Integumantary Study Guide



Semester 2 Study Guide

Chapter 20 Urinary System

I. Introduction

A. The organs of the urinary system are

B. The functions of the kidneys are

C. The function of the ureter is

D. The function of the bladder is

E. The function of the urethra is

II. Kidneys

A. Introduction

1. A kidney is __________________ in color and shaped.

2. A kidney is enclosed by

B. Location of Kidneys

2. Retroperitoneally means

C. Kidney Structure

2. The renal pelvis is

3. The renal pelvis is divided into

4. Major calyces are divided into

5. Renal papillae are

6. The renal medulla is

7. Renal pyramids are

8. The renal cortex is

10. The renal capsule is

D. Functions of the Kidneys

1. The main functions of the kidneys are

E. Renal Blood Vessels

1. Renal arteries arise from

7. Afferent arterioles lead to

F. Nephrons

1. Structure of a Nephron

a. Functional units of the kidneys are called

b. Each nephron consists of

c. A renal corpuscle consists of

d. A glomerulus is

e. A glomerular capsule is

f. Afferent arterioles give rise to_____________, which lead to

i. Filtration Slits

j. The renal tubule leads away from

k. The parts of the renal tubule are

l. Distal convoluted tubules merge together to form __________________, which empties into

4. Blood Supply of a Nephron

1. Blood enters a glomerulus through

2. Blood leaves a glomerulus through

III. Urine Formation

A. Introduction

1. The main function of the nephrons is

2. Urine is ________________________ and contains

3. The three processes involved in urine formation are

4. In glomerular filtration, blood plasma is

5. The function of tubular reabsorption is

6. The function of tubular secretion is

B. Glomerular Filtration

1. Glomerular filtration is

2. Glomerular filtrate is

IV. Elimination of Urine

A. Introduction

1. After forming in the nephrons, urine passes from and enters the calyces of the kidney.

2. From the renal calyces, urine passes through

B. Ureters

3. Urine is moved through ureters by

C. Urinary Bladder

8. The detrusor muscle is

9. The internal urethral sphincter functions to

D. Urethra

1. The urethra conveys

3. The external urethral sphincter functions to

E. Micturition

1. Micturition is

Chapter 13: Endocrine System

I. General Characteristics of the Endocrine System

A. The endocrine glands secrete

B. Hormones diffuse from ________________________ into

___________________ and eventually act on

C. Paracrine secretions are

D. Autocrine secretions are

E. Exocrine glands secrete substances into

F. Endocrine glands and their hormones control

G. Endocrine hormones also play vital roles in

H. The larger endocrine glands are

II. Hormone Action

A. Introduction

1. Hormones only affect their

2. Target cells have ________________________ for

B. Chemistry of Hormones

1. Introduction

a. Steroid hormones are synthesized from

b. Nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from

2. Steroid Hormones

a. Steroids are

b. Examples of steroid hormones are

3. Nonsteroid Hormones

a. Examples of hormones called amines are

b. Protein hormones are composed of

c. Examples of protein hormones are

d. Hormones called glycoproteins are produced by

e. Peptide hormones are

f. Peptide hormones come from

g. Prostaglandins are and are

produced

C. Actions of Hormones

1. Introduction

a. Hormones exert their effects by

b. Hormones may reach all cells but only affect

c. The more receptors the hormone binds on its target cell, the greater

2. Steroid Hormones

a. Steroid hormones are insoluble in but are

soluble in

b. Steroid hormones can diffuse

c. Once steroid hormones are inside a cell, they combine with

___________________ located

d. The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor usually

or a gene.

e. Activated genes code for

f. The new proteins may be

and they bring about cellular changes.

3. Nonsteroid Hormones

a. A nonsteroid hormone usually binds with receptors located

b. When a nonsteroid hormone binds to a membrane receptor, this causes

the receptor’s activity site to

c. Receptor binding may alter

d. A first messenger is

e. Second messengers are

f. Many hormones use as a second

messenger.

g. G proteins are activated by

h. Adenylate cyclase is activated by

i. Adenylate cyclase functions to

j. Cyclic AMP activates

k. Protein kinases function to

l. Phosphorylated substrates may be converted from

to active forms.

m. Activated proteins then alter

n. Hormones whose actions depend upon cyclic AMP include

o. An example of another second messenger is

p. In another mechanism, a hormone binding to its receptor increases

q. Calcium ions bind to the protein to activate it.

