Normative database of movement control in the cervical spine
Database of movement control in the cervical spineReference normal of 180 asymptomatic personsGudny Lilja Oddsdottir, PT. MSc.*, Eythor Kristjansson, PT. PhD.?, Magnus Kjartan Gislason, PhD.? * Gudny Lilja Oddsdottir, PT. MSc, PhD student, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.? Eythor Kristjansson, PT. PhD, FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Ullev?l, Oslo, Norway.? Magnus Kjartan Gislason, PhD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Address for correspondence:Gudny Lilja OddsdottirSkildinganes 12IS-101 ReykjavikIcelandPhone: +354 899 6406Fax:+354 564 1799E-mail: glodds@IntroductionNo database of reference normal values exists for movement control of the cervical spine. The Fly Test is a clinical test designed to detect impaired neck proprioception while subjects are moving their head and neck ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kristjansson</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>848</RecNum><DisplayText>[1]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>848</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">848</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kristjansson, E. </author><author>Hardardottir, L. </author><author>Asmundardottir, M. </author><author>Gu?mundsson, K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A new clinical test for cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility: "The Fly".</title><secondary-title>Arch Phys Med Rehabil.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Arch Phys Med Rehabil.</full-title></periodical><pages>490-495</pages><volume>85</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Kinesthesis</keyword><keyword>Neck pain</keyword><keyword>Proprioception</keyword><keyword>Rehabilitation</keyword><keyword>Whiplash injuries</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>March 2004</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[1]. Recently the Fly Test was developed further and was found to be both a reliable and a valid test for detecting deficient movement control of the cervical spine. The test has been carried out on patients with traumatic and non-traumatic neck pain as well as asymptomatic persons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kristjansson</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>852</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kristjansson, E.</author><author>Oddsdottir, G. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway. eythork@tele2.no</auth-address><titles><title>"The Fly": A new clinical assessment and treatment method for deficits of movement control in the cervical spine: reliability and validity</title><secondary-title>Spine </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Spine</full-title></periodical><pages>E1298-1305</pages><volume>35</volume><number>23</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 1</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>20975484</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]. The Fly Test addresses an important proprioceptive function, which is the regulation of movements, i.e. the detection and correction of errors through feedback and reflex mechanisms, while performing active movements PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LcmlzdGphbnNzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9Z
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [3, 5-8].In the reliability testing of the Fly Test, progressively wider limits of agreement (LOA) were observed across the study groups; control – non-trauma neck pain – whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). In order to detect clinically important changes between two measurements, for example as a result of treatment intervention, LOA with 95% confidence interval can be used as a reference range ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lexell</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>865</RecNum><DisplayText>[9]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>865</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">865</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lexell, JE.,</author><author>Downham, DY.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How to assess the reliability of measurements in Rehabilitation</title><secondary-title>Am J Phys Med Rehabil</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Phys Med Rehabil</full-title></periodical><pages>719-723</pages><volume>84</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]. According to the wide LOA in the WAD group it became clear that to be capable of detecting a real change in performance on the test, individual improvement would have to exceed the scores of the asymptomatic group. Instead of using LOA as a reference range, a reference normal of asymptomatic persons, classified according to age and gender was suggested to be more useful when assessing improvements in the symptomatic groups. In a one year prospective study, the Fly Test revealed diverging courses of impaired cervical movement control, in persons involved in motor vehicle collisions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oddsdottir</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1452</RecNum><DisplayText>[10]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">1452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oddsdottir, G. L.</author><author>Kristjansson, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.</auth-address><titles><title>Two different courses of impaired cervical kinaesthesia following a whiplash injury. A one-year prospective study</title><secondary-title>Manual Therapy</secondary-title><alt-title>Man Ther</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Manual Therapy</full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Man Ther</full-title></alt-periodical><pages>60-5</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><edition>2011/10/01</edition><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-2769 (Electronic)
