Report: Couples and Family Interventions 2:45 p.m. Group 2 Report: Peer and School-Based Interventions 3:00 p.m. Group 3 Report: Criminal Justice interventions

3:15 p.m. ? 3:30 p.m. Coffee Break Reports from Breakout Sessions (continued)

3:30 p.m. ? 4:00 p.m.

3:30 p.m. Group 4 Report: Community-Based, Multilevel Interventions

3:45 p.m. Group 5 Report: Macrolevel Interventions

Closing Session

4:00 p.m. ? 5:00 p.m.

Reflections and Wrap-Up David Wolfe, Ph.D., University of Toronto

Final Thoughts and Future Directions Deborah Capaldi and Barri Rosenbluth, Conference Co-Chairs

See also summarized proceedings from Teen Dating Violence Workshop Proceedings, held July 24 ? 26, 2006.

Federal Sponsors

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services o Office on Women's Health, Office of the Secretary o National Institutes of Health National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Nursing Research National Library of Medicine o Office of Research on Women's Health, Office of the Director o Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research, Office of the Director o Administration on Children and Families

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o Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality o Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention o Health Resources and Services Administration U.S. Department of Justice o Bureau of Justice Statistics o National Institute of Justice o Office for Victims of Crime o Office on Violence Against Women U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Department of Education

Part 1 -- Conference Overview

Welcome & Introductions Conference Co-Chairs-Deborah Capaldi, Ph.D. and Barri Rosenbluth, LCSW

Deborah Capaldi, Ph.D., Oregon Social Learning Center, noted that this meeting presents an opportunity to focus on issues related to Teen Dating Violence (TDV) and convene interested parties. In opening remarks, Dr. Capaldi reviewed the agenda and noted that the conference format allows participants to have ample time to engage in meaningful dialogue during the breakout sessions. She encouraged the attendees to become more than spectators and offer their input. Attendees were also asked to interface with people that offer different perspectives on related issues. She informed the meeting participants that insights would be shared from federal agency representatives and panelists would discuss the basic research findings and related gaps.

Barri Rosenbluth, LCSW, Director of School-Based Services, SafePlace, offered a brief introduction and told the participants that the TDV meeting provides a rare and exciting opportunity to closely examine teen relationships relative to dating violence. She noted that the ultimate goal of the conference is to help young people have safe and healthy relationships.

Back to Agenda.

Summary of Recent Federal TDV Activities

Genesis of this Workshop and Current Federal Activities; Role TDV Plays in National Advisory Committee -- Wanda Jones, Dr.P.H.

Wanda Jones, Dr.P.H., Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), said during opening remarks that the meeting provides an exciting opportunity to chart a new research agenda. She discussed joint efforts on behalf of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) to address this issue. Both of these agencies have examined the role of schools in prevention, the availability of safe places and the establishment of a national clearing house for teen dating violence. Dr. Jones cited the need to incorporate the voice of teens in efforts to create more effective tools. She also stated that the absence of funding and collaborations with key parties impact the services that are provided in relation to TDV. Dr. Jones addressed the critical role that the media plays in creating feasible solutions to address TDV. A vehicle is needed to help convey and reinforce positive messages to address cyclical, subculturespecific messages that promote or normalize violence. She expressed great excitement about the

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agencies and organizations that will harness their resources and eventually turn the tide relative to TDV.

The panel noted that there is a need to address this issue from a gender-neutral perspective as we move forward in this arena. By so doing, more credence is given to the fact that males and females are both victims and perpetrators. One respondent noted that TDV is not a "women-only" topic.

Back to Agenda.

NIH 2004 State of the Science Workshop on Youth Violence and Other Recent Research Activities -- LeShawndra Price, Ph.D.

LeShawndra Price, Ph.D., National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, shared that NIMH seeks to support and disseminate information on the best approaches for treating teens' early emotional and behavioral problems, and for families impacted by TDV. NIH held a State of the Science Conference on Youth Violence in 2004, which addressed youth violence issues more broadly. Experts convened to provide information regarding the present state of science so that research gaps can be filled. This conference focused on research related to the challenge of prevention and intervention of youth violence and priorities for future research. She added that state of the science conferences, in general, are a way to provide a progress report on a particular area of science that is of interest to the public.

One of the findings from the 2004 conference was that violence is a national public health issue and affects us all. A number of intervention programs have been shown to reduce violence precursors, violence and arrest. The panel noted that there are some programs that are harmful, some of which are used widely (e.g., the DARE program) and a few widely implemented programs have been found to be ineffective. The panel recommended that programs should be evaluated in different contexts for validity and potential efficacy.

Dr. Price noted follow-up activities that have been underway during the last three years. Many program announcements have been released that include bullying, child abuse and neglect, and other acts of violence in different arenas. One such announcement, sponsored by the National Institute of Child and Human Development (NICHD), specifically focused on children exposed to violence. Grantees funded under this announcement will convene for the third time in 2008. An NIMH program announcement focused on the mental health consequences of violence and trauma. NIMH also convened a workshop specifically focused on identifying target areas for new research in the field of disruptive behavior disorders, specifically related to conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

Several publications have been released to undergird these efforts and provide additional resources for those seeking information in this area. In addition, the NIH Child Abuse and Neglect Working Group, a federally mandated group with representatives from across NIH, has an interest in relationship violence and coordinates NIH-sponsored research and research training activities on prevention, treatment and services for child abuse and neglect and its negative health consequences. NIH and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have worked together in consultation on several activities relevant to youth violence.