r. Activated calmodulin functions to

s. Cells are highly sensitive to changes in concentration of nonsteroid

hormones because

D. Prostaglandins

1. Prostaglandins are

2. Some prostaglandins regulate

3. The variety of effects prostaglandins can produce include

III. Control of Hormonal Secretions

A. Introduction

1. Hormones are continually in urine and broken down

_____________________________ in the

2. Increasing or decreasing blood levels of hormones requires

B. Control Sources

1. The hypothalamus controls

2. Tropic hormones are

3. An example of an endocrine organ directly stimulated by the nervous system is

4. Some endocrine glands respond to changes in

5. As a result of , hormone levels remain

relatively stable.

IV. Pituitary Gland

A. Introduction

1. The pituitary gland is located

2. The infundibulum is

3. The two portions of the pituitary are

4. The anterior lobe secretes the following hormones:

5. The posterior pituitary secretes the following hormones:

6. The controls most of the pituitary gland’s activities.

7. The posterior pituitary receives impulses from

8. from the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary.

9. The hypophyseal portal veins are

B. Anterior Pituitary Hormones

1. Somatotropes secrete

2. Mammotropes secrete

3. Thyrotropes secrete

4. Corticotropes secrete

5. Gonadotropes secrete

6. Actions of growth hormone are

7. The secretion of GH is controlled by

8. Actions of prolactin are

9. The secretion of PRL is controlled by

10. Actions of thyroid-stimulating hormone are

11. The secretion of TSH is controlled by

12. The actions of adrenocorticotropic hormone are

13. The secretion of ACTH is controlled by

14. Gonadotropins are

15. The actions of follicle-stimulating hormone are

16. The actions of luteinizing hormone are

17. The secretion of FSH and LH is controlled by

C. Posterior Pituitary Hormones

1. The posterior pituitary consists of

2. Specialized neurons in the hypothalamus produce two hormones called

3. The hormones produced in the hypothalamus travel down

4. The actions of antidiuretic hormone are

5. The secretion of ADH is controlled by

6. The actions of oxytocin are

7. The secretion of oxytocin is controlled by

V. Thyroid Gland

A. Introduction

1. The thyroid gland consists of

2. The thyroid gland is located

B. Structure of the Gland

1. Follicles are

2. Colloid is

3. Thyroglobulin is

4. Extrafollicular cells are located

5. The follicular cells produce

C. Thyroid Hormones

1. The three hormones produced by the thyroid gland are

2. The actions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine are

3. The secretion of T3 and T4 are controlled by

4. Follicular cells require to produce T3 and T4.

5. The actions of calcitonin are

6. The secretion of calcitonin is controlled by

VII. Parathyroid Glands

A. Introduction

1. Parathyroid glands are located

2. Usually a person has parathyroid glands.

B. Structure of the Glands

1. Each parathyroid gland is covered by

2. The body of a parathyroid gland consists of

C. Parathyroid Hormone

1. The actions of PTH are

2. The secretion of PTH is controlled by

VIII. Adrenal Glands

A. Structure of the Glands

1. The adrenal glands are shaped like

2. The two parts of an adrenal gland are

3. The adrenal medulla consists of

4. The adrenal cortex is composed of

5. The three layers of the adrenal cortex are

B. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

1. The two hormones released by the adrenal medulla are

2. The actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine are

3. The secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine are controlled by

C. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

1. Introduction

a. The adrenal cortex produces more than different steroids.

