Addiction theory

[Pages:13]Addiction

What is it?

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Addiction

Addiction is defined as not having control over doing, taking or using something, to the point where it could be harmful to the person. Addiction is most commonly associated with gambling, drugs, alcohol and nicotine, but it's possible to be addicted to anything.

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Addiction

The Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) explains substance dependence as: When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. This, along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders.

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Symptoms and Signs

DSM-IV states that an addiction must meet at least three of the following criteria: 1. Tolerance. 2. Withdrawal. 3. Limited control. 4. Negative consequences. 5. Neglected or postponed activities. 6. Significant time or energy spent. 7. Desire to cut down.

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Theories of Addiction

(British Columbia Drug and Alcohol Services 1996)

Moral theory Spiritual theory Disease theory Symptomatic theory Social theory Learning theory

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Moral theory

Sees addiction as a vice, a sin or a weakness. Implies that some people, through their own free will, make a conscious choice to become substance abusers. Treatment involves accountability, blame and shame, and the elimination of `bad behaviour". Recovery is achieved through willpower, discipline and the practice of a virtuous lifestyle.

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Spiritual Theory

Substance misuse is caused by the absence of a metaphysical focus in the person. It suggests that some individuals are powerless over substance misuse. Recovery is only possible by embracing a set of spiritual principles and `handing over' to a higher power.

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Disease Theory

The disease model of alcoholism and addiction is central to the philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and the 12-step Minnesota Model. Addiction is considered to fit the definition of a medical ailment, involving an abnormality of structure in, or function of, the brain that results in behavioural impairment.

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