Back to Agenda.

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Teen Dating Violence Workshop Hosted by NIJ July 2006 -- Themes and Recommendations -- Bernie Auchter

Bernie Auchter, NIJ, U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), provided some highlights from the NIJ Teen Dating Violence Workshop that was held July 2006.

In the most recent authorization of the Violence Against Women Act, TDV gained greater emphasis than before. There is a need to have a discussion with the experts. NIJ's Teen Dating Violence Workshop was convened July 24 ? 25, 2006, to address these issues. The purpose of that meeting was to initiate ways to get the conversation started and assess and fill the gaps. There was a need to stimulate interagency collaboration and coordination. Topical areas that were discussed included measurement and scope of TDV, risk and protective factors associated with TDV, community and school-based prevention and intervention programs, justice system responses to TDV, and interagency coordination and collaboration.

Recommendations from the workshop are on the NIJ Web site. Among the recommendations are:

There is a need to begin intervention and prevention programs with younger youths, prior to adolescence. More research is needed to unpack interventions and assess what works; many interventions need to be rigorously evaluated; and there is a need to maximize the benefits of prevention efforts. It was noted that bullying can be a precursor to TDV.

The research issues that were raised during that meeting ranged from basic incidence data to the need for longitudinal studies. A host of evaluation questions were also raised within this setting. Regarding programmatic areas needing to be addressed, the workshop produced a listing of issues that ranged from funding to legislative issues, prevention, curricula and training.

Back to Agenda.

Part 2 -- Frameworks for Understanding TDV -- New Directions

Moderated by Lisa Jaycox, Ph.D.

Presentation 1: Development and Relation of TDV to Bullying -- Debra Pepler

Debra Pepler, Ph.D., York University, expressed excitement about meeting new people who are grappling with the same issue. She is looking at TDV from a developmental perspective. Some behaviors of children in elementary school may give cues and clues regarding how adolescent dating relationships will evolve. The "power advantage" some children use in bullying arises from skills, size and/or smarts, and knowledge of others' vulnerabilities. When children are bullying others, they learn how to use their power aggressively to control others. In turn, the child being victimized loses power in the relationship. Adults don't always see the power that children have over others. Sometimes children will tap into another's vulnerability, power dynamics begin to stabilize, and the person bullying increases in power. The victim repeatedly decreases in power.

During the presentation, Dr. Pepler showed the audience a video to more fully illustrate issues surrounding bullying. During the clip when children were playing, a boy was victimized but refused to remove himself from the situation. This child's reaction raises the question of victims' responses when being bullied. It was noted that the use of power and aggression in relationships is critical. Data reveal strong links between bullying, gangs, sexual harassment and TDV. These same power dynamics translate into all types of adult relationships (e.g., elder abuse, marital abuse).

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The lessons that children learn translate into their intimate, emerging relationships. The gender issue surfaces as well. There is equal concern for boys and girls. Aggressive girls who do not know how to enter healthy relationships are also at risk. At this point in the presentation, Pepler showed a video clip of a girl who bullies another girl. Based on the clip, a trend was noted that many times the individual who bullies receives positive reinforcement and their interaction is therefore validated. Dr. Pepler noted that 85 percent of the time with playground bullying, other children are watching and thus differentially reinforcing the behavior.

Dr. Pepler conducted a study of children in grades five through 12, which allowed for an examination of developmental trajectories of different behavior styles using power and aggression. The definition of TDV in this study included physical aggression only. Some of the noteworthy findings include:

"High bullying girls" tend to start adolescence with bullying behavior and then decrease in later adolescence.

"High bullying boys" tend to start adolescence with low levels of bullying behavior and then increase in later adolescence.

The role of parental monitoring for girls becomes weaker over time in adolescence, while for boys it becomes stronger.

The overlap between bullying and dating aggression is greater for girls than boys. Girls who use aggression in their relationships with peers are at high risk for transferring

those patterns to dating. The majority of bullies desist in bullying behavior toward the end of adolescence.

Family relationships and parental monitoring are keys in addressing patterns of bullying and TDV. The quality of these relationships is a telling piece of evidence relative to relationship development. Lower parental monitoring among boys has been associated with engagement in dating aggression. Friends of the youths, and their peer group(s), also influenced the bullies. This influence -- for both boys and girls -- changes the context and affects the level of acceptability.

Dr. Pepler offered the following insights during the conclusion of her presentation:

There is an overlap in bullying and dating aggression. The association between perpetration and victimization of dating aggression is strong for both

boys and girls. The association of dating aggression with exposure to peers' dating aggression becomes

stronger over time during adolescence. Both boys and girls need the capacity to have and foster healthy relationships. How and why do power and aggression carry forward into adolescence in diverse ways? When and how can we intervene to address dating aggression with bullying prevention

programs?

Back to Agenda.

Presentation 2: Models, Including Typological Approaches -- Deborah Capaldi

Dr. Capaldi presented results from the Oregon Youth Study (OYS) of couples and discussed typological approaches to studying aggression in romantic relationships. The participants were boys ages 17-18 and their romantic partners. The boys have been in the OYS since fourth grade. This is a high risk sample, with 60 percent of males and 34 percent of females indicating a prior arrest. The OYS Couples Study involved a videotaped interactive problem-solving task, along with self-report and partner-report of physical and psychological aggression in relationships. Partner-reports and self-reports provided similar estimates of physical aggression, with 21 percent of young men

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