b. The most important adrenal cortical hormones are

2. Aldosterone

a. Aldosterone is secreted by and is

called a mineralocorticoid because

b. The actions of aldosterone are

c. The secretion of aldosterone is controlled by

3. Cortisol

a. Cortisol is secreted by and is

called a glucocorticoid because

b. The actions of cortisol are

c. The secretion of cortisol is controlled by

IX. Pancreas

A. Structure of the Gland

1. The pancreas is located

2. The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of

3. Three cell types of the pancreatic islets are

4. Alpha cells secrete

5. Beta cells secrete

6. Delta cells secrete

B. Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets

1. The actions of glucagon are

2. The secretion of glucagon is controlled by

3. The actions of insulin are

4. The secretion of insulin is controlled by

5. The function of somatostatin is

X. Other Endocrine Glands

A. Pineal Gland

1. The pineal gland is located

2. The pineal gland produces the hormone

3. The functions of melatonin are

B. Thymus gland

1. The thymus gland is located

2. The thymus gland secretes a group of hormones called

3. The function of thymosin is

D. Other Hormone-Producing Organs

1. The hormone produced by the heart is

2. The hormone produced by the kidneys is

Chapter 6: Skin and the Integumentary System

6. The two distinct layers of skin are

7. The outer layer is called___________ and is composed of

8. The inner layer is called

B. Epidermis

1. The epidermis lacks

2. The deepest layer of the epidermis is called the

8. Keratinization is

10. The outermost layer of the epidermis is called the

11. The epidermis is thickest on _________________ and the

12. Most areas of epidermis have layers.

13. The four layers starting with the deepest are

14. An additional layer called is in thickened skin.

19. Specialized cells in the epidermis called________________produce melanin.

20. Melanin provides_______________and absorbs

C. Dermis

1. The boundary between the dermis and epidermis is uneven because

2. Fingerprints form from

3. The dermis binds _________________________ to

4. The dermis is largely composed of

II. Accessory Organs of the Skin

A. Hair Follicles

11. White hair of albinos lack

12. Red hair contains

13. Hairs appear gray from a mix of

14. An arrector pili muscle is ______________________ and attaches to

15. Goose bumps are produced when

B. Nails

1. Nails are

2. Each nail consists of a___________that overlies a surface of skin called____________________________

3. The lunula of a nail is

C. Skin Glands

1. Sebaceous glands contain______________and are associated with______________

4. Sebum is secreted into_______________________and helps________________________________

5. Sebaceous glands are not found

7. Sweat glands are also called glands.

10. Eccrine glands respond to

11. Eccrine glands are common on

14. Apocrine glands becomes active

III. Regulation of Body Temperature

A. Introduction

1. Regulation of body temperature is important because

5. As dermal blood vessels dilate,______________escapes to

6. Skin reddens because

IV. Skin Color

A. Genetic Factors

1. Regardless of racial origin, all people have about the same number of_____________in their skin.

C. Burns

11. The treatment of a burn patient requires estimating

12. To estimate, physicians use

13. This rule divides

Chapter 7: Skeletal System

I. Bone Structure

A. Bone Classification

1. The five classes of bone according to shape are

B. Parts of a Long Bone

1. An expanded end of a long bone is an

3. Articular cartilage is located

4. The shaft of a long bone is called a

5. Periosteum is

7. Processes provide sites for

8. The wall of the diaphysis is composed of bone.

10. The epiphyses are largely composed of bone.

C. Microscopic Structure

1. Introduction

a. Youthful bone cells are called

b. Mature bone cells are called

c.. Bone cells that crush bone tissue are called

d. Lacunae are

II. Bone Development and Growth

1. Examples of intramembranous bones are

C. Endochondral Bones

1. Most of the bones of the skeleton are

2. Endochondral bones develop from

C. Blood Cell Formation

1. Hematopoiesis is

6. Red marrow occupies

8. Yellow marrow stores

Use your bone packet to review the names of bones and their features.

Chapter 9: Muscular System

I. Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

1. Fascia is

2. A tendon is

3. Tendons connect a muscle to

4. An aponeurosis is

5. Epimysium is

6. Perimysium is

7. A fascicle is

8. Endomysium is

C. Skeletal Muscle Fibers

1. A skeletal muscle fiber is a single

2. The sarcolemma is

3. The sarcoplasm is

5. Myofibrils are _________________ and are located in the

7. Thick myofilaments are composed of

8. Thin myofilaments are composed of

9. The organization of myofilaments produce

21. Actin has a binding site to which can attach.

22. Troponin and tropomyosin associate with

23. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is

24. Transverse tubules are

25. Cisternae are

II. Skeletal Muscle Contraction

4. A neuromuscular junction is

5. A motor end plate is

6. A motor unit is

7. A synaptic cleft separates

8. Synaptic vesicles store

6. ATP is necessary for both muscle

and

G. Energy Sources for Contraction

1. Creatine phosphate is

I. Oxygen Debt

2. Under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis breaks down glucose into

and converts it to

4. Liver cells can convert lactic acid to

B. Origin and Insertion

1. The origin of a muscle is

2. The insertion of a muscle is

3. When a muscle contracts, its

is pulled toward its

Study the names, general locations, and actions of the muscles. Your muscle packet is the best resource for this.

