Unit VII Memory, Thinking & Cognition



Unit VII Memory, Thinking & Cognition

Drive for Five Review

Memory

Three Kinds of Memory

A. Episodic (Flashbulb)

B. Explicit * also known as Generic or Declarative

C. Implicit *also known as Procedural/Nondeclarative

Three Processes of Memory

1. Encoding- getting information into memory.

Three types of codes: visual/acoustic/semantic

*** Self-reference effect

1. How we encode: Automatic/Effortful

2. Storage- the retention of information over time.

2. Strategies for storage to occur

a. Maintenance Rehearsal- repetition

b. Elaborative Rehearsal- relate new w/old

c. Distributed Rehearsal ** Spacing Effect

d. Massed Rehearsal- cramming

e. Overlearning

* Hermann Ebbinghaus-studied rehearsal/forgetting.

3. Retrieval-getting information out of memory.

*Retrieval Cues/Context & State dependent memory/Mood-congruent memory/Tip of the tongue phenomenon/Priming

Three Stages of Memory

1. Sensory memory: Types

Iconic Memory* eidetic imagery/ Echoic Memory

2. Short-term memory- called “working memory”

**Serial position effect- primacy vs. recency

Interference- Proactive vs. Retroactive/Chunking

Semantic distinctiveness/Next in line effect

3. Long term memory- aided by LT potentiation

Influences on LTM/Schemas/Transfer of Training- Pos vs. Neg. ***Elizabeth Loftus/Wilder Penfield/ Karl Lashley

Three Basic Memory Tasks: The 3 R’s

Recognition/Recall (rosy retrospection/misinfo effect)/Relearning

Different Kinds of Forgetting

**Decay/Interference/Repression/Amnesia: 4 types

Improving Memory: *Maintenance rehearsal/Elaborative rehearsal/

Mnemonic Devices

1. Methods of loci *imagery 3. Acronyms

2. Narrative chaining 4. Pegwords

Thinking and Cognition

Concepts (Schemas) and Prototypes

Problem Solving Strategies

Algorithms

Heuristics: Representative/Availability/Anchoring

Insight * Wolfgang Kohler (chimp study w/stick)

Obstacles to Problem Solving:

Confirmation bias/Mental Set/Functional fixedness/

Belief Bias/Belief Perseverance/Overconfidence/Framing

Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking

Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning (scientists)

Language: Phonemes/Morphemes/Semantics/Grammar/Syntax

Stages: 1. Babbling 2. One word 3. Two word *telegraphic

Overregularization/Overgeneralization

Theories 1. Language Acquisition Devise **Noam Chomsky

2. Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis *Ben Whorf

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