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Practice with Theories of MotivationLearning Target: Compare and contrast the drive-reduction, arousal, incentive, and instinct theories of motivation.TheoryExplanation regarding motivated behaviorDrive-Reduction TheoryPhysiological needs create an aroused or motivated psychological state that “drives” the person/animal to act in a manner that will reduce the tension caused by the unfulfilled need. (Reduce the drive… return to homeostasis)Incentive TheoryAn organism is motivated to act in order to gain a reward.Instinct Theory (Evolutionary)An organism is motivated to complete a task because they are biologically programmed to do so.Arousal TheoryAn individual is motivated to maintain a personally preferred level of alertness or excitement. If the individual’s level of arousal falls below their personally preferred level, they will be motivated take action to reach that level. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law the optimal level of arousal for most tasks is moderate, but for easy tasks arousal should be higher and for difficult tasks it should be lower for the best performance. Directions: Find a PartnerOne partner should refer to the chart above while the other partner reads a question from the reverse side. The person referring to the chart should answer the question and then the partners should switch turns until all of the questions have been completed.Check one another, the respondent should explain their answer and the questioner should either offer agreement or express any concerns. For each of the examples provided indicate which theory of motivation best explains the behavior.Questions: Ben is walking his dog outside in the winter, it is very cold and he is shivering which motivates him to put on his hat and zip his jacket up all the way.Susan works hard in school because her parents give her twenty dollars for each A she receives on her report card. Albert has test anxiety and as a result does not perform well on exams. His psychologist provides him with several breathing techniques to use before he takes a test which will reduce his level of excitement in order to optimize his performance.Angela has sixth period lunch. Although she eats a large breakfast she finds that she is hungry by third period. By sixth period, she can think of nothing else but getting to delicious mozzarella sticks in the cafeteria.The goslings that Konrad Lorenz worked with found themselves naturally drawn to him as their mother figure in the first few hours after their birth and followed him wherever he went.Teddy works on an assembly line putting fender’s on cars, and finds that he needs to have a cup of coffee in order to keep himself interested in the task when he would otherwise drift off?Joe joined the cross-country team because he has anxiety and running reduces his anxiety level and makes him feel calm and relaxed.John joined the cross-country team because he hopes to decorate his room with all of the trophies that he will win.Clara stayed up all might studying for her AP Psychology exam, the next morning during the exam while she wants to be attentive; her body is telling her it needs sleep. Dogs often have the inclination to dig in the yard; they often do this even if they have never seen this behavior displayed before. Perhaps this behavior has helped them find food that may have been buried and this has been passed along over many generations of dogs. ................
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