Chapter 17: Digestive System

I. Introduction

B. Mechanical digestion breaks

C. Chemical digestion breaks

E. The alimentary canal is composed of

F. The accessory organs of the digestive system are

II. General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal

C. Movements of the Tube

3. Peristalsis is

III. Mouth

A. Introduction

1. The functions of the mouth are

2. Mastication is

4. The oral cavity is

C. Tongue

1. The tongue is located

D. Palate

1. The palate forms__________________and consists of two parts -

4. The uvula is

5. The function of the uvula is

IV. Salivary Glands

A. Introduction

1. Salivary glands secrete

2. The functions of saliva are

B. Salivary Secretions

4. Amylase digests

V. Pharynx and Esophagus

A. Introduction

1. The pharynx is

D. Esophagus

1. The esophagus is a passageway for

2. The esophagus propels food from _______________ to the

4. The esophageal hiatus is

6. The lower esophageal sphincter is located______________and functions to

VII. Stomach

A. Introduction

3. Rugae are

4. The functions of the stomach are

B. Parts of the Stomach

1. The four parts of the stomach are

2. The cardiac region is

3. The fundic region is

4. The body of the stomach is

5. The pyloric region is

6. The pyloric sphincter is located________________and functions to

C. Gastric Secretions

1. Gastric pits are

2. The three cell types of gastric glands are

3. Mucous cells secrete

4. Chief cells secrete

5. Parietal cells secrete

6. Gastric juice is

7. Pepsin is

8. The function of pepsinogen is

9. The function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is

10. The coating of the stomach is important for

11. The function of intrinsic factor is __________________________________________________________

E. Gastric Absorption

1. The stomach absorbs

2. Most nutrients are absorbed in

F. Mixing and Emptying Actions

2. Chyme is

3. Peristaltic waves push chyme

5. The lower esophageal sphincter prevents

VIII. Pancreas

B. Pancreatic Juice

1. Pancreatic juice contains

2. The function of pancreatic amylase is

3. The function of pancreatic lipase is

4. The functions of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase are

6. The function of trypsinogen is

7. The functions of nucleases are

C. Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion

2. The function of secretin is

3. The release of cholecystokinin is triggered by

4. The action of cholecystokinin on the pancreas is

IX. Liver

A. Introduction

1. The largest internal organ is the

C. Liver Functions

8. The liver’s role in digestion is

D. Composition of Bile

2. Bile contains

E. Gallbladder

1. The gallbladder is located

2. The cystic duct is_______________and opens into

3. The common bile duct is formed from_______________________and opens into

4. Gallstones form when

F. Regulation of Bile Release

1. Cholecystokinin triggers the gallbladder to

2. Cholecystokinin is released in response to

G. Functions of Bile Salts

2. Emulsification is

X. Small Intestine

A. Introduction

1. The small intestine extends from

2. The small intestine receives secretions from

3. The functions of the small intestine are

B. Parts of the Small Intestine

1. The three parts of the small intestine are

C. Structure of the Small Intestinal Wall

1. The velvety appearance of the inner wall of the small intestine is due to

2. Intestinal villi are

3. The functions of villi are

6. Microvilli increase

F. Absorption in the Small Intestine

1. The most important absorbing organ is the

G. Movements of the Small Intestine

4. A peristaltic rush is

5. Diarrhea results from

6. The ileocecal sphincter joins

XI. Large Intestine

A. Introduction

2. The functions of the large intestine are

B. Parts of the Large Intestine

1. The parts of the large intestine are

2. The cecum is

3. The vermiform appendix is located______________and consists of

4. The four parts of the colon are

9. The rectum is

10. The anal canal is

12. The anus is

13. Two sphincters of the anus are

14. The internal anal sphincter is composed of

15. The external anal sphincter is composed of

D. Functions of the Large Intestine

4. The large intestine can absorb

Chapter 10: Nervous System I

I. General Functions of the Nervous System

A. The nervous system is composed predominately of tissue,

but also includes

B. Two cell types of nervous tissue are

C. Neurons are specialized to

D. Dendrites are

E. Axons are

F. Nerve impulses are

G. Bundles of axons are called

H. Small spaces between neurons are called

I. Neurotransmitters are

J. The central nervous system contains

K. The peripheral nervous system contains

N. Receptors gather

O. Receptors convert their information into , which are then

transmitted over ____________________________ to

R. The motor functions of the nervous system use neurons to carry impulses from the

central nervous system to

S. Examples of effectors are

T. The two divisions of the motor division are

U. Somatic nervous system is involved in

V. The autonomic nervous system is involved in

W. The nervous system can detect ___________________, make ,

and stimulate to respond.