1356-689X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21955671</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[10]. Half of the participants who depicted the worst results at the start of the study improved their movement control gradually over the one-year period without any form of treatment whereas the opposite was true for the other half of the participants ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oddsdottir</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1452</RecNum><DisplayText>[10]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">1452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oddsdottir, G. L.</author><author>Kristjansson, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.</auth-address><titles><title>Two different courses of impaired cervical kinaesthesia following a whiplash injury. A one-year prospective study</title><secondary-title>Manual Therapy</secondary-title><alt-title>Man Ther</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Manual Therapy</full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Man Ther</full-title></alt-periodical><pages>60-5</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><edition>2011/10/01</edition><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-2769 (Electronic)
1356-689X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21955671</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[10]. Therefore it is important in practice to have reference normal values, which the 2 divergent courses of movement control in the cervical spine can be measured against. A 3-space Fastrak system was used in the Fly Test to track the position of sensors positioned on the subject’s head. This instrumentation has been widely used in research and has been shown to be accurate ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pearcy</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>918</RecNum><DisplayText>[11]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>918</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">918</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author> Pearcy,M.J.</author><author> Hindle, R.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>New method for the non-invasive three-dimensional measurement of human back movement</title><secondary-title>Clin Biomech</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Biomech</full-title></periodical><pages>73-79</pages><volume>4</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1989</year></dates><label>á ekki ?essa grein</label><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11], but for clinical use it is expensive and inconvenient. Advances in wireless technologies have stimulated the development of miniature motion sensors which can be implemented for human movement analysis in addition to being relatively inexpensive. Given that a considerable data from the Fly Test have been collected by using the Fastrak system, it would be beneficial to determine whether using a wireless motion sensor would give comparable results. The main purpose of this current paper is to publish a normative database of movement control of the cervical spine, measured by the Fly Test, and to make the database available to interested clinicians and researchers. Secondly, to provide a method for converting the values from the Fastrak measurements to corresponding values for the wireless orientation motion sensors (InertiaCube BT?).Materials and MethodsParticipantsThe participants in the study were 182 asymptomatic individuals, 83 men and 99 women; the age range was 16-74 years. The mean height was 175 cm (± .08), mean weight was 76.6 kg (±14.8) and mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.9 (± 4.0). To be included the participants should not have had symptoms from the head, neck or shoulder area for at least 1 year before testing, a score below 10 on the Neck Disability Index (NDI) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vernon</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>998</RecNum><DisplayText>[12]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>998</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">998</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vernon, H.</author><author>Mior, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Neck Disability Index: A study of reliability and validity</title><secondary-title>J Manipulative Physiol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Manipulative Physiol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>409-415</pages><volume>14</volume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>cervical vertebrae, pain measurement, disability.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1991</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[12] and no pain on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The participants were divided into 6 age groups (16-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-74 years)(Table 1). Recruitment for the study was performed by contacting various schools and companies in Reykjavik for volunteers. Individuals were excluded if they had a history of musculoskeletal pain or injury to the neck and during the last year any symptoms of dizziness or visual disturbances. Systematic diseases or psychological disorders of any kind excluded participation. All participants completed questionnaires recording demographic data and general health. Informed consent was obtained from the participants after ethical clearance from the National Bioethics Committee.MeasurementsNeck movement was recorded using a 3-space Fastrak system and the Fly Test, which is a custom-made software program. Further detailed description of the experiment can be found in previously published papers by Kristjansson et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kristjansson</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>852</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kristjansson, E.</author><author>Oddsdottir, G. