1 - Potentiality!



Quiz Chapter 8: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood (30 points)

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. According to the text, the fastest growing segment of homeless people is likely

a. the elderly.

b. young single men.

c. families with young children.

d. middle-aged couples.

2. Most children who enter foster care programs

a. are there by choice.

b. are relatively trouble-free.

c. have multiple problems.

d. have little chance for the future.

3. Sam is becoming more frequently successful at many new behaviors, such as making eye contact when he talks, sharing his games, not interrupting, and asking instead of grabbing. These interpersonal behaviors are best referred to as

a. the preoperational stage.

b. socialization.

c. shame and doubt.

d. guilt.

4. Which of the following is NOT a parenting style identified by Baumrind?

a. authoritarian

b. permissive

c. ignoring

d. authoritative

5. Erin’s parents belief she should be punished when she screams by giving her three light swats and a scolding. This punishment is likely to

a. work well because it is not an over-reaction.

b. not work well because screaming is a natural behavior for a child.

c. work well because it will help Erin understand natural consequences.

d. work only this time, and not have much effect on Erin’s future behavior.

6. Thomas failed to call home when he was going to be late coming home from his friend’s house. The best punishment would be to say

a. “You’re not going out with that crowd again.”

b. “When you act like an adult, I’ll treat you like an adult.”

c. “When you’re 18, you can do anything you want; until then you’ll follow our rules.”

d. “Looks like your judgment was off this time; we’re disappointed. Let’s discuss what went wrong.”

7. Dunn, et al. (1994) found continuity from early childhood to the beginning of adolescence in the positive and negative feelings of siblings towards one another. This finding is attributed to

a. ongoing family dynamics.

b. developing closeness due to adversity.

c. mutual support and sympathy.

d. All of the answers are correct.

8. Causes of sibling rivalry include which of the following?

a. differences in privileges due to age.

b. having to care for younger siblings.

c. the need to share parental attention.

d. All of the above answers are correct.

9. There is often an increase in the incidence of problem behaviors seen in children after a divorce. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this reaction?

a. Discipline is erratic and parental care declines as the parents are struggling to deal with their personal issues.

b. The children are likely attempting to distract the parent they are with from the pain of the situation.

c. Children are emulating the strife they have witnessed in the marriage.

d. Children hate their parents and wish to punish them.

10. Which of the following is generally true of families in conflict?

a. Girls are often exposed to the conflict more than boys.

b. Boys are exposed to the conflict more than girls.

c. Boys and girls are usually exposed equally to family conflict.

d. Children are rarely exposed to the conflict because parents take great pains to hide it.

11. Children who are in the __________________ period of their lives are most likely to think they are the cause of their parents’ divorce.

a. late childhood

b. middle childhood

c. early childhood

d. infant

12. Single fathers differ from single mothers in that

a. their standard of living tends to drop slightly after a divorce.

b. they have fewer disciplinary problems and less difficulty assigning duties to their children.

c. they have very little uncertainty about their parenting skills.

d. they do not do as well in the role of primary caretaker.

13. One of the concerns that many parents have about nannies is

a. child safety.

b. inexperience of the nanny.

c. consistency of care.

d. the attachment between child and nanny.

14. The element of day cares that most affects a child’s development is the

a. quality of the service provided.

b. the size and age of the facility.

c. the type of facility providing the care.

d. the number of educational programs promoted by the facility.

15. Which of the following is true of high-quality day care?

a. It has a positive effect on children’s intellectual development.

b. In terms of intellectual benefit, it has no greater effect than average-quality day care.

c. It greatly aids children in terms of forming positive peer relations.

d. It is generally more expensive, but has little in the way of compensational value.

16. Children are able to distinguish themselves from others at about

a. 3 months of age.

b. 6 months of age.

c. 12 months of age.

d. 2 years of age.

17. In early childhood children identify themselves mostly by

a. the associations around them, such as family.

b. input from others.

c. their activities.

d. their physical characteristics.

18. As children become interested in other’s thoughts of them, they develop their ______________.

a. environmental self

b. social self

c. peer reference

d. evaluative self

19. Which of the following terms refers to an individual’s conviction that he or she belongs to the sex of their birth?

a. gender identity

b. gender stereotype

c. gender role

d. gender schema

20. The belief that the man should be the “breadwinner” of the family is an example of

a. gender role.

b. gender identity.

c. gender constancy.

d. gender stereotype.

21. __________________ refers to sexual behavior that is considered acceptable for males and females within a given culture.

a. Gender identity

b. Gender role

c. Gender stereotype

d. Gender schema

22. Advocates of the biological explanation of gender development cite evidence that

a. hormones that effect gender development begin functioning before the baby is born.

b. some females have a larger brain corpus callosum than do males.

c. some females process information in both brain hemispheres more than do males.

d. All of the above are true.

23. Bill is an auto mechanic who encourages his 3-year-old son to play with cars and trucks, and discourages him from playing with dolls. When Bill works on cars at home, his son imitates him and pretends he is a mechanic too. This acquisition of sex-role behaviors is explained by

a. gender schema theory.

b. social learning theory.

c. cognitive-developmental theory.

d. biological theory.

24. As early as __________________ years of age, most children are aware that sex identity is permanent.

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 6

25. Parents begin to treat girls and boys differently

a. around the start of middle childhood.

b. toward the middle of early childhood.

c. about the beginning of early childhood.

d. from birth.

26. Which of the following is true of media influence on the gender development of children?

a. The media equally portray males and females in positive gender roles.

b. The media have little influence on gender role development of children.

c. The media have a positive influence on gender role development of children.

d. The media are highly stereotypical in their depiction of gender roles.

27. Which of the following accurately defines play?

a. Play is a goal-directed activity.

b. Play can be a passive activity.

c. Play is a carefully planned representation of the adult world.

d. Play is an activity children engage in because they enjoy it for its own sake.

28. Play has the benefit of

a. helping children learn socialization skills.

b. helping children decide what they like.

c. providing a means for children to exercise their bodies.

d. All of the above are correct.

29. By allowing children to avoid the right or wrong interactions with adults and be creative without worrying about failure, play helps children’s

a. cognitive development.

b. emotional development.

c. social development.

d. development of the self.

30. During free play at preschool, you would expect to see

a. children playing in same-sex groups.

b. girls and boys mixing freely.

c. boys playing in same-sex groups but girls trying to get involved.

d. girls playing in same-sex groups but boys trying to get involved.

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