II. Classification of Neurons and Neuroglia

A. Classification of Neurons

1. The three major classifications of neurons based on structural differences are

2. Bipolar neurons have processes; one process is a

________________________ and the other an

3. Bipolar neurons are found

4. Unipolar neurons have process,

which divides into an

7. Multipolar neurons have _________________ dendrites and axon.

8. Multipolar neurons are located

9. The three classes of neurons based on functional differences are

10. Sensory neurons carry impulses from

to

11. Sensory neurons have specialized at the tips

of their dendrites.

12. Most sensory neurons are _________________ but some are

13. Interneurons are located

14. Interneurons are

and form links between

15. Motor neurons carry nerve impulses from

to

X. The three parts all neurons have are

B. Classification of Neuroglial Cells

3. Schwann cells are the neuroglia of

4. The four neuroglial cells of the central nervous system are

5. Astrocytes are shaped

and are commonly found between

6. Astrocytes provide

9. Astrocytes play a role in the blood-brain barrier which

10. Oligodendrocytes occur in

and form

11. Unlike Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes do not form

12. Microglia function to

13. Ependyma form the inner lining of of the

spinal cord and of the brain.

16. Covering the choroids plexus, ependymal cells also regulate

III. Cell Membrane Potential

A. Introduction

1. Polarized means

2. When a cell membrane is polarized, the inside is_________________________charged with respect to the outside.

3. The polarization of a cell membrane is due to

B. Distribution of Ions

1. _______________are the major intracellular positive ion and_______________are the major extracellular cation.

2. The distribution of potassium and sodium is largely created by

C. Resting Potential

1. A resting nerve cell is one that is

2. At rest, a cell membrane gets a slight surplus of positive charges _________________and inside

reflects a slight negative surplus of impermeable negatively charged ions because

3. The cell uses ATP to actively transport

6. The membrane potential is_________________and is measured in

7. Resting potential is_______________________and has a value of

8. The negative sign of a resting membrane potential is relative to

___________________________ and is due to

E. Action Potentials

3. At the resting membrane potential, sodium channels are but when

threshold is reached, sodium channels

4. As sodium ions rush into the cell, the changes

and temporarily becomes

5. When sodium channels close and potassium channels open, potassium diffuses___________and the inside of the

membrane becomes charged again.

6. Repolarized means

7. _________________ are capable of action potentials but are not.

8. A nerve impulse is

H. Impulse Conduction

1. Myelin serves as

2. Saltatory conduction is

3. axons exhibit salutatory conduction.

4. axons send nerve impulses faster

than axons.

5. The diameter of an axon also affects

Chapter 12: Somatic and Special Senses

F. Sense of Sight

a. Each eyelid is composed of

b. The orbiculais oculi muscle functions to

c. The levator palpebrae muscle functions to

k. The six extrinsic muscles of the eye are

3. Structure of the Eye

a. The three layers of the eyeball are

c. The two parts of the outer tunic are

i. The ciliary body is and its

functions include

l. Suspensory ligaments extend from and hold

p. The iris is and functions to

q. The anterior cavity of the eye is

r. The anterior chamber of the eye is

s. The posterior chamber of the eye is

t. Aqueous humor is located and

functions to

u. The pupil is

v. The size of the pupil changes in response to

w. The inner tunic of the eye consists of which

contains the

x. The retina has distinct layers including

bb. The macula lutea is

cc. The fovea centralis is

dd. The optic disc is

ee. The posterior cavity of the eye is

ff. Vitreous humor is located and

functions to

5. Visual Receptors

a. Two kinds of photoreceptor cells are

b. Rods and cones are found

c. Rods and cones are stimulated when reaches them.

d. Rods are to light than cones.

e. Rods provide vision in light.

f. Rods produce ____________ vision, whereas cones detect

i. Erythrolabe is most sensitive to

j. Chlorolabe is most sensitive to

k. Cyanolabe is most sensitive to

G. “Floaters” are due to

I. Glaucoma is

J. Cataracts are

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