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway. eythork@tele2.no</auth-address><titles><title>"The Fly": A new clinical assessment and treatment method for deficits of movement control in the cervical spine: reliability and validity</title><secondary-title>Spine </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Spine</full-title></periodical><pages>E1298-1305</pages><volume>35</volume><number>23</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 1</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>20975484</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]. Data collection was carried out in a variety of community locations (e.g. schools, offices, companies etc.), a portable system linked to a laptop computer was utilized. Two cursors, 1 blue and 1 black, were seen on a computer screen. The blue cursor (derived from the Fastrak system) indicated movements of the head. The black cursor (derived from the Fly software program) traced the movement patterns represented by x(t) and y(t) in a coordinate system on the computer screen. Only the cursors were visible on the computer screen, not their trajectories, which made prediction of movements difficult. A software program was used to format and process the data for analysis. The participants were asked to use the cursor, derived from the sensors on the head to follow as accurately as possible, the cursor of the Fly. Three different movement patterns of varying difficulty; easy, medium, difficult, were used for the test procedure (Figure 1). The outcome measures were amplitude accuracy (AA), directional accuracy (DA) and Jerk index (JI). AA was recorded by continuously calculating the absolute distance (radius) in millimeters between the two cursors during the test sequence. For DA, the percentage of the total time spent within, ahead of, and behind a zone surrounding the target (the fly) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kristjansson</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>852</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kristjansson, E.</author><author>Oddsdottir, G. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway. eythork@tele2.no</auth-address><titles><title>"The Fly": A new clinical assessment and treatment method for deficits of movement control in the cervical spine: reliability and validity</title><secondary-title>Spine </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Spine</full-title></periodical><pages>E1298-1305</pages><volume>35</volume><number>23</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 1</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>20975484</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2] during a trial, was calculated. This represented DA’s time on target, overshoots and undershoots, respectively. Jerk, or smoothness of movement was calculated and represented by an index normalized by the smoothness of the path of the Fly itself (JI). 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [13].The integral was evaluated for both the path that the Fly covered, JFly and the path created by the patient, Jp. The normalized jerk value was calculated using the relationThis ensured that geometrical and temporal features of various curves of the Fly did not influence the jerk value. A second set of measurements was conducted one year after the collection of data took place. Ten persons from the earlier measurements were asked to perform in the test again in the same manner. Measurements were conducted separately with the Fastrak sensors and with the InertiaCube BT? sensor (Intersense, Billerica, MA, USA), this was done twice with each sensor, in random order across sensors. The InertiaCube BT (IC-BT) is a wireless three degree of freedom sensor providing real-time orientation data via a standard Bluetooth? interface to the computer. The accuracy (RMS) is 1° in yaw and 0.5° in pitch & roll. The update rate is 180 Hz, and the maximum angular range is 1200°/s. Procedure The participants were provided with written and verbal information about the test procedure and demographic data were recorded. The intention and nature of the task required of the participants was explained. To familiarize them with the task, all participants executed one movement pattern twice. This pattern was not used for measurements. The participants were then required to repeat each of the 3 movement patterns 3 times, with a 10-second interval between each trial. The test was performed in random order across patterns and trials. The participants had no knowledge about the different difficulty grades of the patterns. The same examiner performed all measurements.Data analysisNumber and means with standard deviation (SD) were used for description of data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used for comparison of the dependent variable, patterns. The multivariate General Linear Model with post hoc analysis was used to determine the significance of difference in AA, DA and JI respectively, for the main factors age and sex. Pearson correlation analysis was used to ascertain the association between the test results versus the weight, height and BMI. The absolute error in millimeters was used to indicate AA. DA or time on target, overshoots versus undershoots, were identified as the percentage of the total time used to perform the trial. Finally, the normalized jerk, JI value was calculated. The mean of 3 trials for each movement pattern was calculated for each subject for the three dependent variables. Paired t-test was used to compare the results from the two sensors. Analysis was performed with the procedures implemented by the SPSS 18.0. