Chapter 9 Objectives - Cengage



Psychology, A Journey 3e Objectives Chapter 9

OBJECTIVE 9.1 — Define motivation and what factors influence motivation and emotions; describe the condition known as alexithymia; and explain the need reduction model and how the incentive value of a goal can affect motivation.

OBJECTIVE 9.2 — Describe and give an example of each of the three types of motives; and define homeostasis.

OBJECTIVE 9.3 — Describe how circadian rhythms affect energy levels, motivation, and performance; and explain how and why shift work and jet lag may adversely affect a person and how to minimize the effects of shifting one’s rhythms.

OBJECTIVE 9.4 — Discuss why hunger cannot be fully explained by the contractions of an empty stomach and describe the relationship of each of the following to hunger: a. blood sugar; b. liver; c. hypothalamus: 1) feeding system (lateral hypothalamus), 2) satiety system (ventromedial hypothalamus), 3) blood sugar regulator (paraventricular nucleus); d. GLP-1.

OBJECTIVE 9.5 — Explain how each of the following is related to overeating and obesity: a. a person’s set point; b. the release of leptin; c. external eating cues; d. variety and taste, e. emotions, f. cultural factors, and g. dietary content.

OBJECTIVE 9.6 — Explain the paradox of “yo-yo” dieting and describe what is meant by behavioral dieting and how these techniques can enable you to control your weight.

OBJECTIVE 9.7 — Describe the essential features of the eating disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa; explain what causes them; and what treatments are available for these eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE 9.8 — Name the brain structure that appears to control thirst; and differentiate extracellular and intracellular thirst.

OBJECTIVE 9.9 — Explain how the drive to avoid pain and the sex drive differ from other primary drives; describe how the sex drive in humans differs from that of lower animals; and how alcohol and various other drugs affect one’s sex drive.

OBJECTIVE 9.10 — Describe the erogenous zones and the similarities and differences in the male and female sexual response cycle, including the four phases of sexual response identified by Masters and Johnson; and define the terms aphrodisiacs and sexual script.

OBJECTIVE 9.11 — Define the term sexual orientation; describe the various types of sexual orientation; explain the combination of influences that appears to produce homosexuality; and discuss the four types of sexual dysfunctions and treatments for them, such as drugs and sensate focus.

OBJECTIVE 9.12 — Discuss the importance of the stimulus drives; describe the arousal theory, the inverted U function, and the Yerkes-Dodson law; explain how one can cope with test anxiety; and list the characteristics of high and low sensation-seekers.

OBJECTIVE 9.13 — Describe social motives and explain how they are acquired; define the need for achievement (nAch) and differentiate it from the need for power; relate this need for achievement to risk taking; explain the influences of drive and determination in the success of high achievers; and list seven steps to enhance self-confidence.

OBJECTIVE 9.14 — List (in order) the needs found in Maslow’s hierarchy of motives; distinguish between basic needs and growth needs; explain why Maslow’s lower (physiological) needs are considered prepotent; and define and give examples of meta-needs.

OBJECTIVE 9.15 — Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and explain how each type of motivation may affect a person’s interest in work, leisure activities, and creativity.

OBJECTIVE 9.16 — Define the terms emotions and moods, explain how emotions aid survival; describe the three major elements of emotions; list the eight primary emotions proposed by Plutchik; and explain the role played by the brain hemispheres when a person experiences two opposite emotions simultaneously.

OBJECTIVE 9.17 — Describethe roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS in emotional arousal; explain how the parasympathetic rebound may be involved in cases of sudden death; and discuss the use and limitations of the lie detector (polygraph) and future techniques to be used in airport security for detecting lies.

OBJECTIVE 9.18 — Discuss Darwin’s view of human emotion and which facial expressions appear to be universal and most recognizeable; describe cultural and gender differences in emotional expression; and discuss kinesics, including the emotional messages conveyed by facial expressions and body language.

OBJECTIVE 9.19 —Describe and give examples of the following theories of emotion: a. James-Lange theory; b. Cannon-Bard theory; c. Schachter’s cognitive theory; d. the effects of attribution on emotion; e. the facial feedback hypothesis, including the dangers of suppressing emotions; f. emotional appraisal; and g. the contemporary model of emotion.

OBJECTIVE 9.20 — Describe the concept of emotional intelligence and its five skills; and briefly discuss the benefits of positive emotions.

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