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.Results Normative databaseThe multivariate analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant effect for age (p < 0.001), but not for gender (p > 0.05). Therefore normative data were only distributed according to age. The 65-74 age group had the highest AA test results for all 3 movement patterns, indicating less accurate performance, which was significantly less accurate than each of the other age groups? performances (Table 2). For DA (time on target, overshoots and undershoots) the 65-74 age group showed lower test results than the younger age groups, indicating decreased accuracy (Tables 3-5). For DA the 65-74 age group was significantly less accurate than most other age groups, except for the 55-64 age group where the difference was not significant. Slightly higher JI was observed with increasing age, but overall the JI test results did not differ significantly with age (Table 6), except in some cases in the easy and/or medium patterns; The 45-54 and 55-64 age groups had significantly higher JI than each of the younger age groups in the easy and medium patterns. The test results (AA, DA and JI) did not correlate with weight, height or BMI (r < 0.08). Fastrak versus InertiaCube BT?The comparison between the two sensors revealed a slightly better accuracy by the use of the InertiaCube BT sensor. A conversion formula was found for each pattern in each of the two outcome measures AA and DA by dividing into each Fastrak value, the ratio between the Fastrak mean value and the IC-BT mean value (Table 7). DiscussionThe study focused on the construction of a new database of reference normal for movement control in the cervical spine. The Fly Test is useful in discriminating patients with WAD from those with non-trauma neck pain, as well as asymptomatic persons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kristjansson</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>852</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kristjansson, E.</author><author>Oddsdottir, G. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway. eythork@tele2.no</auth-address><titles><title>"The Fly": A new clinical assessment and treatment method for deficits of movement control in the cervical spine: reliability and validity</title><secondary-title>Spine </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Spine</full-title></periodical><pages>E1298-1305</pages><volume>35</volume><number>23</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 1</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>20975484</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]. The main purpose of publishing such data is to provide clinicians with a reference to use for comparison when using the Fly Test. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [18, 19]. Females tend to have a higher incidence of emergency department-treated neck strain/sprain than males ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quinlan</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>927</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>927</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">927</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quinlan, KP.</author><author>Annest, JL.</author><author>Myers, B.</author><author>Ryan, G.</author><author>Hill, H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Neck strains and sprains among motor vehicle occupants - United States, 2000.</title><secondary-title>Accident Anal Prev </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Accident Anal Prev</full-title></periodical><pages>21-27</pages><volume>36</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]. The effect of gender as a prognostic or risk factor of outcome in WAD appears to be modest, although it seems that females are at slightly greater risk PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXJyb2xsPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [21-23].The AA and DA values in the present study showed a slightly less accuracy in performances than the asymptomatic group in our reliability study of the Fly Test ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kristjansson</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>852</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kristjansson, E.</author><author>Oddsdottir, G. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway. eythork@tele2.no</auth-address><titles><title>"The Fly": A new clinical assessment and treatment method for deficits of movement control in the cervical spine: reliability and validity</title><secondary-title>Spine </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Spine</full-title></periodical><pages>E1298-1305</pages><volume>35</volume><number>23</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 1</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>20975484</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]. This might be due to a more homogenous group in the reliability study or to the fact that different settings were used during the measurements for the database, as a portable system was used in different locations. The precision and reproducibility of the measurements is critical and requires full cooperation of the persons being measured, in the way that they are required to perform at a maximal level. In the present study test results were calculated from 9 repetitions in random order across patterns The results indicated consistency in performances, as there was no effect of repetitions in AA and DA. In the current study, the results of the jerk calculations were not considerably affected by age, although some of the younger age groups showed significantly lower JI in the easy and medium patterns than two of the older age groups. Therefore JI would serve well as a normal reference for the performances in the three different movement patterns, irrespective of age. Calculation of movement jerk as an indicator of smoothness, characterizing coordinated human movements, has been assessed in patients with neck pain of insidious and traumatic origin, and the results have indicated motor control disturbances ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Feipel</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1052</RecNum><DisplayText>[24, 25]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1052</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">1052</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Feipel, V.</author><author>Rondolet, B.</author><author>LePallec, J.P.</author><author>DeWitte, O.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The use of disharmonic motion curves in problems of the cervical spine</title><secondary-title>International Orthopaedics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Orthopaedics</full-title></periodical><pages>205-209</pages><volume>23</volume><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Sj?lander</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1109</RecNum><record><rec-number>1109</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">1109</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sj?lander, P.</author><author>Michaelson, P.</author><author>Jaric, S.</author><author>Djupsj?backa, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Sensorimotor disturbances in chronic neck pain - Range of motion, peak velocity, smoothness of movement, and repositioning acuity.</title><secondary-title>Manual Therapy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Manual Therapy</full-title></periodical><pages>122-131</pages><volume>13</volume><dates><year>2008</year></dates><publisher>Elsevier</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24, 25]. For measurements to be clinically and scientifically useful they must be reliable and sufficiently sensitive to detect clinically important changes after treatment interventions. It became clear in the reliability testing of the Fly Test, that higher means and wider LOA across patterns and subject groups might be inherent in the Fly Test and the subject groups tested ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kristjansson</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>852</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kristjansson, E.</author><author>Oddsdottir, G. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway. eythork@tele2.no</auth-address><titles><title>"The Fly": A new clinical assessment and treatment method for deficits of movement control in the cervical spine: reliability and validity</title><secondary-title>Spine </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Spine</full-title></periodical><pages>E1298-1305</pages><volume>35</volume><number>23</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 1</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>20975484</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]. The wider LOA in the WAD group may parallel the clinical observation that symptoms in patients with WAD tend to change more from one day to another, when compared to patients with non-traumatic neck pain ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kristjansson</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>852</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kristjansson, E.</author><author>Oddsdottir, G. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway. eythork@tele2.no</auth-address><titles><title>"The Fly": A new clinical assessment and treatment method for deficits of movement control in the cervical spine: reliability and validity</title><secondary-title>Spine </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Spine</full-title></periodical><pages>E1298-1305</pages><volume>35</volume><number>23</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 1</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>20975484</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]. Using LOA as a reference range to detect changes after treatment interventions, the difference before and after treatment for a patient must be outside this reference range, to represent a clinically important change. It is clear that the smaller the reference range, the more sensitive the measurements are and that although the measurements can be highly reliable, the reference range may be too wide to be clinically or scientifically useful ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lexell</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>865</RecNum><DisplayText>[9]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>865</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">865</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lexell, JE.,</author><author>Downham, DY.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How to assess the reliability of measurements in Rehabilitation</title><secondary-title>Am J Phys Med Rehabil</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Phys Med Rehabil</full-title></periodical><pages>719-723</pages><volume>84</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]. In the case of monitoring treatment progression in whiplash patients with deficient cervical movement control, comparison with normal reference values according to relevant age group in the Fly Test, will be highly beneficial for the clinician. The second set of measurements including both types of sensors was done in order to compare the results and find out, if needed, whether it was possible to convert the Fastrak values from the Fly Test to the values collected by the IC-BT sensor, for comparable results. The group of 10 persons tested with the 2 sensors (Table 7), were specially instructed to be as accurate as possible when performing in the Fly Test, in order to get as similar results as possible with both sensors. Wireless orientation sensors - InertiaCube3 (IC3) - have earlier been verified against the Fastrak, electromagnetic motion analysis system ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jasiewicz</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>812</RecNum><DisplayText>[26]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>812</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">812</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jasiewicz, J. M.</author><author>Treleaven, J.</author><author>Condie, P.</author><author>Jull, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia. j.jasiewicz@qut.edu.au</auth-address><titles><title>Wireless orientation sensors: their suitability to measure head movement for neck pain assessment</title><secondary-title>Man Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Man Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>380-5</pages><volume>12</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Equipment Design</keyword><keyword>Head/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Movement/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Neck Pain/*classification</keyword><keyword>Range of Motion, Articular/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Rotation/adverse effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>16971158</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]. It was revealed that the IC3 were accurate for measuring head motion and cervical range of motion in the primary plane, and showed high cross-correlation and low root mean errors ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jasiewicz</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>812</RecNum><DisplayText>[26]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>812</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sze25prfw999r8etewqpe5zg599t0td9xesv">812</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jasiewicz, J. M.</author><author>Treleaven, J.</author><author>Condie, P.</author><author>Jull, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia. j.jasiewicz@qut.edu.au</auth-address><titles><title>Wireless orientation sensors: their suitability to measure head movement for neck pain assessment</title><secondary-title>Man Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Man Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>380-5</pages><volume>12</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Equipment Design</keyword><keyword>Head/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Movement/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Neck Pain/*classification</keyword><keyword>Range of Motion, Articular/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Rotation/adverse effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>16971158</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[26], and the data collected were similar to those reported in previous studies using the Fastrak device. The IC3 and the IC-BT are sensors manufactured by the same company and have corresponding specifications.In conclusion, a database of movement control in the neck has been constructed, measured by the Fly Test, using the Fastrak device. Conversion coefficient has been provided, to link the results with the use of IC-BT sensors. This database may help in assessing the performance and monitoring progress of patients with WAD and other neck disorders, by providing a baseline data set for one part of cervical kinaesthesia, - the movement sense.LimitationsWhen comparing the results from the 2 sensors, simultaneous recordings would have made more accurate comparison from both sensors during the performance in the Fly Test. A larger group in this part of the study would have given more reliable results for calculating the conversion formula. References ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1.Kristjansson, E., et al., A new clinical test for cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility: "The Fly". Arch Phys Med Rehabil., 2004. 85(3): p. 490-495.2.Kristjansson, E. and G.L. Oddsdottir, "The Fly": A new clinical assessment and treatment method for deficits of movement control in the cervical spine: reliability and validity. Spine 2010. 35(23): p. E1298-1305.3.Gandevia, S. and D. Burke, Does the nervous system depend on kinesthetic information to control natural limb movements? . Behav Brain Res 1992. 15: p. 614-632.4.Prochazka, A., Proprioceptive feedback and movement regulation., in Handbook of physiology. Sec 12. Exercise: regulation and integration of multiple systems, L. Rowell, and Shepherd, JT., Editor. 1996, Oxford University Press: New York, NY. p. 89–127.5.Elliott, D., W. Helsen, and R. Chua, A Century Later: Woodworth?s (1899) Two-Component Model of Goal-Directed Aiming. Psychological Bulletin, 2001. 127(3): p. 342-357.6.Woodworth, R.S., The accuracy of voluntary movement. Psychological Review, 1899. 3(3,Suppl.13): p. 1-119.7.Taylor, J.L. and D.I. McCloskey, Proprioception in the neck. Exp Brain Res, 1988. 70(2): p. 351-60.8.Gandevia, S.C., D.I. McCloskey, and D. Burke, Kinaesthetic signals and muscle contraction. Trends Neurosci, 1992. 15(2): p. 62-5.9.Lexell, J. and D. Downham, How to assess the reliability of measurements in Rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2005. 84(9): p. 719-723.10.Oddsdottir, G.L. and E. Kristjansson, Two different courses of impaired cervical kinaesthesia following a whiplash injury. A one-year prospective study. Manual Therapy, 2012. 17(1): p. 60-5.11.Pearcy, M.J. and R.J. Hindle, New method for the non-invasive three-dimensional measurement of human back movement. Clin Biomech, 1989. 4(2): p. 73-79.12.Vernon, H. and S. Mior, The Neck Disability Index: A study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 1991. 14(7): p. 409-415.13.Teulings, H.L., et al., Parkinsonism reduces coordination of fingers, wrist, and arm in fine motor control. 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Annals of epidemiology, 2003. 13(1): p. 66-72.19.Holm, L.W., et al., The burden and determinants of neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders after traffic collisions: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine, 2008. 33(4 Suppl): p. S52-9.20.Carroll, L.J., et al., Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD): results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2008. 33(4 Suppl): p. S83-92.21.Shaffer, S.W. and A.L. Harrison, Aging of the somatosensory system: a translational perspective. Physical Therapy, 2007. 87(2): p. 193-207.22.Patel, M., et al., Change of body movement coordination during cervical proprioceptive disturbances with increased age. Gerontology, 2010. 56(3): p. 284-90.23.Teng, C.C., et al., Cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility in young and middle-aged adults with or without a history of mild neck pain. Manual Therapy, 2007. 12(1): p. 22-8.24.Feipel, V., et al., The use of disharmonic motion curves in problems of the cervical spine. International Orthopaedics, 1999. 23: p. 205-209.25.Sj?lander, P., et al., Sensorimotor disturbances in chronic neck pain - Range of motion, peak velocity, smoothness of movement, and repositioning acuity. Manual Therapy, 2008. 13: p. 122-131.26.Jasiewicz, J.M., et al., Wireless orientation sensors: their suitability to measure head movement for neck pain assessment. Man Ther, 2007. 12(4): p. 380-5. ................
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